MPLS QoS Operating Modes

Multiple modes of operation can exist when implementing QoS using MPLS. These are called the MPLS QoS tunnel modes of operation. The main tunneling modes in the MPLS QoS implementation are

• Uniform mode
• Pipe mode
• Short Pipe mode
• Long Pipe mode

Uniform Mode

In Uniform mode, all changes made to the class of a packet, IP Precedence, DSCP, MPLS EXP values, as the packet traverses the SP infrastructure is maintained as the packet is propagated downstream. The IP packet's IP Precedence value is copied onto the imposed label EXP value when the packet undergoes an IP2MPLS condition. When the packet undergoes a MPLS2IP condition, the top-most label EXP value (because there is a possibility of a labeled packet having more than one label, essentially a label stack) is copied onto the IP Precedence value of the IP packet.

The most important operation of Uniform mode implementation is in the MPLS2MPLS condition when a label is applied to an already labeled packet. In the MPLS2MPLS condition, when a label is swapped, the new label is given the same EXP value as the top-most received label. In the case of an MPLS2MPLS POP, the MPLS EXP value is copied downward in the label stack (top label to bottom label). The operation of Uniform mode is shown in Figure 13-6.

Figure 13-6. Uniform Tunnel Mode Implementation

Figure 13-6 depicts a simple MPLS VPN network with two PE routers, PE1-AS1 and PE2-AS1, connected to CE routers, CE1-A and CE2-A, providing MPLS VPN services. Uniform mode is used in a managed CE scenario where the SP controls QoS from CE to CE via the MPLS domain. When implementing Uniform mode, an IP packet destined for CE1-A from CE2-A is given a label stack (MPLS VPN label stack), the labels are marked with an EXP value of 5 mapping to the ingress IP packet's IP Precedence on PE2-AS1. In some situations, as in the case of traffic engineering or non-conformance to traffic profile, the EXP value might be rewritten in the LSP path. P3-AS1 performs such a function by reassigning the top label's EXP value from 5 to 3 during the label swapping process. P2-AS1 performs a simple MPLS2MPLS swap function and forwards the labeled packet to P1-AS1 while preserving the EXP value at 3. P1-AS1 removes the top label in the label stack (penultimate hop popping). During this process, the top label's EXP value is copied onto the bottom label (MPLS2MPLS POP condition in Uniform mode). PE1-AS1 receives the labeled packet and rewrites the outgoing IP packets IP precedence to 3 to map to the ingress labeled packet's EXP value. In the Uniform mode of operation, the PEs and CEs function as a single differential services domain as the QoS associated with a packet is carried across the MPLS domain as well as the remote CE's IP domain. Therefore, as mentioned earlier, this procedure is mainly implemented in a managed CE scenario.

Pipe Mode

The working of Pipe mode is similar to the working of Uniform mode except that in the MPLS2IP condition, the EXP value of the top-most label is not copied as the IP Precedence value of the IP packet. This mode is used if the QoS implemented by the SP is required to be independent of the customer's QoS policy. In Pipe mode, the IP Precedence of the underlying IP packet is unchanged. The IP packet IP Precedence is not copied onto the MPLS EXP value in the IP2MPLS condition. The IP packet PHB or QoS implementation on the router as the packet undergoes an MPLS2IP condition is based on the EXP value of the label on the egress LSR. During label disposition, the egress LSR maintains a copy of the EXP value in memory as the qos-group value of the packet. This QoS group value is then used to define the PHB on the egress LSR. Figure 13-7 illustrates the operation of Pipe mode.

Figure 13-7. Pipe Mode Implementation'

In comparison to Uniform mode, when implementing Pipe mode, as shown in Figure 13-7, PE1-AS1 does not copy the ingress label EXP value onto the egress IP packet's IP Precedence value. However, the queuing characteristics of the labeled packet on PE1-AS1 still depend on the ingress label EXP value that is copied onto the qos-group value. This implementation is used when the SP would like to implement the PHB based on the QoS policy implementation in the SP core versus the customer's QoS policy when forwarding data to the attached CE routers. Hence, the QoS PHB of the same packet in the IP and the MPLS domain are independent of one another.

Short Pipe Mode

In Short Pipe mode, the difference occurs on egress from the MPLS to the IP domain (MPLS2IP condition). In Short Pipe mode, the packet's PHB is not associated to the ingress labeled packet's EXP value but only on the underlying IP packet's IP Precedence/DSCP value. The egress LSR does not maintain a copy of the ingress labeled packet's EXP value in the qos-group variable, which can be used to identify the egress PHB of the IP packet. This procedure is implemented when the QoS associated with the packet needs to conform to the customer's QoS policy.

Long Pipe Mode

Long Pipe tunnel mode is a variation of the Pipe tunnel mode; the difference being that, on the PE-CE links, the packets are forwarded using label (or label stack) marking and those links are also part of MPLS QoS domain. The CE router receiving traffic from the MPLS backbone can apply its outbound policy toward the VPN site based on MPLS experimental bits or original DSCP bits. The CE router might also copy EXP values to IP Precedence if required. This model is mainly applicable to the carrier supporting carrier (CSC) architecture, as shown in Figure 13-8.

Figure 13-8. Long Pipe Tunnel Implementation

In Figure 13-8, when a labeled packet is received by CE2-AS2 destined for CE1-AS2, the label is associated with the destination, and the label EXP value is copied as the ingress IP packet's IP Precedence value. When PE2-AS1 receives the ingress labeled packet, the label stack is applied with EXP value equal to the ingress label's EXP value. Note that although P3-AS1 rewrites the top label's EXP value to 2 (from 3) upon label disposition at P1-AS1, this value is not copied back down the label stack. PE1-AS1 performs the MPLS2MPLS label swapping function with direct mapping of EXP bits. On receiving the labeled packet on CE1-AS2, the router can perform PHB based on the ingress labeled packets EXP value or underlying IP packet's IP Precedence value.

Summary of MPLS QoS Modes

Figure 13-9 shows the final summary diagram that illustrates all these MPLS QoS modes.

Figure 13-9. Summary Diagram for Different MPLS QoS Modes