The Architecture of Windows Computers

Scanning

• One of the most basic methods of identifying active machines is to perform a ping sweep. Ping is found on just every system running TCP/IP. Although many networks have restricted ping, it is an effective tool if available. Ping uses ICMP and works by sending an echo request to a system and waiting for the target to send an echo reply back.
• Port scanning is the process of connecting to TCP and UDP ports for the purpose of finding what target device services and applications are open.

  Table FF.2. Common Port Numbers

  Port	Service	Protocol
  20/21	FTP	TCP
  22	SSH	TCP
  23	Telnet	TCP
  25	SMTP	TCP
  53	DNS	TCP/UDP
  69	TFTP	UDP
  80	HTTP	TCP
  110	POP3	TCP
  135	RPC	TCP
  161/162	SNMP	UDP
  1433/1434	MSSQL	TCP

   

  Table FF.3. TCP Flags

  Flag	Purpose
  SYN	Synchronize sequence number
  ACK	Acknowledgement of sequence number
  FIN	Final data flag used during the 4-step shutdown
  RST	Reset bit used to close and abnormal connection
  PSH	Push data bit used to signal that data in this packet should be pushed to the beginning of the queue
  URG	Urgent data bit used to signify that urgent control characters are in this packet that should have priority

• TCP Connect scan This type of scan is the most reliable but also the most detectable. It is easily logged and detected since a full connection is established. Open ports reply with a SYN/ACK, whereas closed ports respond with a RST/ACK.
• TCP SYN scan This type of scan is known as half open because a full TCP connection is not established. This type of scan was originally developed to be stealthy and evade IDS systems, although most now detect it. Open ports reply with a SYN/ACK, whereas closed ports respond with a RST/ACK.
• TCP FIN scan Forget trying to set up a connection; this technique jumps straight to the shutdown. This type of scan sends a FIN packet to the target port. Closed ports should send back a RST.
• TCP NULL scan Sure, there should be some type of flag in the packet, but a NULL scan sends a packet with no flags set. If the OS has implemented TCP per RFC 793, closed ports will return a RST.
• TCP ACK scan This scan attempts to determine access control list (ACL) rule sets or identify if stateless inspection is being used. If an ICMP destination is unreachable, a communication administrative prohibited message is returned, the port is considered to be filtered.
• TCP XMAS scan A port scan that has toggled on the FIN, URG, and PSH flags. Closed ports should return a RST.

Enumeration