Obtaining GNU make
Problem
You want to obtain and install the GNU make utility, useful for building libraries and executables from source code.
Solution
The solution depends on your operating system.
Windows
While you can obtain prebuilt binaries for GNU make from several locations, to get the most out of GNU make it should be installed as part of a Unix-like environment. I recommend using either Cygwin or MSYS, which is a part of the MinGW project.
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If you installed Cygwin, as described in Recipe 1.1, you already have GNU make. To run it from the Cygwin shell, simply run the command make.
To install MSYS, begin by installing MinGW, as described in Recipe Recipe 1.1. A future version of the MinGW installer may give you the option of installing MSYS automatically. For now, follow these additional steps.
First, from the MinGW homepage, http://www.mingw.org, go to the MinGW download area and download the latest stable version of the MSYS installation program. The name of the installation program should be MSYS-.exe.
Next, run the installation program. You will be asked to specify the location of your MinGW installation and the location where MSYS should be installed. When the installation program completes, the MSYS installation directory should contain a file named msys.bat. Running this script will display the MSYS shell, a port of the bash shell from which you can run GNU make and other mingw programs such as g++, ar, ranlib, and dlltool.
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Unix
First, check whether GNU make is installed on your system by running make -v from the command line. If GNU make is installed, it should print a message like the following:
GNU Make 3.80 Copyright (C) 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. ...
If your system has a non-GNU version of make, it's possible that the GNU version is installed under the name gmake. You can check this by entering gmake -v from the command line.
If you use Mac OS X, the easiest way to obtain GNU make is to download the Xcode development environment from Apple's web site and follow the installation instructions. Xcode is currently available at developer.apple.com/tools.
Otherwise, download the latest version of GNU make from ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/make, unpack it, and follow the installation instructions.
Discussion
The make utility comes in many flavors. Most toolsets provide some variant of make; for example, Visual C++ comes with a make utility called nmake.exe. Usually these toolset-specific versions of make have built-in features which make them easy to use with their particular toolset. As a result, a discussion of make which covers multiple toolsets will either have to describe several versions of make or will have to deal with some cases where there is an imperfect fit between a particular version of make and a particular toolset.
Instead of demonstrating more than one make utility, I've chosen to focus on GNU make, which is easily the most powerful and portable make variant. GNU make is designed to work first and foremost with GCC; as a result, using GNU make with other toolsets, particularly Windows toolsets, can be tricky at times. Still, because GNU make is so flexible, it's far easier to use GNU make with non-GNU tools than it is to use most of the other makes, such as nmake.exe, with a toolset other than the one it was designed for.
Much of GNU make's power comes from its ability to execute complex shell scripts. If you've worked with both Unix and Windows, you know that the Windows shell cmd.exe leaves a lot to be desired: it's missing many valuable commands, has a limited ability to execute scripts, and places severe restrictions on the length of command lines. Consequently, forcing GNU make to use cmd.exe severely limits its usefulness. Fortunately, Cygwin and MSYS provide excellent environments for using GNU make on Windows.
MSYS provides the minimal environment necessary to run Unix-style makefiles and configure scripts on Windows. Among the useful tools it provides are awk, cat, cp, grep, ls, mkdir, mv, rm, rmdir, and sed. MSYS was designed to work with GCC, and it does so beautifully; it works somewhat less smoothly with other Windows toolsets, however, particularly those that provide .bat files for setting environment variables and those that use slashes (/) instead of a hyphens (-) for command-line options.
Where MSYS is minimalist, Cygwin is maximalist. Cygwin make can do everything MSYS make can do, and much more. Portable makefiles, however, restrict themselves to a narrow range of GNU utilities, and MSYS supports all of these.
See Also
Recipe 1.1
Building C++ Applications
- Introduction to Building
- Obtaining and Installing GCC
- Building a Simple Hello, World Application from the Command Line
- Building a Static Library from the Command Line
- Building a Dynamic Library from the Command Line
- Building a Complex Application from the Command Line
- Installing Boost.Build
- Building a Simple Hello, World Application Using Boost.Build
- Building a Static Library Using Boost.Build
- Building a Dynamic Library Using Boost.Build
- Building a Complex application Using Boost.Build
- Building a Static Library with an IDE
- Building a Dynamic Library with an IDE
- Building a Complex Application with an IDE
- Obtaining GNU make
- Building A Simple Hello, World Application with GNU make
- Building a Static Library with GNU Make
- Building a Dynamic Library with GNU Make
- Building a Complex Application with GNU make
- Defining a Macro
- Specifying a Command-Line Option from Your IDE
- Producing a Debug Build
- Producing a Release Build
- Specifying a Runtime Library Variant
- Enforcing Strict Conformance to the C++ Standard
- Causing a Source File to Be Linked Automatically Against a Specified Library
- Using Exported Templates
Code Organization
- Introduction
- Making Sure a Header File Gets Included Only Once
- Ensuring You Have Only One Instance of a Variable Across Multiple Source Files
- Reducing #includes with Forward Class Declarations
- Preventing Name Collisions with Namespaces
- Including an Inline File
Numbers
- Numbers
- Introduction
- Converting a String to a Numeric Type
- Converting Numbers to Strings
- Testing Whether a String Contains a Valid Number
- Comparing Floating-Point Numbers with Bounded Accuracy
- Parsing a String Containing a Number in Scientific Notation
- Converting Between Numeric Types
- Getting the Minimum and Maximum Values for a Numeric Type
Strings and Text
- Strings and Text
- Introduction
- Padding a String
- Trimming a String
- Storing Strings in a Sequence
- Getting the Length of a String
- Reversing a String
- Splitting a String
- Tokenizing a String
- Joining a Sequence of Strings
- Finding Things in Strings
- Finding the nth Instance of a Substring
- Removing a Substring from a String
- Converting a String to Lower- or Uppercase
- Doing a Case-Insensitive String Comparison
- Doing a Case-Insensitive String Search
- Converting Between Tabs and Spaces in a Text File
- Wrapping Lines in a Text File
- Counting the Number of Characters, Words, and Lines in a Text File
- Counting Instances of Each Word in a Text File
- Add Margins to a Text File
- Justify a Text File
- Squeeze Whitespace to Single Spaces in a Text File
- Autocorrect Text as a Buffer Changes
- Reading a Comma-Separated Text File
- Using Regular Expressions to Split a String
Dates and Times
- Dates and Times
- Introduction
- Obtaining the Current Date and Time
- Formatting a Date/Time as a String
- Performing Date and Time Arithmetic
- Converting Between Time Zones
- Determining a Days Number Within a Given Year
- Defining Constrained Value Types
Managing Data with Containers
- Managing Data with Containers
- Introduction
- Using vectors Instead of Arrays
- Using vectors Efficiently
- Copying a vector
- Storing Pointers in a vector
- Storing Objects in a list
- Mapping strings to Other Things
- Using Hashed Containers
- Storing Objects in Sorted Order
- Storing Containers in Containers
Algorithms
- Algorithms
- Introduction
- Iterating Through a Container
- Removing Objects from a Container
- Randomly Shuffling Data
- Comparing Ranges
- Merging Data
- Sorting a Range
- Partitioning a Range
- Performing Set Operations on Sequences
- Transforming Elements in a Sequence
- Writing Your Own Algorithm
- Printing a Range to a Stream
Classes
- Classes
- Introduction
- Initializing Class Member Variables
- Using a Function to Create Objects (a.k.a. Factory Pattern)
- Using Constructors and Destructors to Manage Resources (or RAII)
- Automatically Adding New Class Instances to a Container
- Ensuring a Single Copy of a Member Variable
- Determining an Objects Type at Runtime
- Determining if One Objects Class Is a Subclass of Another
- Giving Each Instance of a Class a Unique Identifier
- Creating a Singleton Class
- Creating an Interface with an Abstract Base Class
- Writing a Class Template
- Writing a Member Function Template
- Overloading the Increment and Decrement Operators
- Overloading Arithmetic and Assignment Operators for Intuitive Class Behavior
- Calling a Superclass Virtual Function
Exceptions and Safety
- Exceptions and Safety
- Introduction
- Creating an Exception Class
- Making a Constructor Exception-Safe
- Making an Initializer List Exception-Safe
- Making Member Functions Exception-Safe
- Safely Copying an Object
Streams and Files
- Streams and Files
- Introduction
- Lining Up Text Output
- Formatting Floating-Point Output
- Writing Your Own Stream Manipulators
- Making a Class Writable to a Stream
- Making a Class Readable from a Stream
- Getting Information About a File
- Copying a File
- Deleting or Renaming a File
- Creating a Temporary Filename and File
- Creating a Directory
- Removing a Directory
- Reading the Contents of a Directory
- Extracting a File Extension from a String
- Extracting a Filename from a Full Path
- Extracting a Path from a Full Path and Filename
- Replacing a File Extension
- Combining Two Paths into a Single Path
Science and Mathematics
- Science and Mathematics
- Introduction
- Computing the Number of Elements in a Container
- Finding the Greatest or Least Value in a Container
- Computing the Sum and Mean of Elements in a Container
- Filtering Values Outside a Given Range
- Computing Variance, Standard Deviation, and Other Statistical Functions
- Generating Random Numbers
- Initializing a Container with Random Numbers
- Representing a Dynamically Sized Numerical Vector
- Representing a Fixed-Size Numerical Vector
- Computing a Dot Product
- Computing the Norm of a Vector
- Computing the Distance Between Two Vectors
- Implementing a Stride Iterator
- Implementing a Dynamically Sized Matrix
- Implementing a Constant-Sized Matrix
- Multiplying Matricies
- Computing the Fast Fourier Transform
- Working with Polar Coordinates
- Performing Arithmetic on Bitsets
- Representing Large Fixed-Width Integers
- Implementing Fixed-Point Numbers
Multithreading
- Multithreading
- Introduction
- Creating a Thread
- Making a Resource Thread-Safe
- Notifying One Thread from Another
- Initializing Shared Resources Once
- Passing an Argument to a Thread Function
Internationalization
- Internationalization
- Introduction
- Hardcoding a Unicode String
- Writing and Reading Numbers
- Writing and Reading Dates and Times
- Writing and Reading Currency
- Sorting Localized Strings
XML
- XML
- Introduction
- Parsing a Simple XML Document
- Working with Xerces Strings
- Parsing a Complex XML Document
- Manipulating an XML Document
- Validating an XML Document with a DTD
- Validating an XML Document with a Schema
- Transforming an XML Document with XSLT
- Evaluating an XPath Expression
- Using XML to Save and Restore a Collection of Objects
Miscellaneous
- Miscellaneous
- Introduction
- Using Function Pointers for Callbacks
- Using Pointers to Class Members
- Ensuring That a Function Doesnt Modify an Argument
- Ensuring That a Member Function Doesnt Modify Its Object
- Writing an Operator That Isnt a Member Function
- Initializing a Sequence with Comma-Separated Values
Index
EAN: 2147483647
Pages: 241
