Inspecting Applications on Different Port Numbers
Problem
You want to use Application Layer inspection rules for an application running on a nonstandard port.
Solution
To enable Port to Application Mapping (PAM), use the ip port-map command:
Router1#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router1(config)#ip port-map http port tcp 8000 Router1(config)#end Router1#
Discussion
When configuring CBAC-supported applications, is it sometimes useful to be able to map nonstandard ports to the applications themselves. For example, CBAC supports the inspection of HTTP packets; however, by default the router will assume that all HTTP servers use TCP port 80. In the next example, we've configured CBAC to inspect HTTP sessions:
Router1#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router1(config)#ip inspect name HTTPACCESS http Router1(config)#end Router1#
What happens if someone decides to run their HTTP server on a nonstandard port such as 8000? The answer is that CBAC will not recognize the session as an HTTP session and will not inspect the session. By using Port-to-Application Mapping (PAM) you can map port 8000 to an HTTP application, and CBAC will then handle it accordingly.
In the Solutions section, we mapped port 8000 to application HTTP using PAM. If we show the PAM configuration afterwards we'll see that port 8000 is now mapped accordingly:
Router1#show ip port-map http Default mapping: http tcp port 80 system defined Default mapping: http tcp port 8000 user defined Router1#
The problem with performing a generic port mapping like this one is that CBAC will now handle all traffic destined for TCP port 8000 as HTTP traffic. This might not be the most appropriate way to handle applications running on nonstandard ports. PAM also allows you to define the scope of the application mapping by the use of a simple ACL. By using an ACL to define scope, you can specifically define which servers are using which nonstandard ports.
In our next example, we configure PAM to use port 8080 for HTTP traffic, but only on server 10.1.2.14. This allows CBAC to inspect only packets destined for port 8080 on server 10.1.2.14 using its HTTP rules:
Router1#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router1(config)#access-list 22 permit host 10.1.2.14 Router1(config)#ip port-map http port 8080 list 22 Router1(config)#end Router1#
So now when we view the PAM configuration, we see that ports 80 and 8000 are mapped to HTTP, as well as the host(s) in ACL 22 using port 8080:
Router1#show ip port-map http Default mapping: http tcp port 80 system defined Default mapping: http tcp port 8000 user defined Host specific: http tcp port 8080 in list 22 user defined Router1#
Table 27-4 shows some of the common CBAC supported protocols that are eligble to use with PAM.
| Application name | Well known port number | Description |
|---|---|---|
| cuseeme | 7648 | CU-SeeMe Protocol |
| exec | 512 | Remote Process execution |
| ftp | 21 | File Transfer Protocol |
| h323 | 1720 | H.323 Protocol |
| http | 80 | Hypertext Transfer Protocol |
| login | 513 | Remote Login |
| msrpc | 135 | Microsoft's Remote Procedure Call |
| netshow | 1755 | Microsoft's Netshow |
| real-audio-video | 7070 | RealAudio and RealVideo |
| sccp | 2000 | Skinny Client Control Protocol |
| smtp | 25 | Simple Mail Transfer Protocol |
| sql-net | 1521 | SQL-NET |
| streamworks | 1558 | Streamworks Protocol |
| sunrpc | 111 | Sun Remote Procedure Call |
| tftp | 69 | Trivial File Transfer Protocol |
| vdolive | 7000 | VDOLive Protocol |
For a complete and up-to-date list of applications supported by PAM, use the following command. Keep in mind that Cisco continually adds newly supported applications:
Router1(config)#ip port-map ? 802-11-iapp IEEE 802.11 WLANs WG IAPP WORD User defined application name. Use prefix 'user-' ace-svr ACE Server/Propagation aol America-Online appleqtc Apple QuickTime bgp Border Gateway Protocol bliff Bliff mail notification bootpc Bootstrap Protocol Client bootps Bootstrap Protocol Server cddbp CD Database Protocol cifs CIFS cisco-fna Cisco FNATIVE cisco-net-mgmt cisco-net-mgmt cisco-svcs cisco license/perf/GDP/X.25/ident svcs cisco-sys Cisco SYSMAINT cisco-tdp Cisco TDP cisco-tna Cisco TNATIVE citrix Citrix IMA/ADMIN/RTMP citriximaclient Citrix IMA Client clp Cisco Line Protocol creativepartnr Creative Partnr creativeserver Creative Server cuseeme CUSeeMe Protocol daytime Daytime (RFC 867) dbase dBASE Unix dbcontrol_agent Oracle dbControl Agent po ddns-v3 Dynamic DNS Version 3 dhcp-failover DHCP Failover discard Discard port dns Domain Name Server dnsix DNSIX Securit Attribute Token Map echo Echo port entrust-svc-handler Entrust KM/Admin Service Handler entrust-svcs Entrust sps/aaas/aams exec Remote Process Execution fcip-port FCIP finger Finger ftp File Transfer Protocol ftps FTP over TLS/SSL gdoi GDOI giop Oracle GIOP/SSL gopher Gopher gtpv0 GPRS Tunneling Protocol Version 0 gtpv1 GPRS Tunneling Protocol Version 1 h323 H.323 Protocol (e.g., MS NetMeeting, Inte h323callsigalt h323 Call Signal Alternate h323gatestat h323gatestat hp-alarm-mgr HP Performance data alarm manager hp-collector HP Performance data collector hp-managed-node HP Performance data managed node hsrp Hot Standby Router Protocol http Hypertext Transfer Protocol https Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol ica ica (Citrix) icabrowser icabrowser (Citrix) ident Authentication Service igmpv3lite IGMP over UDP for SSM imap Internet Message Access Protocol imap3 Interactive Mail Access Protocol 3 imaps IMAP over TLS/SSL ipass IPASS ipsec-msft Microsoft IPsec NAT-T ipx IPX irc Internet Relay Chat Protocol irc-serv IRC-SERV ircs IRC over TLS/SSL ircu IRCU isakmp ISAKMP iscsi iSCSI iscsi-target iSCSI port kazaa KAZAA kerberos Kerberos kermit kermit l2tp L2TP/L2F ldap Lightweight Directory Access Protocol ldap-admin LDAP admin server port ldaps LDAP over TLS/SSL login Remote login lotusmtap Lotus Mail Tracking Agent Protocol lotusnote Lotus Note mgcp Media Gateway Control Protocol microsoft-ds Microsoft-DS ms-cluster-net MS Cluster Net ms-dotnetster Microsoft .NETster Port ms-sna Microsoft SNA Server/Base ms-sql Microsoft SQL ms-sql-m Microsoft SQL Monitor msexch-routing Microsoft Exchange Routing msrpc Microsoft Remote Procedure Call mysql MySQL n2h2server N2H2 Filter Service Port ncp-tcp NCP (Novell) net8-cman Oracle Net8 Cman/Admin netbios-dgm NETBIOS Datagram Service netbios-ns NETBIOS Name Service netbios-ssn NETBIOS Session Service netshow Microsoft NetShow netstat Variant of systat nfs Network File System nntp Network News Transport Protocol ntp Network Time Protocol oem-agent OEM Agent (Oracle) oracle Oracle oracle-em-vp Oracle EM/VP oraclenames Oracle Names orasrv Oracle SQL*Net v1/v2 pcanywheredata pcANYWHEREdata pcanywherestat pcANYWHEREstat pop3 Post Office Protocol - Version 3 pop3s POP3 over TLS/SSL pptp PPTP pwdgen Password Generator Protocol qmtp-tcp Quick Mail Transfer Protocol r-winsock remote-winsock radius RADIUS & Accounting rdb-dbs-disp Oracle RDB realmedia RealNetwork's Realmedia Protocol realsecure ISS Real Secure Console Service Port router Local Routing Process rsvd-tcp RSVD rsvp-encap RSVP ENCAPSULATION-1/2 rsvp_tunnel RSVP Tunnel rtc-pm-port Oracle RTC-PM port rtelnet Remote Telnet Service rtsp Real Time Streaming Protocol send-tcp SEND shell Remote command sip Session Initiation Protocol sip-tls SIP-TLS skinny Skinny Client Control Protocol sms SMS RCINFO/XFER/CHAT smtp Simple Mail Transfer Protocol snmp Simple Network Management Protocol snmptrap SNMP Trap socks Socks sql-net SQL-NET sqlserv SQL Services sqlsrv SQL Service ssh SSH Remote Login Protocol sshell SSLshell ssp State Sync Protocol streamworks StreamWorks Protocol stun cisco STUN sunrpc SUN Remote Procedure Call syslog SysLog Service syslog-conn Reliable Syslog Service tacacs Login Host Protocol (TACACS) tacacs-ds TACACS-Database Service tarantella Tarantella telnet Telnet telnets Telnet over TLS/SSL tftp Trivial File Transfer Protocol time Time timed Time server tr-rsrb cisco RSRB ttc Oracle TTC/SSL uucp UUCPD/UUCP-RLOGIN vdolive VDOLive Protocol vqp VQP webster Network Disctionary who Who's service wins Microsoft WINS x11 X Window System xdmcp XDM Control Protocol Router1(config)#
See Also
Recipe 27.2
Router Configuration and File Management
- Configuring the Router via TFTP
- Saving Router Configuration to Server
- Booting the Router Using a Remote Configuration File
- Storing Configuration Files Larger Than NVRAM
- Clearing the Startup Configuration
- Loading a New IOS Image
- Booting a Different IOS Image
- Booting over the Network
- Copying an IOS Image to a Server
- Copying an IOS Image Through the Console
- Deleting Files from Flash
- Partitioning Flash
- Using the Router as a TFTP Server
- Using FTP from the Router
- Generating Large Numbers of Router Configurations
- Changing the Configurations of Many Routers at Once
- Extracting Hardware Inventory Information
- Backing Up Router Configurations
- Warm Reload
- Warm Upgrade
- Configuration Archiving
- Locking Configuration Access
Router Management
- Creating Command Aliases
- Managing the Routers ARP Cache
- Tuning Router Buffers
- Auto Tuning Buffers
- Using the Cisco Discovery Protocol
- Disabling the Cisco Discovery Protocol
- Using the Small Servers
- Enabling HTTP Access to a Router
- Enabling Secure HTTP (HTTPS) Access to a Router
- Using Static Hostname Tables
- Enabling Domain Name Services
- Disabling Domain Name Lookups
- Specifying a Router Reload Time
- Scheduling of Router Commands
- Displaying Historical CPU Values
- Creating Exception Dump Files
- Generating a Report of Interface Information
- Generating a Report of Routing Table Information
- Generating a Report of ARP Table Information
- Generating a Server Host Table File
User Access and Privilege Levels
- Setting Up User IDs
- Encrypting Passwords
- Using Better Password-Encryption Techniques
- Removing Passwords from a Router Configuration File
- Deciphering Ciscos Weak Password Encryption
- Displaying Active Users
- Sending Messages to Other Users
- Changing the Number of VTYs
- Changing VTY Timeouts
- Restricting VTY Access by Protocol
- Enabling Absolute Timeouts on VTY Lines
- Implementing Banners
- Disabling Banners on a Port
- Disabling Router Lines
- Reserving a VTY Port for Administrative Access
- Restricting Inbound Telnet Access
- Logging Telnet Access
- Setting the Source Address for Telnet
- Automating the Login Sequence
- Using SSH for Secure Access
- Changing Privilege Level of IOS Commands
- Defining Per User Privileges
- Defining Per Port Privileges
TACACS+
- Authenticating Login IDs from a Central System
- Restricting Command Access
- Losing Access to the TACACS+ Server
- Disabling TACACS+ Authentication on a Particular Line
- Capturing User Keystrokes
- Logging System Events
- Setting the IP Source Address for TACACS+ Messages
- Sample Server Configuration Files
IP Routing
- Finding an IP Route
- Finding Types of IP Routes
- Converting Different Mask Formats
- Using Static Routing
- Floating Static Routes
- Using Policy-Based Routing to Route Based on Source Address
- Using Policy-Based Routing to Route Based on Application Type
- Examining Policy-Based Routing
- Changing Administrative Distances
- Routing Over Multiple Paths with Equal Costs
- Static Routes That Track Interfaces or Other Routes
- Keeping Statistics on Routing Table Changes
RIP
- Configuring RIP Version 1
- Filtering Routes with RIP
- Redistributing Static Routes into RIP
- Redistributing Routes Using Route Maps
- Creating a Default Route in RIP
- Disabling RIP on an Interface
- Default Passive Interface
- Unicast Updates for RIP
- Applying Offsets to Routes
- Adjusting Timers
- Configuring Interpacket Delay
- Enabling Nonperiodic Updates
- Increasing the RIP Input Queue
- Configuring RIP Version 2
- Enabling RIP Authentication
- RIP Route Summarization
- Route Tagging
EIGRP
- Configuring EIGRP
- Filtering Routes with EIGRP
- Redistributing Routes into EIGRP
- Redistributing Routes into EIGRP Using Route Maps
- Disabling EIGRP on an Interface
- Adjusting EIGRP Metrics
- Adjusting Timers
- Enabling EIGRP Authentication
- EIGRP Route Summarization
- Logging EIGRP Neighbor State Changes
- Limiting EIGRPs Bandwidth Utilization
- EIGRP Stub Routing
- Route Tagging
- Viewing EIGRP Status
OSPF
- Configuring OSPF
- Filtering Routes in OSPF
- Adjusting OSPF Costs
- Creating a Default Route in OSPF
- Redistributing Static Routes into OSPF
- Redistributing External Routes into OSPF
- Manipulating DR Selection
- Setting the OSPF RID
- Enabling OSPF Authentication
- Selecting the Appropriate Area Types
- Using OSPF on Dial Interfaces
- Summarizing Routes in OSPF
- Disabling OSPF on Certain Interfaces
- Changing the Network Type on an Interface
- OSPF Route Tagging
- Logging OSPF Adjacency Changes
- Adjusting OSPF Timers
- Reducing OSPF Traffic in Stable Networks
- OSPF Virtual Links
- Viewing OSPF Status with Domain Names
- Debugging OSPF
BGP
- Configuring BGP
- Using eBGP Multihop
- Adjusting the Next-Hop Attribute
- Connecting to Two ISPs
- Connecting to Two ISPs with Redundant Routers
- Restricting Networks Advertised to a BGP Peer
- Adjusting Local Preference Values
- Load-Balancing
- Removing Private ASNs from the AS Path
- Filtering BGP Routes Based on AS Paths
- Reducing the Size of the Received Routing Table
- Summarizing Outbound Routing Information
- Prepending ASNs to the AS Path
- Redistributing Routes with BGP
- Using Peer Groups
- Authenticating BGP Peers
- Using BGP Communities
- Using BGP Route Reflectors
- Putting It All Together
Frame Relay
- Setting Up Frame Relay with Point-to-Point Subinterfaces
- Adjusting LMI Options
- Setting Up Frame Relay with Map Statements
- Using Multipoint Subinterfaces
- Configuring Frame Relay SVCs
- Simulating a Frame Relay Cloud
- Compressing Frame Relay Data on a Subinterface
- Compressing Frame Relay Data with Maps
- PPP over Frame Relay
- Viewing Frame Relay Status Information
Handling Queuing and Congestion
- Fast Switching and CEF
- Setting the DSCP or TOS Field
- Using Priority Queuing
- Using Custom Queuing
- Using Custom Queues with Priority Queues
- Using Weighted Fair Queuing
- Using Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing
- Using NBAR Classification
- Controlling Congestion with WRED
- Using RSVP
- Manual RSVP Reservations
- Aggregating RSVP Reservations
- Using Generic Traffic Shaping
- Using Frame-Relay Traffic Shaping
- Using Committed Access Rate
- Implementing Standards-Based Per-Hop Behavior
- AutoQoS
- Viewing Queue Parameters
Tunnels and VPNs
- Creating a Tunnel
- Tunneling Foreign Protocols in IP
- Tunneling with Dynamic Routing Protocols
- Viewing Tunnel Status
- Creating an Encrypted Router-to-Router VPN in a GRE Tunnel
- Creating an Encrypted VPN Between the LAN Interfaces of Two Routers
- Generating RSA Keys
- Creating a Router-to-Router VPN with RSA Keys
- Creating a VPN Between a Workstation and a Router
- Creating an SSL VPN
- Checking IPSec Protocol Status
Dial Backup
- Automating Dial Backup
- Using Dialer Interfaces
- Using an Async Modem on the AUX Port
- Using Backup Interfaces
- Using Dialer Watch
- Using Virtual Templates
- Ensuring Proper Disconnection
- View Dial Backup Status
- Debugging Dial Backup
NTP and Time
- Time-Stamping Router Logs
- Setting the Time
- Setting the Time Zone
- Adjusting for Daylight Saving Time
- Synchronizing the Time on All Routers (NTP)
- Configuring NTP Redundancy
- Setting the Router As the NTP Master for the Network
- Changing NTP Synchronization Periods
- Using NTP to Send Periodic Broadcast Time Updates
- Using NTP to Send Periodic Multicast Time Updates
- Enabling and Disabling NTP Per Interface
- NTP Authentication
- Limiting the Number of Peers
- Restricting Peers
- Setting the Clock Period
- Checking the NTP Status
- Debugging NTP
- NTP Logging
- Extended Daylight Saving Time
- NTP Server Configuration
DLSw
- Simple Bridging
- Configuring DLSw
- Using DLSw to Bridge Between Ethernet and Token Ring
- Converting Ethernet and Token Ring MAC Addresses
- Configuring SDLC
- Configuring SDLC for Multidrop Connections
- Using STUN
- Using BSTUN
- Controlling DLSw Packet Fragmentation
- Tagging DLSw Packets for QoS
- Supporting SNA Priorities
- DLSw+ Redundancy and Fault Tolerance
- Viewing DLSw Status Information
- Viewing SDLC Status Information
- Debugging DSLw
Router Interfaces and Media
- Viewing Interface Status
- Configuring Serial Interfaces
- Using an Internal T1 CSU/DSU
- Using an Internal ISDN PRI Module
- Using an Internal 56 Kbps CSU/DSU
- Configuring an Async Serial Interface
- Configuring ATM Subinterfaces
- Setting Payload Scrambling on an ATM Circuit
- Classical IP Over ATM
- Configuring Ethernet Interface Features
- Configuring Token Ring Interface Features
- Connecting VLAN Trunks with ISL
- Connecting VLAN Trunks with 802.1Q
- LPD Printer Support
Simple Network Management Protocol
- Configuring SNMP
- Extracting Router Information via SNMP Tools
- Recording Important Router Information for SNMP Access
- Using SNMP to Extract Inventory Information from a List of Routers
- Using Access Lists to Protect SNMP Access
- Logging Unauthorized SNMP Attempts
- Limiting MIB Access
- Using SNMP to Modify a Routers Running Configuration
- Using SNMP to Copy a New IOS Image
- Using SNMP to Perform Mass Configuration Changes
- Preventing Unauthorized Configuration Modifications
- Making Interface Table Numbers Permanent
- Enabling SNMP Traps and Informs
- Sending Syslog Messages As SNMP Traps and Informs
- Setting SNMP Packet Size
- Setting SNMP Queue Size
- Setting SNMP Timeout Values
- Disabling Link Up/Down Traps per Interface
- Setting the IP Source Address for SNMP Traps
- Using RMON to Send Traps
- Enabling SNMPv3
- Strong SNMPv3 Encryption
- Using SAA
Logging
- Enabling Local Router Logging
- Setting the Log Size
- Clearing the Routers Log
- Sending Log Messages to Your Screen
- Using a Remote Log Server
- Enabling Syslog on a Unix Server
- Changing the Default Log Facility
- Restricting What Log Messages Are Sent to the Server
- Setting the IP Source Address for Syslog Messages
- Logging Router Syslog Messages in Different Files
- Maintaining Syslog Files on the Server
- Testing the Syslog Sever Configuration
- Preventing the Most Common Messages from Being Logged
- Rate-Limiting Syslog Traffic
- Enabling Error Log Counting
- XML-Formatted Log Messages
- Modifying Log Messages
Access-Lists
- Filtering by Source or Destination IP Address
- Adding a Comment to an ACL
- Filtering by Application
- Filtering Based on TCP Header Flags
- Restricting TCP Session Direction
- Filtering Multiport Applications
- Filtering Based on DSCP and TOS
- Logging When an Access-List Is Used
- Logging TCP Sessions
- Analyzing ACL Log Entries
- Using Named and Reflexive Access-Lists
- Dealing with Passive Mode FTP
- Using Time-Based Access-Lists
- Filtering Based on Noncontiguous Ports
- Advanced Access-List Editing
- Filtering IPv6
DHCP
- Using IP Helper Addresses for DHCP
- Limiting the Impact of IP Helper Addresses
- Using DHCP to Dynamically Configure Router IP Addresses
- Dynamically Allocating Client IP Addresses via DHCP
- Defining DHCP Configuration Options
- Defining DHCP Lease Periods
- Allocating Static IP Addresses with DHCP
- Configuring a DHCP Database Client
- Configuring Multiple DHCP Servers per Subnet
- DHCP Static Mapping
- DHCP-Secured IP Address Assignment
- Showing DHCP Status
- Debugging DHCP
NAT
- Configuring Basic NAT Functionality
- Allocating External Addresses Dynamically
- Allocating External Addresses Statically
- Translating Some Addresses Statically and Others Dynamically
- Using Route Maps to Refine Static Translation Rules
- Translating in Both Directions Simultaneously
- Rewriting the Network Prefix
- Using NAT for Server Load Distribution
- Stateful NAT Failover
- Adjusting NAT Timers
- Changing TCP Ports for FTP
- Checking NAT Status
- Debugging NAT
First Hop Redundancy Protocols
- Configuring Basic HSRP Functionality
- Using HSRP Preempt
- Making HSRP React to Problems on Other Interfaces
- Load-Balancing with HSRP
- Redirecting ICMP with HSRP
- Manipulating HSRP Timers
- Using HSRP on Token Ring
- HSRP SNMP Support
- Increasing HSRP Security
- Showing HSRP State Information
- Debugging HSRP
- HSRP Version 2
- VRRP
- Gateway Load-Balancing Protocol
IP Multicast
- Configuring Basic Multicast Functionality with PIM-DM
- Routing Multicast Traffic with PIM-SM and BSR
- Routing Multicast Traffic with PIM-SM and Auto-RP
- Filtering PIM Neighbors
- Configuring Routing for a Low-Frequency Multicast Application
- Multicast over Frame Relay or ATM WANs
- Configuring CGMP
- Using IGMP Version 3
- Static Multicast Routes and Group Memberships
- Routing Multicast Traffic with MOSPF
- Routing Multicast Traffic with DVMRP
- DVMRP Tunnels
- Configuring Bidirectional PIM
- Controlling Multicast Scope with TTL
- Controlling Multicast Scope with Administratively Scoped Addressing
- Exchanging Multicast Routing Information with MBGP
- Using MSDP to Discover External Sources
- Configuring Anycast RP
- Converting Broadcasts to Multicasts
- Showing Multicast Status
- Debugging Multicast Routing
IP Mobility
- Local Area Mobility
- Home Agent Configuration
- Foreign Agent Configuration
- Making a Router a Mobile Node
- Reverse-Tunnel Forwarding
- Using HSRP for Home Agent Redundancy
IPv6
- Automatically Generating IPv6 Addresses for an Interface
- Manually Configuring IPv6 Addresses on an Interface
- Configuring DHCP for IPv6
- Dynamic Routing with RIP
- Modifying the Default RIP Parameters
- IPv6 Route Filtering and Metric Manipulation in RIP
- Using OSPF for IPv6
- IPv6 Route Filtering and Metric Manipulation in OSPF
- Route Redistribution
- Dynamic Routing with MBGP
- Tunneling IPv6 Through an Existing IPv4 Network
- Translating Between IPv6 and IPv4
MPLS
- Configuring a Basic MPLS P Router
- Configuring a Basic MPLS PE Router
- Configuring Basic MPLS CE Routers
- Configuring MPLS over ATM
- PE-CE Communication via RIP
- PE-CE Communication via OSPF
- PE-CE Communication via EIGRP
- PE-CE Communication via BGP
- QoS over MPLS
- MPLS Traffic Engineering with Autoroute
- Multicast Over MPLS
- Your Service Provider Doesnt Do What You Want
Security
- Using AutoSecure
- Using Context-Based Access-Lists
- Transparent Cisco IOS Firewall
- Stopping Denial of Service Attacks
- Inspecting Applications on Different Port Numbers
- Intrusion Detection and Prevention
- Login Password Retry Lockout
- Authentication Proxy
Appendix 1. External Software Packages
Appendix 2. IP Precedence, TOS, and DSCP Classifications
- IP Precedence, TOS, and DSCP Classifications
- Queueing Algorithms
- Dropping Packets and Congestion Avoidance
Index
Cisco IOS Cookbook (Cookbooks (OReilly))
ISBN: 0596527225
EAN: 2147483647
EAN: 2147483647
Year: 2004
Pages: 505
Pages: 505
Authors: Kevin Dooley, Ian Brown
