Appendix A Windows XP Command Reference

This appendix provides an alphabetic command reference of Windows commands. This list of commands is based on the commands supported by the Windows XP Professional and Home Edition operating systems. Some of the commands listed here will not be supported by other Windows operating systems. Each Windows command is briefly described, and its syntax is explained in detail. For additional information on these commands, refer to the help system provided by your version of Windows.

Append

Enables programs to open files located in different folders as if they were stored in the current folder.

Syntax

append [;] [[drive:]path[;...]] [/x:{on | off}][/path:{on | off}] [/e]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
;	Clears the list of appended folders.
[drive:]path	Sets the drive, path, and folder to be appended.
/x:{on | off}	Determines whether the MS-DOS subsystem searches appended folders when running programs. With /x:on the program performs the search, and with /x:off the program does not.
/path:{on | off}	Determines whether a program should search appended folders, even when a path is provided along with the name of the file that the program is looking for. /path:on is the default.
/e	Creates an environment variable named APPEND and sets its value equal to the list of appended folders. The /e switch can only be used once after each time you restart your system.

Arp

A TCP/IP protocol command that displays and modifies the IP-to-MAC address translation tables used by the ARP (Address Resolution Protocol).

Syntax

arp -a [inet_addr] [-N [if_addr]]
arp -d inet_addr [if_addr]
arp - g [-N [if_addr]]
arp -s inet_addr ether_addr [if_addr]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
-a	Lists ARP entries.
-g	Lists ARP entries in the same manner as -a.
[inet_addr]	Identifies an IP address.
-N	Lists ARP entries for the network interface specified by if_addr.
[if_addr]	Identifies the IP address of the network interface whose address translation table should be modified. Otherwise, the first applicable interface will be used.
-d	Removes the entry specified by inet_addr.
-s	Adds a permanent entry in the ARP cache which associates the inet_addr IP address with the ether_addr MAC address.
ether_addr	Specifies a MAC address.

Assoc

Lists or changes file extension associations.

Syntax

assoc [.ext[=[filetype]]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Lists current file associations.
.ext	Specifies a specific file extension to list or modify.
[filetype]	Identifies a file type to be associated with the specified file extension.

At

Displays a listing of scheduled tasks (command, script, or program) and schedules the execution of new tasks.

Syntax

at [\computername] [[id] [/delete] | /delete [/yes]]
at [\computername] time [/interactive] [/every:date[,...]
 | /next:date[,...]] command

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays a listing of all scheduled tasks.
[\computername]	Specifies a remote computer where the task is to be executed. If omitted, the command is scheduled locally.
Id	Identifies the ID number assigned to a scheduled command.
[/delete]	Terminates a scheduled command. If id is not present, all scheduled tasks are terminated.
[/yes]	Requires a confirmation before terminating a scheduled task.
time	Identifies the time to execute the task expressed as hh:mm on a 24-hour clock.
[/interactive]	Permits interaction with the desktop and the logged on user.
/every:date[,…]	Establishes a schedule for task execution based on specified days of the week or month. The date is specified as M, T, W, Th, F, S, Su or 1–31. Multiple dates are separated by commas. If omitted, the schedule is set to the current day.
/next:date[,…]	Runs the task on the next occurrence of the day (M, T, W, Th, F, S, Su) or date (1–31). Multiple dates are separated by commas. If omitted, the schedule is set to the current day.
command	Specifies the task to execute.

Atmadm

Monitors connections and addresses and displays statistics for ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) networks.

Syntax

atmadm [-c][-a] [-s]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[-c]	Lists information about the computer's established connections to the ATM network.
[-a]	Displays the registered ATM network service access point address for each ATM network interface on the computer.
[-s]	Provides statistical data for active ATM connections.

Attrib

Lists or modifies file attributes.

Syntax

attrib [+r|-r] [+a|-a] [+s|-s] [+h|-h] [[drive:][path] filename] [/s[/d]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[+r]	Specifies the read-only attribute.
[-r]	Clears the read-only attribute.
[+a]	Specifies the archive attribute.
[-a]	Clears the archive attribute.
[+s]	Identifies the file as a system file.
[-s]	Clears the system file attribute.
[+h]	Specifies the hidden file attribute.
[-h]	Clears the hidden file attribute.
[[drive:][path] filename]	Sets the drive, path, and file name to be processed.
[/s]	Applies changes to matching files in the current directory and all subdirectories.
[/d]	Processes directories.

Cacls

Displays or changes file ACLs (access control lists).

Syntax

cacls filename [/t] [/e] [/c] [/g user:perm] [/r user [...]]
 [/p user:perm [...]] [/d user [...]]

Parameters

Parameter

Purpose

filename

Displays a specified file's ACLs.

[/t]

Modifies the ACLs of specified files in the directory and its subdirectories.

[/e]

Edits an ACL rather than replacing it.

[/c]

Makes changes regardless of errors.

[/g user:perm]

Sets specified user access rights including:
n None	r Read
c Change	f Full Control

[/r user]

Removes user access rights.

[/p user:perm]

Replaces user access rights, including:
n None	r Read
c Change	f Full Control

[/d user]

Denies user access.

Call

Calls a label or another script for execution as a procedure.

Syntax

call [drive:][path] filename [batch-parameters]
call :label [arguments]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[drive:][path] filename	Sets the location and name of the script.
[batch-parameters]	Identifies the command-line information to be passed to the script.
label	Specifies a label within the script to jump.

Chcp

Displays or modifies the active console code page number.

Syntax

chcp [nnn]

Parameters

Parameter

Purpose

None

Displays the active console code page number.

[nnn]

Specifies one of the following code pages:
437	United States
850	Multilingual (Latin I)
852	Slavic (Latin II)
855	Cyrillic (Russian)
857	Turkish
860	Portuguese
861	Icelandic
863	Canadian-French
865	Nordic
866	Russian
869	Modern Greek

Chdir (Cd)

Displays the current directory name or changes the current directory.

Syntax

chdir [/d] [drive:][path] [..]
cd [/d] [drive:][path] [..]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays the names of the current drive and directory.
[/d]	Changes the current drive and directory.
[drive:][path]	Changes to a specified drive and directory.
[..]	Changes the current directory to the parent directory.

Chkdsk

Displays disk status and corrects errors found on the specified disk.

Syntax

chkdsk [drive:][[path] filename] [/f] [/v] [/r] [/x] [/i] [/c] [/l[:size]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays disk status for the current drive.
[drive:]	Specifies the drive to be checked.
[path] filename	Specifies files to be checked for fragmentation.
[/f]	Repairs disk errors.
[/v]	Displays the name of each file that is processed.
[/r]	Finds bad sectors and attempts to recover lost data.
[/x]	NTFS only. Forces the volume dismount on NTFS volumes.
[/i]	NTFS only. Speeds up chkdsk by performing a less extensive check on NTFS volumes.
[/c]	NTFS only. Eliminates the checking of cycles inside folders on NTFS volumes.
/l[:size]	NTFS only. Displays or changes log file size on NTFS volumes.

Chkntfs

Displays or schedules the automatic system checking on FAT, FAT32, or NTFS volumes during system initialization.

Syntax

chkntfs volume: [...]
chkntfs [/d]
chkntfs [/t[:time]]
chkntfs [/x volume: [...]]
chkntfs [/c volume: [...]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
volume:	Displays file system type of the specified volume.
/d	Restores default settings.
[/t]	Displays or modifies remaining time for automatic file checking.
[/x]	Prevents a specified volume from being checked during system initialization.
[/c]	Specifies that the volume be checked during system initialization.

Cipher

Displays or modifies folder and file encryption on NTFS volumes.

Syntax

cipher [/e| /d] [/s:dir] [/a] [/i] [/f] [/q] [/h] [/k] [/u] [/n]
 [pathname [...]] | [/r:pathnamewithnoextn] | [/w:pathname]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays the current encryption status of the current folder and its contents.
[/e]	Encrypts the specified folders and turns on encryption for any files that may later be added to the folder.
[/d]	Decrypts the specified folders and turns off encryption for any files that may later be added to the folder.
[/s: dir]	Performs the specified operation on all folders and subfolders in the specified folder.
[/a]	Performs the specified operation on all specified files.
[/i]	Performs the specified operation even if errors occur.
[/f]	Encrypts or decrypts all specified objects regardless of their current encryption status.
[/q]	Limits reporting to essential information only.
[/h]	Displays files with hidden or system attributes.
[/k]	Creates a new encryption key.
[/u]	Updates the encryption key.
[/n]	Prevents the updating of the encryption key.
[pathname]	Sets a folder, file, or pattern.
[/r:pathnamewithnoextn]	Creates a new recovery agent certificate and a new private key.

Cls

Clears the command console screen and displays the command prompt and cursor.

Syntax

cls

Cmd

Starts a new instance of the Windows shell.

Syntax

cmd [ [/c | /k] [/s] [/q] [/d] [/a | /u] [/t:fg] [/e: on | off]
 [/f: on | off] [/v: on | off] string]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/c]	Exits the shell after executing the specified command.
[/k]	Executes the specified command and continues.
[/q]	Disables echoing.
[/d]	Prevents the execution of AutoRun commands.
[/a]	Formats output as ANSI characters.
[/u]	Formats output as Unicode characters.
[/t:fg]	Specifies foreground and background colors.
[/e: on | off]	Turns on support for command extensions.
[/f: on | off]	Turns on file and directory name completion.
[/v: on | off]	Turns on support for delayed variable expansion.
[string]	Sets the command to be executed.

Color

Sets console foreground and background colors. Returns ERRORLEVEL 1 if you try to set the foreground and background colors to the same value.

Syntax

color fb

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
none	Restores default colors.
f	Sets the foreground color based on a hexadecimal value.
b	Sets the background color based on a hexadecimal value. Hexadecimal color assignments include: 0 Black 1 Blue 2 Green 3 Aqua 4 Red 5 Purple 6 Yellow 7 White 8 Gray 9 Light blue A Light green B Light aqua C Light red D Light purple E Light yellow F Bright white

Comp

Performs a comparison of two files or two sets of files on a byte-by-byte basis.

Syntax

comp [data1] [data2] [/d] [/a] [/l] [/n=number] [/c]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[data1]	Sets the path and file name of the first file or set of files.
[data2]	Sets the path and file name of the second file or set of files.
[/d]	Displays any differences using a decimal format.
[/a]	Displays any differences in character format.
[/l]	Displays line numbers where differences occur.
[/n=number]	Compares the specified number of lines in both files.
[/c]	Performs a case-insensitive comparison.

Compact

Displays and changes compression settings for files and folders on NTFS partitions.

Syntax

compact [/c|/u] [/s[:dir]] [/a] [/i] [/f] [/q] [filename[...]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays information on the compression state for the current folder.
[/c]	Compresses the folder or file.
[/u]	Uncompresses the folder or file.
[/s:dir]	Specifies that all subfolders should be processed.
[/a]	Displays hidden or system files.
[/i]	Specifies that errors should be ignored.
[/f]	Forces the compression or uncompression of the folder or file.
[/q]	Limits reporting to essential information only.
[filename]	Sets the file or directory.

Convert

Converts FAT and FAT32 volumes to NTFS volumes.

Syntax

convert [volume] /fs:ntfs [/v] [/cvtarea:filename] [/nosecurity] [/x]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
volume	Identifies the driver letter to be converted.
/fs:ntfs	Converts the volume.
[/v]	Turns on verbose messaging.
[/cvtarea:filename]	Specifies that the Master File table is to be written to an existing placeholder.
[/nosecurity]	Makes converted files and folders accessible to everyone.
[/x]	Dismounts the volume before converting.

Copy

Copies one or more files.

Syntax

copy [/d] [/v] [/n] [/y | /-y] [/z] [/a | /b] source [/a | /b]
 [+ source [/a | /b] [+ ...]] [destination [/a | /b]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/d]	Permits encrypted files to be copied and saved as decrypted files.
[/v]	Verifies the success of the copy operation.
[/n]	Uses a short file name as the destination file's new file name.
[/y]	Suppresses any confirmation prompts.
[/-y]	Displays confirmation prompts.
[/z]	Turns on a restartable mode before copying network files so that if network connectivity is lost, the copy operation will resume when connectivity is re-established.
[/a]	Identifies the file as an ASCII text file.
[/b]	Identifies the file as a binary file.
source	Specifies the file name of a file or set of files to be copied.
destination	Specifies the name and destination where the file is to be copied.

Country

Configures the MS-DOS subsystem so that it can use international dates, time, currency, case conversions, and decimal separators.

Syntax

country=xxx[,[yyy][,[drive:][path] filename]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
xxx	Identifies the Country/Region code.
[yyy]	Identifies the Country/Region code page.
[drive:][path] filename	Sets the drive, path, and file name of the file that contains the Country/Region information.

Cprofile

Removes unnecessarily used space from profiles.

Syntax

cprofile [/l] [/i] [/v] [filelist]
cprofile [/ii] [/v] [filelist]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/l]	Cleans local profiles.
[/i]	Prompts before processing each profile.
[/v]	Displays detailed information about each action that is performed.
[filelist]	Displays a list of files from which user-specific file associations are removed.

Date

Displays or changes the current date.

Syntax

date [mm-dd-yy]
date [/t]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[mm-dd-yy]	Specifies the date. mm must be 1–12 dd must be 1–31 yy must be 80–99 or 1980–2099
[/t]	Displays the date without prompting for a date change.

Debug

Starts the Debug program used to test MS-DOS executables.

Syntax

debug [[drive:][path] filename [parameters]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[drive:][path] filename	Specifies the drive, path, and file name of the executable file to text.
[parameters]	Command-line parameters required by the executable file.

Defrag

Reorganizes data stores on local volumes to improve storage and retrieval time.

Syntax

defrag volume [/a]
defrag volume [/a] [/v]
defrag volume [/v]
defrag volume [/f]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
volume	The driver letter to be defragmented.
[/a]	Displays an analysis report.
[/v]	Displays a verbose analysis.
[/f]	Forces defragmentation.

Del (Erase)

Deletes a file.

Syntax

del [drive:][path] filename [ ...] [/p] [/f] [/s] [/q] [/a[:attributes]]
erase [drive:][path] filename [ ...] [/p] [/f] [/s] [/q] [/a[:attributes]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[drive:][path] filename	Specifies the drive, path, and file name of the files to delete.
[/p]	Prompts for confirmation.
[/f]	Deletes read-only files.
[/s]	Deletes files in the current folder and its subfolders.
[/q]	Suppresses the confirmation prompts.
[/a]	Deletes files based on file attributes.

Dir

Displays a directory file listing.

Syntax

dir [drive:][path][filename] [...] [/p] [/q] [/w] [/d]

 [/a[[:]attributes]][/o[[:]sortorder]] [/t[[:]timefield]] [/s]
 [/b] [/l] [/n] [/x] [/c] [/4]

Parameters

Parameter

Purpose

None

Displays the disk's volume label, serial number, and a listing of its contents.

[drive:][path]

Specifies the drive and path for the folder to be displayed.

[filename]

Specifies a particular file to be displayed.

[/p]

Displays data a screen at a time.

[/q]

Displays information about file ownership.

[/w]

Displays the folder listing in multiple columns.

[/d]

Same as /w but sorts files by column.

/a[[:] attributes]

Limits the displays to directories and files that match supplied attributes. The following attributes can be used:
h	Hidden files
s	System files
d	Directories
a	Files ready to be archived
r	Read-only files
-h	Nonhidden files
-s	Nonsystem files
-d	Only display files
-a	Files without changes since the last backup
-r	Non-read-only files

/o [[:]sortorder]

Specifies the sort order used to display directory and file names. The following options can be used:
n	Alphabetically by name
e	Alphabetically by extension
d	By date and time
s	By size
g	Show folders before files
-n	Reverse alphabetical order by name
-e	Reverse alphabetical order by extension
-d	By reverse date and time
-s	By reverse size
-g	Show folders after files

/t [[:]timefield]

Determines the time field used to display or sorts the listing. Valid options:
c	Creation time
a	Last access time
w	Last written time

[/s]

Lists every occurrence of the specified file name.

[/b]

Lists each directory or file name.

[/l]

Displays unsorted lowercase folder and file names.

[/n]

Displays a long list format.

[/x]

Displays the short names.

[/c]

Displays the thousand separator (comma) when showing file sizes.

[/4]

Displays the date in a four-digit year format.

Diskcomp

Compares the contents of two floppy disks.

Syntax

diskcomp [drive1: [drive2:]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[drive1]	Identifies the location of the first disk.
[drive2]	Identifies the location of the second disk.

Diskcopy

Copies the contents of a source disk to a destination disk.

Syntax

diskcopy [drive1: [drive2:]] [/v]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[drive1]	Identifies the location of the source disk.
[drive2]	Identifies the location of the destination disk.
[/v]	Verifies a successful copy operation.

Diskperf

Specifies the types of counters that can be used with the System Monitor.

Syntax

diskperf [-y[d|v]|-n[d|v] [\computername]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays the status of performance counters.
[-y]	Specifies that the physical and logical disk performance counters should be started at system initialization.
[-yd]	Enables disk performance counters for physical drives at system initialization.
[-yv]	Enables disk performance counters for logical drives at system initialization.
[-n]	Prevents disk performance counters from starting at system initialization.
[-nd]	Disables physical drive disk performance counters at system initialization.
[-nv]	Disables logical drive disk performance counters at system initialization.
[\computername]	Allows you to specify a network computer for viewing.

Doskey

Executes the Doskey program, which recalls commands and creates macros.

Syntax

doskey [/reinstall] | [/listsize=size] | [/macros:[all | exename]]
 | [/history] | [/insert|] | [/overstrike] | [/exename=exename]
 | [/macrofile=filename] | [macroname=[text]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/reinstall]	Installs a new copy of Doskey.
[/listsize=size]	Sets the maximum number of commands contained in the history buffer.
[/macros]	Displays macros.
[all]	Displays macros for all executables.
[exename]	Displays the specified executable's macro.
[/history]	Displays commands currently stored in memory.
[/insert | /overstrike]	Specifies the insert mode.
[/exename=exename]	Identifies the program that will run the macro.
[/macrofile=filename]	Identifies the file that contains macros to be installed.
[macroname=[text]]	Creates a macro and assigns the commands set by text.

Dosonly

Prevents non-MS-DOS applications from being executed at COMMAND.COM.

Syntax

Dosonly

Driverquery

Displays device driver information.

Syntax

driverquery [/s computer] [/u domainuser /p password] [/fo table | list | csv] [/nh] [/v] [/si]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/s computer]	Identifies the name of the computer or its IP address.
[/u domainuser /p password]	Executes the command using the supplied user's permissions.
[/fo table|list|csv]	Specifies the format in which returned results are to be displayed.
[/nh]	Prevents the displays of the heading when used with the /fo table option.
[/v]	Displays detailed information about drivers.
[/si]	Displays digital signature information.

Echo

Displays a message or enables and disables command echoing.

Syntax

echo [on | off] [message]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays the current echo setting.
on | off	Turns command echoing on or off.
[message]	Specifies text to be displayed.

Echoconfig

Displays messages when processing the MS-DOS subsystem CONFIG.NT and AUTOEXEC.NT files during the initialization of the MS-DOS subsystem.

Syntax

echoconfig

Edit

Starts the MS-DOS editor.

Syntax

edit [[drive:][path] filename] [/b] [/g] [/h] [/nohi]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[drive:][path] filename	Specifies the drive, path, and file name of a text file and creates it if it does not exist.
[/b]	Displays the MS-DOS editor with a black background and white foreground.
[/g]	Speeds up screen updating on a CGA monitor.
[/h]	Displays the number of lines that can be displayed on the monitor.
[/nohi]	Changes from a 16-color to an 8-color scheme.

Edlin

Starts a line-oriented ASCII text editor.

Syntax

edlin [drive:][path] filename [/b]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[drive:][path] filename	Specifies the drive, path, and file name of an ASCII file.
[/b]	Instructs edlin to ignore the end-of-file characters.

Endlocal

Ends localization of environment changes in a script and restores environment variables to their previous values.

Syntax

Endlocal

Evntcmd

Displays SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) events.

Syntax

evntcmd [/s sysname][/v number] [/n] filename

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/s sysname]	Sets the target system name.
[/v number]	Sets the level of messaging: 0=none; 10=detailed.
[/n]	Prevents the restart of the SNMP service when trap changes are received.
filename	Identifies a configuration file with information about which vent to trap.

Evntcreate

Provides administrators with the ability to post events to event logs.

Syntax

eventcreate [/s computer [/u domainuser [/p passwd]] [/l application
 | system] | [/so srcname] [/t error | warning | information |
 successaudit | failureaudit] [/id event] [/d description]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/s]	Specifies the name of the target computer.
[/u]	Executes the command using the permission assigned to the specified user.
[/p]	Specifies the user's password.
[/l application | system]	Specifies the target event log.
[/so srcname]	Sets the event source.
[/t error | warning | information | successaudit | failureaudit]	Identifies the event type.
[/id event]	Sets the event type (between 1–65535).
[/d description]	Specifies an event description.

Evntquery

Displays events stored in event logs.

Syntax

Eventcreate[.vbs] [/s computer [/u domainuser [/p passwd]] [/fi filter]
 [/fo table | list | csv] [/r evtrange] [/nh] [/v] [/l [application]
 | [system] | [security] ["DNS server"] [userlog] [dirlogname] [*]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/s]	Specifies the name of the target computer.
[/u]	Executes the command using the permission assigned to the specified user.
[/p]	Specifies the user's password.
[/fi filter]	Identifies the events to be included.
[/fo table | list | csv]	Specifies the format for the command output.
[/r evtrange]	Specifies the range of events to be displayed. N lists the n most recent events in the log. -n lists the n oldest event in the log. n1–n2 list the events in the specified range.
[/nh]	Suppresses the display of column headers.
[/v]	Specifies verbose output.
[/l application | system | security]	Specifies the target event log.
["DNS server"]	Can be specified only if DNS is active on the target computer.
[userlog]	A user-defined log to be processed.
[dirlogname]	A directory log to be processed.
[*]	Specifies all logs.

Exit

Terminates a Windows shell session.

Syntax

exit [/b] [exitcode]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/br]	Exits the currently processing batch file.
exitcode	Sets an exit code number.

Expand

Uncompresses compressed files from distribution disks.

Syntax

expand [-r] source [destination]
expand -d source.cab [-f:files]
expand source.cab -f:files destination

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[-r]	Renames files as it expands them.
-d	Displays the list of files at the specified source location.
[-f:files]	Specifies the files in a .CAB file that are to be expanded.
[destination]	Specifies the location where files are to be expanded.

Fc

Compares two files and reports on their differences.

Syntax

fc [/a] [/b] [/c] [/l] [/lbn] [/n] [/t] [/u] [/w] [/nnnn]
 [drive1:][path1]filename1 [drive2:][path2]filename2

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/a]	Displays the first and last lines for each set of differences.
[/b]	Performs a comparison of the files in binary mode.
[/c]	Ignores differences in case.
[/l]	Performs a comparison of the files in ASCII mode.
[/lbn]	Specifies the number of lines used by the internal line buffer. This value must be greater than or equal to the number of differing lines in the files being compared.
[/n]	Displays the line numbers.
[/t]	Prevents the expansion of tabs into spaces.
[/u]	Performs a comparison of the files as Unicode text files.
[/w]	Compresses white space during the comparison.
[/nnnn]	Sets the number of consecutive lines that must be matched before the two files are identified as resynchronized.
[drive1:][path1]filename1	Sets the drive, path, and file name of the first file.
[drive2:][path2]filename2	Sets the drive, path, and file name of the second file.

Fcbs

Sets a limit on the number of FCBs (file control blocks) that the MS-DOS subsystem accesses simultaneously.

Syntax

fcbs=x

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
x	Sets the number of FCBs with a maximum setting of 255.

Files

Limits the number of files that the MS-DOS subsystem can open at one time.

Syntax

files=x

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
x	Sets the number of files with a maximum setting of 255.

Find

Searches for a string of text in a file and displays any matches.

Syntax

find [/v] [/c] [/n] [/i] "string" [[drive:][path]filename[...]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/v]	Displays lines that do not match the string.
[/c]	Displays a count of matching lines.
[/n]	Displays a line before each line.
[/i]	Performs a case-insensitive search.
"string"	Specifies the string to search for.
[drive:][path] filename	Specifies the drive, path, and file name of the file to be searched.

Findstr

Searches for strings in files using regular expressions.

Syntax

findstr [/b] [/e] [/l] [/r] [/s] [/i] [/x] [/v] [/n] [/m] [/o] [/p]
 [/offline] [/g:file] [/f:file] [/c:string] [/d:dirlist]
 [/a:color attribute] [strings] [[drive:][path] filename [...]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/b]	Specifies that the match must occur at the beginning of a line.
[/c: string]	Uses the specified string as a literal search string.
[/e]	Specifies that the match must occur at the end of a line.
[/l]	Performs a literal search using the search string.
[/r]	Uses search strings as regular expressions.
[/s]	Searches for matches in the current folder and all subdirectories.
[/I]	Specifies a case-insensitive search.
[/x]	Prints lines that contain a match.
[/v]	Prints lines that do not contain a match.
[/n]	Prints the line number.
[/m]	Prints the file name where a match is found.
[/o]	Prints the seek offset before each match.
[/p]	Skips nonprintable characters.
[offline]	Causes a file with the offline attribute set to be processed.
[/g file]	Specifies a file that contains the search strings.
[/f file]	Specifies a file that contains a file list.
[/d dirlist]	Searches a comma-delimited list of folders.
[/a color attribute]	Specifies two-character hexadecimal color attributes.

Finger

Displays user information on a specified system running the Finger service.

Syntax

finger [-l] [user]@computer [...]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[-l]	Provides information using a long list format.
[User]	Specifies a user. If omitted, information about all users is displayed.
@computer	Specifies the computer where the information is to be collected.

Flattemp

Enables or displays the use of flat temporary folders.

Syntax

flattemp [/query | /enable | /disable]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/query]	Displays the current setting for FLATTEMP.
[/enable]	Enables the use of temporary folders.
[/disable]	Disables the use of temporary folders.

For

Executes a command for each file in a set of files.

Syntax

for %%variable in (set) do command [command-parameters]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
%%variable	Specifies a parameter that the for command replaces with each text string in the specified set until all files have been processed.
(set)	Specifies files or text strings to process.
command	Specifies the command to be executed in each file in the set.
[command-parameters]	Provides parameters to be used by the specified command.

Forcedos

Starts a program using the MS-DOS subsystem.

Syntax

forcedos [/d directory] filename [parameters]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/d directory]	Sets the directory to be used by the specified program.
filename	Identifies the program to be started.
[parameters]	Provides parameters to be used by the specified program.

Format

Formats a disk.

Syntax

format volume [/fs:file-system] [/v:label] [/q] [/a:unitsize] [/c] [/x]
format volume [/v:label] [/q] [/f:size]
format volume [/v:label] [/q] [/t:tracks /n:sectors]
format volume [/v:label] [/q]
format volume [/q]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
volume:	Sets the mount point, volume, or drive to be formatted.
[/fs:file-system]	Specifies one of the following file systems: FAT, FAT32, or NTFS.
[/v:label]	Sets the volume label.
[/a:unitsize]	Sets the allocation unit size to use on FAT, FAT32, or NTFS volumes.
[/q]	Performs a quick format.
[/f:size]	Specifies the size of the floppy disk.
[/t:tracks]	Specifies the number of tracks on the disk.
[/n:sectors]	Specifies the number of sectors per track.
[/c]	Specifies that files created on the new volume should be automatically compressed.
[/x]	Automatically dismounts a volume if required before formatting it.

Ftp

Transfers files to and from a computer running an FTP service.

Syntax

ftp [-v] [-d] [-i] [-n] [-g] [-s:filename] [-a] [-w:windowsize] [-A] [computer]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[-v]	Prevents the display of remote server messages.
[-d]	Enables debugging.
[-i]	Prevents interactive prompting for multiple file transfers.
[-n]	Suppresses autologin upon the initial connection.
[-g]	Permits the use of wildcard characters in local file and path names.
[-s:filename]	Identifies a text file containing FTP commands that should be automatically executed when the FTP session starts.
[-a]	Uses any local interface to bind data connection.
[-w:windowsize]	Changes the default transfer buffer size from 4096 to a new value.
[-A]	Logs on as anonymnous.
[computer]	Specifies a remote computer to connect to.

Ftype

Displays or modifies file types used to associate file name extensions.

Syntax

Ftype [filetype[=[command]]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[filetype]	Specifies the file type you want to work with.
[command]	Specifies the open command that is used to open files of this type.

Getmac

Displays the MAC (media access control) address of network devices and lists network protocols assigned to each address.

Syntax

Getmac[.exe] [/s computer [/u domainuser] [/p passwd]] [/fo [table
 | list | csv] [/nh] [/v]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/s computer]	Identifies the target computer by name or IP address.
[/u domainuser]	Executes the command using the supplied user's permissions.
[/p password]	Specifies the user's password.
[/fo [table | list | csv]	Specifies the format in which returned results are to be displayed.
[/nh]	Suppresses the display of column headers.
[/v]	Specifies verbose output.

Goto

Instructs the shell to jump to a label in a script and begins processing commands starting with the next line.

Syntax

goto label

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
label	Identifies the line in a script to which the shell should jump.

Gpresult

Displays Group Policy settings and Resultant Set of Policy on the target computer.

Syntax

gpresult [/s computer] [/u domainuser /p password] [/user trgtusername]
 [/scope [user | computer]] [/v] [/z]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/s computer]	Identifies the target computer by name or IP address.
[/u domainuser /p password]	Executes the command using the supplied user's permissions.
[/user trgtusername]	Specifies the username whose Resultant Set of Policy is to be displayed.
[/scope [user | computer]]	Provides either computer or user data.
[/v]	Specifies verbose output.
[/z]	Specifies all available information.

Gpupdate

Refreshes Group Policy settings.

Syntax

gpupdate [/target:computer | user] [/force] [/wait:x] [/logoff] [/boot]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/target:computer | user]	Specifies whether computer or user settings are processed.
[/force]	Applies all Group Policy settings.
[/wait:x]	Number of seconds to wait for the command to complete. 600 is default.
[/logoff]	Logs the user off after the command completes.
[/boot]	Restarts the computer after the command completes.

Graftabl

Instructs Windows to display the extended characters from a specified code page in full screen mode.

Syntax

graftabl [xxx] [/status]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[xxx]	Specifies the code page. Valid options are: 437 United States 850 Multilingual (Latin I) 852 Slavic (Latin II) 855 Cyrillic (Russian) 857 Turkish 860 Portuguese 861 Icelandic 863 Canadian-French 865 Nordic 866 Russian 869 Modern Greek
[/status]	Identifies the currently selected code page.

Help

Provides online information about commands.

Syntax

help [command]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[command]	Specifies the command.

Helpctr

Opens the Help and Support Center.

Syntax

helpctr [/url [URL]] [/mode [URL]] [/hidden] [/fromstarthelp]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/url [URL]]	Specifies the URL to be loaded when the Help and Support Center starts.
[/mode [URL]]	Specifies an XML definition file that controls the layout and text of the Help and Control Center.
[/hidden]	Starts the Help and Control Center but does not display its interface.
[/fromstarthelp]	Starts a new instance of the Help and Support Center.

Hostname

Displays the TCP/IP name of the computer.

Syntax

hostname

If

Supports conditional logic in scripts.

Syntax

if [not] errorlevel number command [else expression] if [not] string1==string2 command [else expression]
if [not] exist filename command [else expression]
if [/i] string1 compare-op string2 command [else expression]
if cmdextversion number command [else expression]
if defined variable command [else expression]

Parameters

Parameter

Purpose

[not]

Reverses the test condition.

errorlevel number

Sets a true condition if the previous program returned an exit code equal to or greater than number.

command

Identifies a command that the shell is to execute if the preceding condition is satisfied.

string1==string2

Specifies a true condition when string1 and string2 are the same.

exist filename

Specifies a true condition when a filename exists.

compare-op

Can be any of the following operators:
EQU	equal to
NEQ	not equal to
LSS	less than
LEQ	less than or equal to
GTR	greater than
GEQ	greater than or equal to

[/i]

Forces case-insensitive string comparisons.

cmdextversion number

Compares the internal version number associated with CMD.EXE to the specified number.

defined variable

Returns true if the environment variable is defined.

[else expression]

Specifies the command and any parameters that need to be passed to the command.

Ipconfig

A diagnostic command that displays and sets TCP/IP network configuration settings.

Syntax

ipconfig [/all [/renew [adapter]] [/release [adapter]] [/flushdns]
 [/displaydns] [/registerdns] [/showclassid adapter]
 [/setclassid adapter [classid]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays the IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway for each network interface.
[/all]	Produces all available configuration information.
[/renew [adapter]]	Submits a request to renew the DHCP configuration parameters.
[/release [adapter]]	Discards the current DHCP configuration.
[/flushdns]	Clears and resets DNS client cache.
[/displaydns]	Displays DNS client cache.
[/registerdns]	Registers DNS names and IP addresses for the computer.
[/showclassid adapter]	Displays the DHCP class ID for the specified network adapter.
[/setclassid adapter [classid]]	Configures the DHCP class ID for the specified network adapter.

Ipxroute

Displays and changes information about IPX (International Packet Exchange) routing tables.

Syntax

ipxroute servers [/type=x]
ipxroute ripout network
ipxroute resolve [guid | name] [guid | adapter]
ipxroute board=x [def] [gbr] [mbr] [remove=xxxx]
ipxroute config

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
servers [/type=x]	Displays the SAP (Service Access Point) table.
ripout network	Determines whether network is accessible.
resolve [guid | name] [guid | adapter]	Resolves GUID to friendly name and vice versa.
board=x	Identifies the network adapter to be queried.
[def]	Transmits data packets using the ALL ROUTES broadcast. When a packet is sent to a unique MAC address that is not listed in the routing table, it is sent to SINGLE ROUTES broadcast.
[gbr]	Transmits data packets using the ALL ROUTES broadcast. When a packet is sent to the broadcast address 255, it is sent to the SINGLE ROUTES broadcast.
[mbr]	Transmits data packets using the ALL ROUTES broadcast. When a packet is sent to a multicast address, it is sent to the SINGLE ROUTES broadcast.
[remove=xxxx]	Removes the specified address from the routing table.
config	Displays information about all IPX bindings.

Irftp

Sends and receives data over an infrared link.

Syntax

irftp [drive:][[path]filename] [/h]
irftp /s

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[drive:] [[path]filename]	The drive, path, and file name to be transmitted.
/h	Specifies hidden mode, which prevents the display of the Wireless Link dialog box.
/s	Opens Wireless link properties.

Label

Creates, deletes, or modifies a disk's volume label.

Syntax

label [drive:][label]
label [/MP] [volume] [label]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
none	Instructs the shell to prompt you to change or delete the current label.
[drive:]	Specifies a disk.
[label]	Specifies a new volume label.
[/MP]	Specifies that the volume is a mount point or volume name.
[volume]	Sets the drive letter, volume name, or mount point.
[label]	Specifies a volume label.

Loadfix

Loads a program above the first 64KB of conventional memory and executes it.

Syntax

loadfix [drive:][path] filename

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[drive:][path]	Specifies the drive and path of the program.
filename	Specifies the program name.

Lodctr

Registers Performance counters and text for services and drivers.

Syntax

lodctr [\computer] filename [/s:filename] [/r:filename]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[\computer] filename	Registers the Performance counters located in filename on the specified target computer.
[/s:filename]	Saves Performance counter settings to filename.
[/r:filename]	Restores Performance counter settings from filename.

Logman

Schedules performance counter and event trace log collections.

Syntax

logman [create [counter | trace] collection] [start collection]
 [stop collection] [delete collection] [query collection | providers]
 [update collection]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[create [counter | trace] collection]	Creates collection queries or trace collections.
[start collection]	Starts the specified collection query.
[stop collection]	Stops the specified collection query.
[delete collection]	Deletes the specified collection query.
[query collection | providers]	Collection displays the specified collection's properties. Providers displays all registered providers.
[update collection]	Updates collection queries.

Lpq

A diagnostic utility that provides status information about a print queue on a computer running the LPD server.

Syntax

lpq --S server --P printer [-l]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
-S server	Specifies the computer name.
-P printer	Specifies the printer name.
[-l]	Provides for a detailed status.

Lpr

A utility used to submit a print file to a computer running an LPD server.

Syntax

lpr [-S server] --P printer [-C bannercontent] [-J jobname] [-o | -ol]
 filename

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[-S server]	Specifies the computer name or IP address of the computer where the printer is located.
-P Printer	Specifies the printer name.
[-C bannercontent]	Specifies banner page content to print.
[-J jobname]	Specifies the print job name.
[-o | =ol]	Specifies the file type. –o indicates a text file and –ol indicates a binary file.
filename	Specifies the file to be printed.

Mem

Displays information about memory usage of programs loaded into memory in the MS-DOS subsystem.

Syntax

mem [/program|/debug|/classify]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays the MS-DOS subsystem memory status.
/program	Displays the status of programs loaded into memory. This switch is mutually exclusive with the other switches.
/debug	Displays the status of currently loaded programs and internal drivers. This switch is mutually exclusive with the other switches.
/classify	Displays the status of programs loaded into conventional memory and the upper memory area. This switch is mutually exclusive with the other switches.

Mkdir (md)

Creates a directory or subdirectory.

Syntax

mkdir [drive:]path
md [drive:]path

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[drive:]	Specifies the drive where the new folder is to be created.
path	Specifies the folder's name and path.

Mmc

Opens the MMC (Microsoft Management Console).

Syntax

mmc pathfilename.msc [/a] [/64] [/32]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
pathfilename.msc	Starts the MMC using an existing console.
[/a]	Opens an existing console in author mode.
[/64]	Opens the 64-bit MMC.
[/32]	Opens the 32-bit MMC.

More

Displays output one screen at a time.

Syntax

command name | more [/c] [/p] [/s] [/tn] [+n]
more [[/c] [/p] [/s] [/tn] [+n]] < [drive:] [path] filename
more [/c] [/p] [/s] [/tn] [+n] [files]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[drive:] [path] filename	Specifies a file to display.
command name	Specifies a command to execute and displays its output.
[/c]	Clears the screen.
[/p]	Expands form-feed characters.
[/s]	Removes multiple blank lines from the display.
[/tn]	Changes tabs to the specified number of spaces.
[+n]	Displays the file beginning on line n.
[files]	Specifies a collection of files to display.

Mountvol

Creates, deletes, or displays a volume mount point.

Syntax

mountvol [drive:]path VolumeName
mountvol [drive:]path /d
mountvol [drive:]path /L
mountvol drive: /s

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[drive:]path	Specifies an NTFS folder to contain the mount point.
VolumeName	Identifies the volume name that is the target of the mount point.
/d	Removes a volume mount point in the specified folder.
/L	Displays the mounted volume name in the specified folder.
/s	Mounts the EIF System Partition on the specified drive and an Itanium-based computer.

Move

Moves one or more files from one location to another, deleting it from its original location.

Syntax

move [/y | /-y] [source] [target]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/y]	Suppresses confirmation prompts.
[/-y]	Enables confirmation prompts.
[source]	Specifies the location of the source files to be moved.
[target]	Specifies the destination location of the files.

Msinfo32

Displays information about the operating system, software, and hardware.

Syntax

Msinfo32 [/pch] [/nfo filename] [/report filename] [/computer system]
 [/showcategories] [/category categoryID] [/categories categoryID]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/pch]	Displays results using a history view.
[/nfo filename]	Saves results as an .nfo file.
[/report filename]	Saves results as a .txt file.
[/computer system]	Starts the System Information utility on the target computer.
[/showcategories]	Starts the System Information utility on the target computer using all available category IDs.
[/category categoryID]	Starts the System Information utility on the target computer using the specified category ID.
[/categories categoryID]	Starts the System Information utility on the target computer using the specified category ID or category IDs.

Nbtstat

Displays current TCP/IP connections and statistics using NetBIOS over TCP/IP.

Syntax

nbtstat [-a remotename] [-A IP address] [-c] [-n] [-r] [-R] [RR] [-s]
 [-S] [interval]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[-a remotename1]	Displays a remote computer's name table using its name.
[-A IP address]	Displays a remote computer's name table using its IP address.
[-c]	Displays the contents of the NetBIOS name cache.
[-n]	Displays local NetBIOS names.
[-r]	Displays name-resolution statistics.
[-R]	Purges all names from the NetBIOS name cache and reloads the Lmhosts file.
[RR]	Releases and refreshes NetBIOS names.
[-s]	Attempts to display client and server sessions using hostnames.
[-S]	Displays client and server sessions in the form of IP addresses.
[interval]	Displays statistics at the specified interval (in seconds).

Net accounts

Modifies the user accounts database and changes logon and password requirements.

Syntax

net accounts [/forcelogoff:{minutes | no}] [/minpwlen:length]
 [/maxpwage:[days | unlimited]] [/minpwage:days] [/uniquepw:number]
 [/domain]

net accounts [/sync] [/domain]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays current domain, logon, and password settings.
[/forcelogoff:{minutes | no}]	Specifies a number of minutes to wait before terminating a user session with a server when the user's logon time expires. No prevents a forced logoff.
[/minpwlen:length]	Sets the minimum password length.
[/maxpwage:[days | unlimited]]	Sets a password expiration period.
[/minpwage:days]	Specifies a minimum number of days that must pass before users can change passwords.
[/uniquepw:number]	Establishes a password history requirement that prevents users from reusing a password for the specified number of times.
[/domain]	Specifies that the operation should occur on a domain controller instead of locally.
[/sync]	Causes the primary domain controller to synchronize with all the backup domain controllers.

Net computer

Adds or deletes computer accounts in the domain database.

Syntax

net computer \computername [/add | /del]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
\computername	Specifies the computer to be added or deleted.
[/add]	Adds the computer.
[/del]	Deletes the computer.

Net config

Displays and changes configurable active services.

Syntax

net config [server | workstation]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[server]	Displays or changes the setting for the Server service.
[workstation]	Displays or changes the setting for the Workstation service.

Net continue

Reactivates a suspended service.

Syntax

net continue service

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
service	Sets the server to reactivate.

Net file

Displays a list of all open shared files on a server and the number of file locks on each file.

Syntax

net file [id [/close]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays a list of the open files on a server.
id	Identifies the number of the file.
[/close]	Closes an open file and releases any locked records.

Net group

Adds, displays, or changes global groups on Windows domains.

Syntax

net group [groupname [/comment:"text"]] [/domain]
net group groupname {/add [/comment:"text"] | /delete} [/domain]
net group groupname username[ ...] {/add | /delete} [/domain]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays a list of groups on the server.
[groupname]	Specifies a group name to add, expand, or delete.
[/comment:"text"]	Adds a comment for a new or existing group.
[/domain]	Performs the operation on the primary domain controller instead of locally.
username[ …]	Lists one or more usernames to be added or removed from a group.
[/add]	Adds a group or a username to a group.
[/delete]	Deletes a group or username from a group.

Net help

Lists network commands for which help is available and provides help for specified network commands.

Syntax

net help [command]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays a list of network commands and topics for which help is available.
[command]	Specifies a command to retrieve help for.
{/help | /?}	Displays syntax for the command.

Net helpmsg

Provides help with Windows error messages.

Syntax

net helpmsg message#

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
message#	Specifies the four-digit number of the error message.

Net localgroup

Adds, displays, or modifies local groups.

Syntax

net localgroup [groupname [/comment:"text"]] [/domain]
net localgroup groupname {/add [/comment:"text"] | /delete} [/domain]
net localgroup groupname name [...] {/add | /delete} [/domain]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays the name of the server and local groups on the server.
[groupname]	Specifies the name of the local group.
[/comment:"text"]	Adds or changes a comment for a new or existing group.
[/domain]	Performs the operation on the primary domain controller instead of locally.
name [ …]	Lists one or more usernames or group names to be added or removed from a local group.
/add	Adds either a username or a global group to a local group.
/delete	Removes a username or group name from a local group.

Net name

Displays the list of computer names that will accept messages, or adds or removes a messaging name.

Syntax

net name [name [/add | /delete]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays a list of names already in use.
[name]	Specifies a name to the computer.
[/add]	Adds a name to the computer.
[/delete]	Removes a name from the computer.

Net pause

Pauses active services.

Syntax

net pause service

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
service	Name of the service.

Net print

Lists or manages print jobs and printer queues.

Syntax

net print \computernamesharename
net print [\computername] job# [/hold | /release | /delete]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
somputername	Specifies the name of the computer that manages the printer queue.
sharename	Specifies the name of the printer queue.
job#	Specifies the ID number assigned to a print job.
[/hold]	Places a print job on hold.
[/release]	Releases a print job from a hold status.
[/delete]	Deletes a print job.

Net send

Sends messages to users, computers, and messaging names.

Syntax

net send {name | * | /domain[:name] | /users} message

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
name	Specifies a username, computer name, or messaging name.
*	Sends a message to all names in the domain or your workgroup.
/domain[:name]	If name is not specified, it sends the message to all the names in the domain. If name is specified, the message is sent to all the names in the specified domain or workgroup.
/users	Sends a message to all users currently connected to the server.
message	Specifies the message text.

Net session

Lists or terminates sessions with clients connected to the computer.

Syntax

net session [\computername] [/delete]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays information about all active sessions.
[\computername]	Identifies a specific network computer.
[/delete]	Terminates a session with \computername and then closes all open files on the computer for the session.

Net share

Creates, deletes, and displays shared resources.

Syntax

net share [sharename]

net share [sharename=drive:path [/users:number | /unlimited]
 [/remark:"text"] [/cache: [manual | automatic | no]]

net share [sharename [/users:number | unlimited] [/remark:"text"] "]
 [/cache: [manual | automatic | no]]

net share [[sharename | drive:path] /delete]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays information about all resources that are currently shared on the computer.
sharename	Specifies the name assigned to the shared resource.
drive:path	Specifies the absolute path of the folder to be shared.
/users:number	Limits the maximum number of users who can simultaneously access the share.
/unlimited	Allows unlimited simultaneous access to the share.
/remark:"text"	Adds a comment to the shared resource.
/cache:automatic	Enables offline cache and automatic reintegration.
/cache:manual	Enables offline cache with manual reintegration.
/cache:no	Advises that offline cache is not recommended.
/delete	Terminates the sharing of a resource.

Net start

Displays a list of started services. It is also used to start services.

Syntax

net start [service]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays a list of active services.
[service]	Specifies the name of a service to start.

Netstat

Displays statistics for current TCP/IP connections.

Syntax

netstat [-a] [-e] [-n] [-o] [-p protocol] [-r] [-s] [interval]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[-a]	Displays all connections.
[-e]	Displays Ethernet-related statistics.
[-n]	Displays IP addresses and port numbers in numerical form.
[-o]	Displays active TCP connections and shows the process ID for each connection.
[-p protocol]	Shows connections for the specified TCP/IP protocol.
[-r]	Displays the routing table.
[-s]	Displays information organized by protocol.
[interval]	Displays statistics at the specified interval (in seconds).

Net statistics

Displays log statistics for the local workstation service, server service, or any other services for which statistics are available.

Syntax

net statistics [workstation | server]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays a list of the active services that provide statistics.
[workstation]	Displays local workstation service statistics.
[server]	Displays local server service statistics.

Net stop

Terminates a network service.

Syntax

net stop service

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
Service	Specifies any valid Windows NT or 2000 service.

Net time

Synchronizes the computer's internal clock with another computer's clock.

Syntax

net time [\computername | /domain[:domainname] | /rtsdomain[:domainname]]
 [/set]

net time [\computername] [/querysntp] | [/setsntp[:ntp server list]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays the date and time as set on the computer designated as the network's time server.
\computername	Specifies the name of a network server.
/domain[:domainname]	Specifies a domain to synchronize with.
/rtsdomain[:domainname]	Specifies a domain of the Reliable Time Server to synchronize with.
/set	Synchronize the computer's internal clock with the specified computer or domain.
/querysntp	Displays the name of the Network Time Protocol server.
/setsntp[:ntp server list]	Specifies a list of Network Time Protocol servers to be used using hostnames or IP addresses.

Net use

Displays information about network connections and connects a computer to network resources.

Syntax

net use [devicename | *] [\computernamesharename[volume]]
 [password | *]] [/user:[domainname]username]
 [/user:[dotteddomainname]username] [/user:[username@dotteddomainname]
 [.savecred] [/smartcard] [[/delete | /persistent:[yes | no]]]

net use devicename [/home[password | *]] [/delete:{yes | no}]
net use [/persistent:{yes | no}]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays a list of network connections.
[devicename]	Assigns a name to a new connection or specifies a device that is to be disconnected. For disk drives, use the D: through Z:, and for printers, use LPT1: through LPT3:.
[\computernamesharename]	Specifies the name of the network computer and its shared resource.
[volume]	Specifies a server with a NetWare volume.
[password]	Specifies a password required to access the resource.
[*]	Specifies that you want to be prompted for the password.
[/user]	Specifies a different username to be used when making the connection.
[domainname]	Allows you to specify another domain.
[username]	Specifies the username to use when logging on.
[dotteddomainname]	The fully qualified DNS domain name.
[/delete]	Terminates a network connection.
[/persistent]	Allows you to define persistent connections that span system restarts.
[yes]	Restores the connection at next logon.
[no]	Doesn't restore the connection at next logon.

Net user

Displays user account information or adds and modifies user accounts.

Syntax

net user [username [password | *] [options]] [/domain]

net user [username {password | *} /add [options] [/domain][
net user [username [/delete] [/domain][

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays a list of user accounts on the local computer.
[username]	Specifies the account name to add, delete, change, or view.
[password]	Assigns a password to a new account or changes the password of an existing account.
*	Prompts for the password.
[/domain]	Performs the operation on the primary domain controller instead of locally.
/add	Adds a user account.
[/delete]	Deletes a user account.
[options]	Specifies any of the following options:
/active:{no | yes}	Enables or disables the account.
/comment:"text"	Adds comments to an account.
/countrycode:nnn	Specifies the Country/Region codes to be used for help and error messages.
/expires:{date | never}	Specifies the status of account expiration.
/fullname:"name"	Sets a user's full name rather than a username.
/homedir:path	Establishes the user's home directory.
/passwordchg:{yes | no}	Determines whether the users can change their passwords.
/passwordreq:{yes | no}	Specifies a password requirement.
/profilepath:[path]	Establishes the user's logon profile.
/scriptpath:path	Establishes the path for the user's logon script.
/times:{times | all}	Defines time frames in which the user is permitted to use the computer. For example: W,8AM-5PM; F,8AM-1PM.
/usercomment:"text"	Determines whether an administrator can change or add to the user comment.
/workstations:} {computername[,…] | *	Specifies up to eight workstations where the user is permitted to log on.

Net view

Displays a list of domains, computers, or resources being shared by a specified computer.

Syntax

net view [\computername | /domain[:domainname]]
net view /network:nw [\computername]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays a list of computers in the domain.
[\computername]	Specifies a computer so that its resources can be viewed.
/domain[:domainname]	Specifies the domain that is to be viewed.
/network:nw	Displays servers on a Novell NetWare network.

Nslookup

Displays information from DNS (Domain Name System) name servers.

Syntax

nslookup [-option ...] [computer-to-find | - [server]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[-option …]	Specifies nslookup commands to be used as command-line options.
[computer-to-find]	Displays information for computer-to-find using the default DNS server.
[server]	Specifies a different DNS server to query.

Ntbackup

Provides a means for initiating backups from the command prompt.

Syntax

Ntbackup backup [systemstate] "@filename" /J ["jobname"] [/P ["poolname"]]
 [/G ["guidname"]] [/T ["tapename"] [/N {"medianame"]] [/F ["filename"]]
 [/D ["description"] [/DS ["server"]] [/IS ["server"]]
 [/A] [/V: {yes | no]] [/R: [yes | no]] [/L: [f | s | n]]
 [/M backuptype]] [/RS: [yes | no ]] [/HC: [on | off]] [/SNAP: [on | off]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
backup	Specifies a backup operation is to be performed.
[systemstate]	Backs up system state data.
"@filename"	Identifies a backup selection file to be used.
/J ["jobname"]	Sets the job name to be listed in the job file.
[/P ["poolname"]]	Sets the media pool value.
[/G ["guidname"]]	Changes or adds a GUID.
[/T ["tapename"]	Changes or adds a tape name.
[/N {"medianame"]]	Sets a new tape name.
[/F ["filename"]]	Specifies the path and file name.
[/D ["description"]	Sets the label for a backup set.
[/DS ["server"]]	Backs up the directory service file on exchange servers.
[/IS ["server"]]	Backs up the Information Store file on exchange servers.
[/A]	Performs an append.
[/V: {yes | no]]	Verifies the integrity of the backup.
[/R: [yes | no]]	Limits access to its owner and administrators.
[/L: [f | s | n]]	Sets the log type (f = full, s = summary, n = no log is created).
[/M backuptype]]	Sets the backup type. Options are: daily, differential, and incremental.
[/RS: [yes | no ]]	Backs up migrated data found on remote storage.
[/HC: [on | off]]	Uses hardware compression if available on the tape drive.
[/SNAP: [on | off]]	Specifies whether the backup is a volume shadow copy.

Ntcmdprompt

Runs CMD.EXE instead of COMMAND.COM after starting a TSR (Terminate and Stay Resident) program.

Syntax

ntcmdprompt

Path

Establishes a search path for executable files.

Syntax

path [[drive:]path[;...]] [%path%]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays the current search path.
[drive:]path	Specifies a location to search.
;	If used as the only parameter, it clears all path settings.
[%path%]	Appends the current path to the new setting.

Pathping

A route-tracing command that combines the functionality of the ping and tracert commands.

Syntax

pathping [-n] [-h maximum_hops] [-g host-list] [-p period]
 [-q num_queries [-w timeout] [-T] [-R] target_name

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
-n	Specifies not to resolve addresses to hostnames.
-h maximum_hops	Specifies a maximum number of hops when trying to reach the target.
-g host-list	Allows computers to be separated by intermediate gateways along host-list.
-p period	Specifies the time to wait (in milliseconds) between pings.
-q num_queries	Specifies the number of queries allowed for servers along the route.
-w timeout	Specifies the length of time to wait for a reply (in milliseconds).
-T	Includes a layer-2 priority tag to each ping packet that is sent to network devices along the route.
-R	Determines whether each network device on the route supports the RSVP (Resource Reservation Setup Protocol).
target_name	Specifies the destination target using either its hostname or its IP address.

Pause

Suspends processing of a script and prompts the user to press any key to continue.

Syntax

pause

Pbadmin

Administers phone books.

Syntax

Pbadmine.exe /N phonebook [/R regionfilepath
egionfilename]
 [/P datafilepathdatafilename]

Pbadmine.exe /I phonebook /R regionfilepath
egionfilename
Pbadmine.exe /I phonebook /R datafilepathdatailename
Pbadmine.exe /O phonebook computername username passwd
Pdadmine.exe /B phonebook

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Starts the Phone Book Administrator.
/N phonebook	Creates a new phone book.
[/R regionfilepath egionfilename]	Sets the location and name of a region file to be used in an import operation.
[/P datafilepathdatafilename]	Sets the location and file name of a phone book file to be used in an import operation.
/I phonebook	Imports dates into a phone book. Sources include region and phone book files.
/O	Sets phone book options.
phonebook	Specifies the phone book's name
computername	Specifies the computer where the phone book is to be published.
username	Specifies the username that has FTP permissions over the phone book service on the target computer.
passwd	Specifies the user's password
/B phonebook	Publishes the phone book.

Pentnt

Looks for the floating-point division error in the Pentium chip, disables floating-point hardware, and turns on floating-point emulation if found.

Syntax

pentnt [-c] [-f] [-o]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[-c]	Turns on conditional emulation.
[-f]	Turns on forced emulation.
[-o]	Turns off forced emulation and turns on floating-point hardware.

Perfmon

Opens the Performance console using the same settings found in the Windows NT 4.0 Performance Monitor utility.

Syntax

Perfmon.exe [filename] [/HTMLFILE:settingsfile]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[filename]	Specifies the file name of an optional settings file.
[/HTMLFILE:settingsfile]	Specifies the name of converted files and the name of the Windows NT 4 settings file.

Ping

Tests connections with network devices on TCP/IP networks.

Syntax

ping [-t] [-a] [-n count] [-l length] [-f] [-i ttl] [-v tos] [-r count]
[-s count] [[-j computer-list] | [-k computer-list]] [-w timeout]
 destination-list

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[-t]	Repeatedly pings the specified computer.
[-a]	Resolves IP addresses to computer names.
[-n count]	Sends the specified number of ECHO packets as defined by count.
[-l length]	Transmits ECHO packets of the specified length.
[-f]	Prevents packets from being fragmented by gateways.
[-i ttl]	Sets the TTL field to the specified ttl value.
[-v tos]	Sets the TOS field to the specified tos value.
[-r count]	Stores the route taken by outgoing packets and returning packets in the Record Route field.
[-s count]	Sets a timestamp for the number of hops as set by count.
[-j computer-list]	Routes packets by way of the list of computers specified by computer-list and permits consecutive computers to be separated by intermediate gateways.
[-k computer-list]	Routes packets by way of the list of computers specified by computer-list and prevents consecutive computers from being separated by intermediate gateways.
[-w timeout]	Specifies the time-out interval (in milliseconds).
destination-list	Specifies a list of target computers.

Popd

Changes to the directory stored by pushd.

Syntax

popd

Print

Displays the contents of a print queue or prints a text file.

Syntax

print [/d:device] [[drive:][path] filename[ ...]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays the print queue contents.
[/d:device]	Specifies a print device. Use LPT1, LPT2, and LPT3 or \servernameprint_share.
[drive:][path] filename	Specifies the drive, path, and file name of the file to be printed.

Prompt

Changes the command prompt.

Syntax

prompt [text]

Parameters

Parameter

Purpose

none

Resets the command prompt to its default setting.

[text]

Specifies the text to be displayed as the command prompt. In addition to text, you can also include the following:
$q	equals sign
$$	dollar sign
$t	time
$d	date
$p	drive and path
$v	Windows version number
$n	Drive
$g	Greater-than sign
$l	Less-than sign
$b	Pipe
$_	Enter-linefeed
$e	ANSI escape code (code 27)
$h	Backspace
$a &	Ampersand
$c	Left parenthesis
$f	Right parenthesis
$s	Space
$+	Zero or more plus sign (+) characters depending upon the depth of the pushd directory stack
$m	Remote name associated with the current drive letter

Pushd

Records the name of the current directory for use by the popd command and then changes to the specified directory.

Syntax

pushd [path]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[path]	Specifies a directory to set as the current directory.

Rasdial

Automates the RAS (Remote Access Service) client connection process.

Syntax

rasdial connectioname [username [passwd | *]] [/domain:domain]
 [/phone:phonenumber] [/callback:callbacknumber]
 [/phonebook:phonebookpath] [/prefixsuffix]

rasdial [connectionname] /disconnect

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
connectioname	Specifies the name given to the connection when it was set up.
[username [passwd | *]]	Specifies a username and password with which to establish the connection.
[/domain:domain]	Identifies the domain where the user account resides.
[/phone:phonenumber]	Substitutes the specified phone number.
[/callback:callbacknumber]	Substitutes the specified call back number.
[/phonebook:phonebookpath]	Sets the path to the phone book file.
[/prefixsuffix]	Applies current TAPI location settings.

Rcp

Copies files between a Windows computer and a UNIX system.

Syntax

rcp [-a | -b] [-h] [-r] [host] [.user:] [source] [host] [.user:]
 [pathdestionation]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[-a]	Specifies the use of the ASCII transfer mode.
[-b]	Specifies the use of the binary image transfer mode.
[-h]	Transfers files with hidden attributes on Windows computers.
[-r]	Copies the contents of all subdirectories to the destination server.
[host]	Specifies the target host computer.
[.user:]	Specifies the username.
[source]	Identifies the files to be copied.
[pathdestionation]	Specifies the destination on the target computer where the files are to be copied.

Recover

Attempts to recover information from a damaged disk.

Syntax

recover [drive:][path] filename

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[drive:][path] filename	Identifies the drive, path, and file name of the file to be recovered.

Reg add

Displays, changes, or adds a registry subkey and value.

Syntax

reg add keyname [/v entry] [/ve] [/t type] [/s separator] [/d value] [/f]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
Keyname	Specifies the path to the subkey.
[/v entry]	Specifies the entry name to be added.
[/ve]	Adds the entry as a null value.
[/t type]	Sets the entry type (REG_SZ, REG_MULTI-SZ, REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN, REG_DWORD, REG_BINARY, REG_DWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN, REG_LINK, REG_FULL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR AND REG_EXPAND_SZ).
[/s separator]	When using the REG_MULTI-SZ type, this parameter specifies the separator chapter that is to identify multiple pieces.
[/d value]	Specifies a value for a new registry entry.
[/f]	Adds a subkey or entry without requiring confirmation.

Reg compare

Compares two registry entries or subkeys.

Syntax

reg compare key1 key2 [/v entry] [/ve] [[/oa] | [od] | [/os] | [/on]] [/s]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
key1	Specifies the path and name of the first entry or subkey.
key2	Specifies the path and name of the second entry or subkey.
[/v entry]	Compares a specific subkey entry.
[/ve]	Limits the comparison to entries without values.
[/oa]	Displays all differences and matches.
[od]	Displays only differences.
[/os]	Displays only matches.
[/on]	Prevents the display of differences or matches.
[/s]	Performs a comparison of all entries and subkeys.

Reg copy

Copies registry entries.

Syntax

reg copy key1 key2 [/s] [/f]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
key1	Specifies the path and name of the first entry or subkey.
key2	Specifies the path and name of the second entry or subkey.
[/s]	Copies all entries and subkeys.
[/f]	Copies the subkey without requiring confirmation.

Reg delete

Deletes registry entries and subkeys.

Syntax

reg delete key [/v entry | /ve | /va] [/f]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
key	Specifies the path and name of the entry or subkey.
[/v entry]	Deletes a specific entry.
[/ve]	Only deletes entries with a null value. (continues)
[/va]	Deletes all entries on the subkey.
[/f]	Performs the deletion without requiring confirmation.

Reg export

Copies subkeys, entries, and values to an external file to allow them to be transferred to another computer.

Syntax

reg export key filename

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
key	Specifies the path and name of the subkey.
filename	Specifies the name of the external file.

Reg import

Copies the subkeys, values, and entries from an external file into the registry.

Syntax

reg import filename

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
filename	Specifies the name and path of the external file.

Reg load

Copies save entries and subkeys to a different registry subkey.

Syntax

reg load keyname filename

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
keyname	Specifies the path to the subkey.
filename	Specifies the name and path of the file to be loaded.

Reg query

Displays child entries and subkeys for the specified subkey.

Syntax

reg query key [/v entry | /ve] [/s]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
key	Specifies the path of the subkey.
[/v entry]	Gets the specified entry and its value.
[/ve]	Only returns entries with a null value.
[/s]	Gets all entries and subkeys in all tiers.

Reg restore

Restores saved registry subkeys and entries.

Syntax

reg restore key filename

Parameter

Parameter	Purpose
key	Specifies the path to the subkey.
filename	Specifies the name and path of the file that contains the entries and subkeys to be restored.

Reg save

Saves specified values, entries, and subkeys to a file.

Syntax

reg save key filename

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
key	Specifies the path of the subkey.
filename	Specifies the name and path of the file that will be created.

Regsvr32

Registers .dll files with the registry.

Syntax

Regsvr32 [/u] [/s] [/n] [/I[:cmdline]] dllname

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/u]	Unregisters server.
[/s]	Sets regsvr32 to run silently in background mode.
[/n]	Prohibits the calling of DllRegisterServer.
[/I[:cmdline]]	Calls DllInstall and supplies the argument supplied by cmdline if present.
Dllname	Specifies the DLL to register.

Reg unload

Removes a portion of the registry that was previously loaded using the reg load command.

Syntax

reg unload key

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
key	Specifies the path to the subkey.

Relog

Extracts performance counters from counter logs and converts the data into different formats, including text, comma-delimited text, and SQL.

Syntax

Relog [filename [filename ...]] [-a] [-c path [path ...]] [-cf filename]
 [-f [bin | csv | tsv | SQL]] [-t value] [-o [outputfile | DSNcouterlog]]
 [-b m/d/yyyy [[hh:]mm:]ss] [-e m/d/yyyy [[hh:]mm:]ss] [-config filename]
 [-q]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[filename [filename …]]	Specifies the path and file name of one or more input files.
[-a]	Appends data from the input file.
[-c path [path …]]	Specifies the performance counter path to be logged.
[-cf filename]	Specifies the pathname of a text file that contains a list of counters to be added to the relog file.
[-f [bin | csv | tsv | SQL]]	Sets the output files format (bin = binary, csv = text, tsv = comma-delimited text, and sql = SQL).
[-t value]	Specifies the collection interval.
[-o [outputfile | DSNcouterlog]]	Sets the path for the output file or SQL database where counters are stored.
[-b m/d/yyyy [[hh:]mm:]ss]	Sets the start time for copying the first record from the input file.
[-e m/d/yyyy [[hh:]mm:]ss]	Sets the stop time for copying the last record from the input file.
[-config filename]	Sets the path of an optional settings file that supplies command-line parameters.
[-q]	Displays performance counters and time ranges for a specified input file.

Rem

Used to place comments in scripts.

Syntax

rem [comment]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[comment]	A string of descriptive text information.

Rename (Ren)

Renames a file or group of files.

Syntax

rename [drive:][path] filename1 filename2
ren [drive:][path] filename1 filename2

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[drive:][path] filename1	Specifies the drive, path, and file name of the file to be renamed.
filename2	Specifies the new name for the file.

Replace

Replaces files in the destination directory with files that have the same name.

Syntax

replace [drive1:][path1] filename [drive2:][path2] [/a] [/p] [/r] [/w]

replace [drive1:][path1] filename [drive2:][path2] [/p] [/r] [/s] [/w]
 [/u]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[drive1:][path1] filename	Specifies the drive, path, and file name of the source files.
[drive2:][path2]	Specifies the drive and path of the destination files.
[/a]	Adds files to the destination folder.
[/p]	Prompts for confirmation before a replacement is allowed.
[/r]	Permits the replacement of read-only files.
[/w]	Waits for you to insert a disk before beginning to look for the source files.
[/s]	Searches all subfolders in the destination folder and replaces matching files.
[/u]	Replaces files in the destination folder only if they are older than the files in the source folder.

Reset session

Resets a terminal server session.

Syntax

Reset session [sessionname | sessionid] [/server:servername] [/v]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[sessionname]	Name of the session to be reset.
[sessionid]	The session ID of the session to be reset.
[/server:servername]	Identifies the terminal sever where the session exists.
[/v]	Displays verbose information.

Rexec

Executes commands on remote computers that support the Rexec service.

Syntax

rexec computer [-l username] [-n] command

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
computer	Specifies the remote computer.
[-l username]	Specifies a username on the remote computer.
[-n]	Redirects the input of REXEC to NULL.
command	Specifies the command to be executed.

Rmdir (Rd)

Deletes a folder.

Syntax

rmdir [drive:]path [/s] [/q]
rd [drive:]path [/s] [/q]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[drive:]path	Specifies the drive and path of the folder to be deleted.
[/s]	Deletes the folder and its subfolders and their contents.
[/q]	Deletes folders without requiring confirmation.

Route

Configures routing tables.

Syntax

route [-f] [-p] [command [destination] [mask subnetmask] [gateway]
 [metric costmetric]] [if interface]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[-f]	Clears the routing tables of gateway entries.
[-p]	Makes routes persistent across system restarts.
[command]	Prints, adds, deletes, or changes the destination.
[destination]	Specifies the computer where the command will be sent.
[mask subnetmask]	Specifies a subnet mask for the route entry.
[gateway]	Specifies a gateway.
[metric costmetric]	Assigns an integer cost metric.
[if interface]	Specifies the interface index for the interface.

Rsh

Executes commands on remote computers that run the RSH service.

Syntax

rsh computer [-l username] [-n] command

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
computer	Specifies the remote computer.
[-l username]	Specifies a username to use at the remote computer.
[-n]	Redirects the input of Rsh to NULL.
command	Specifies the command.

Runas

Permits the execution of specific tools and programs with different permissions than those provided by the user's current account.

Syntax

runas [/profile | /noprofile] [/env] [/netonly] [/smartcard]
 [/showtrustlevels] [/trustlevel] /user:UserAccountName program

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
/profile	Provides the name of the user's profile.
/noprofile	Prevents loading the user's profile.
/env	Replaces the user's local environment with the current network environment.
/netonly	Specifies that the user information is to be used for remote access.
[/smartcard]	Specifies that credentials are to be provided by a smartcard.
[/showtrustlevels]	Displays /trustlevel options.
[/trustlevel]	Sets the authorization level that is to be used to run the application.
/user:UserAccountName	Specifies the account with which to execute the program in the form of user@domain or domainuser.
program	Specifies the program or command to be executed by a specified account.

Set

Displays, changes, and deletes environment variables.

Syntax

Set [[/a [expression]] [/p [variable=]] string]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays environment settings.
[/a [expression]	Sets string equal to a numerical expression.
[/p]	Sets a variable value equal to a line of input.
variable	Identifies the variable to set or modify.
string	Sets the value of the variable to string.

Setlocal

Initiates the localization of environment variables in a script.

Syntax

Setlocal [enableextension | disableextensions] [enabledelayedexpansion
 | disabledelayedexpansion]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[enableextension]	Enables command extensions.
[disableextensions]	Disables command extensions.
[enabledelayedexpansion]	Enables delayed environment variable expansion.
[disabledelayedexpansion]	Disables delayed environment variable expansion.

Setver

Modifies the version number that the MS-DOS subsystem reports to executing programs.

Syntax

setver [drive:path] [filename n.nn]
setver [drive:path] [filename [/delete [/quiet]]
setver [drive:path]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays the current version table.
[drive:path]	Specifies drive and path to SETVER.EXE.
[filename]	Specifies a program name to be added to the version table.
[n.nn]	Specifies the MS-DOS version that is reported to the specified program file.
[/delete]	Removes the version table entry for the specified program file.
[/quiet]	Hides deletion messages.

Sfc

Scans protected file systems and verifies their integrity.

Syntax

Sfc [/scannow] [/scanonce] [/scanboot] [/revert] [purgecache]
 [/cachesize=x]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/scannow]	Performs an immediate scan of all protected file systems.
[/scanonce]	Scans all protected file systems at one time.
[/scanboot]	Scans all protected file systems every time the computer is started.
[/revert]	Restores the scan to its default settings.
[purgecache]	Clears out Windows File Protection cache and performs an immediate scan.
[/cachesize=x]	Sets a maximum cache size in MB for Windows File Protection cache.

Shell

Specifies an alternative command interpreter to be used in place of the MS-DOS subsystem.

Syntax

shell=[[drive:]path] filename [parameters]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[[drive:]path] filename	Specifies the drive, path, and file name of the alternative command interpreter.
[parameters]	Provides any command-line parameters required by the alternative command interpreter.

Shift

Shifts (changes) the position of replaceable parameters in a script.

Syntax

Shift /n

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
/n	Identifies the argument where shifting should begin, where n is a value from 0 to 8.

Shutdown

Shuts down Windows XP and optionally restarts the computer or logs off the current user.

Syntax

shutdown [[-l | -s | -r | -a]] [-f] --m[\computer]] [-t xx] [-c "msg"]
 [-d[u][p]:xx:yy]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[-l]	Logs the current user off.
[-s]	Shuts the local computer down.
[-r]	Restarts the computer once it has been shut down.
[-a]	Aborts the shutdown process.
[-f]	Forces the termination of active applications.
–m[\computer]]	Allows for the specification of a remote computer.
[-t xx]	Specifies the amount of time to wait before the shutdown occurs.
[-c "msg"]	Displays a message in the System Shutdown dialog message area.
[-d[u][p]:xx:yy]	Lists a reason code for the shutdown (u = user code, p = planned shutdown code, xx = a major reason code with a value between 0 and 255, and yy = a minor reason code with a value of 0 to 65536).

Sort

Reads input and sorts it before writing it as output.

Syntax

sort [/r] [/+n] [/m kilobytes] [/l locale] [/rec characters]
 [[drive1:][path1]filename1] [/t [drive2:][path2]]
 [/o [drive3:][path3]filename3]

[command |] sort [/r] [/+n] [/m kilobytes] [/l locale] [/rec characters]
 [[drive1:][path1]filename1] [/t [drive2:][path2]] [/o
 [drive3:][path3]filename3]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
/r	Reverses the sort order.
/+n	Specifies the starting character position, n, where sort begins its comparison.
/m kilobytes	Specifies the allocation of memory for use by the sort command (in kilobytes).
/l locale	Changes the sort order of characters as defined by the default locale. The only available option is the "C" locale.
/rec characters	Sets the maximum number of characters that can be contained in a line on the input file (default is 4,096; maximum is 65,535).
[drive1:][path1]filename1	Specifies the location of the file to be sorted.
/t [drive2:][path2]	Specifies a path to a folder that the sort command can use for working storage when the data to be sorted cannot fit into memory.
/o [drive3:][path3]	Specifies where a file's sorted input is to be stored. filename3

Start

Opens a new command prompt window and executes the specified program, script, or command.

Syntax

start ["title"] [/d path] [/I] [/min] [/max] [/separate | /shared]
 [/low | /normal | /high | /realtime | /abovenormal | /belownormal]
 [/wait] [/b] [filename] [parms]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
["title"]	Displays the specified title in the command prompt title bar.
[/d path]	Specifies the path of the startup folder.
[/I]	Passes the environment settings of the CMD.exe startup environment to the command prompt window.
[/min]	Minimizes the new window.
[/max]	Maximizes the new window.
[/separate]	Loads 16-bit applications into a separate memory space.
[/shared]	Loads 16-bit applications into a shared memory space.
[/low]	Runs the program and assigns it the idle priority.
[/normal]	Runs the program and assigns it the normal priority.
[/high]	Runs the program and assigns it the high priority.
[/realtime]	Runs the program and assigns it the real time priority.
[/abovenormal]	Runs the program and assigns it the above normal priority.
[/belownormal]	Runs the program and assigns it the below normal priority.
[/wait]	Runs the program and then waits for it to end.
[/b]	Starts an application without opening a command prompt window.
[filename]	Identifies the command or application to execute.
[parms]	Argument to be passed to the command or program.

Subst

Establishes an association between a path and a drive letter.

Syntax

subst [drive1: [drive2:]path]
subst drive1: /d

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays the names of any virtual drives.
[drive1:]	Specifies the virtual drive.
[drive2:]	Specifies the physical drive containing the specified path.
[path]	Specifies the path to be assigned to the virtual drive.
/d	Removes a virtual drive.

Systeminfo

Displays configuration information about a computer and its operating system and hardware.

Syntax

systeminfo[.exe] [/s computer [/u domainuser [/p passwd]]]
 [/fo [table | list | csv]] [/nh]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/s computer]	Specifies the target computer's name or IP address.
[/u domainuser]	Executes the command using the supplied user's permissions.
[/p passwd]	Specifies the user's password.
[/fo [table | list | csv]]	Specifies output format (table, list, or CSV).
[/nh]	Suppresses column headers.

Taskkill

Terminates tasks and processes.

Syntax

taskkill [/s computer] [/u domainuser [/p passwd]] [/fi filter]
 [/pid processid] | [/im image] [/f] [/t]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/s computer]	Specifies the name or IP address of the target computer.
[/u domainuser]	Executes the command using the supplied user's permissions.
[/p passwd]	Specifies the user's password.
[/fi filter]	Specifies the type of process to terminate or not to terminate.
[/pid processid]	Specifies the process ID of the process to kill.
[/im image]	Specifies the image name of the process to kill.
[/f]	Forcefully terminates a process.
[/t]	Terminates all child processes of the parent process.

Tasklist

Lists applications and services, including their process ID.

Syntax

Tasklist[.exe] [/s computer] [/u domainuser [/p passwd]]
 [/fo [table | list | csv]] [/nh] [/fi filter] [/fi filter2 [ ... ]]]
 [/m [module] | /svc] /v]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/s computer]	Specifies the name or IP address of the target computer.
[/u domainuser]	Executes the command using the supplied user's permissions.
[/p passwd]	Specifies the user's password.
[/fo [table | list | csv]]	Specifies the format of the command's output.
[/nh]	Suppresses column headings.
[/fi filter]	Specifies the type of process to include or exclude from output.
[/m [module]	When specified, all processes using the module are listed, otherwise they are excluded.
[/svc]	Displays all available service information.
[/v]	Displays verbose output.

Tcmsetup

Configures the telephony client.

Syntax

tcmsetup [/q] [/x] /c server1 [server2 ... serverN]
tcmsetup [/q] /c /d

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/q]	Prevents message box displays.
[/x]	Sets connection-oriented callbacks for heavy traffic networks with high pack-loss.
/c	Specifies client setup. Required parameter.
server1	Contains the remote server where the client will use TAPI service providers.
[server2 … serverN]	Lists additional servers that are available to the client.
/d	Clears the list of remote servers and disables the telephony client.

Tftp

Transfers files between the local computer and a remote computer running the TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) service.

Syntax

tftp [-i] computer [get | put] source [destination]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[-I]	Sets binary image transfer mode.
computer	Specifies the local or remote computer.
[put]	Uploads files to the file source on the remote computer.
[get]	Downloads the file on the remote computer to the file source on the local computer.
source	Identifies the file to transfer.
[destination]	Identifies where to transfer the file.

Time

Displays system time or changes the computer's internal clock.

Syntax

time [/t] [hours:[minutes[:seconds[.hundredths]]] [A|P]]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
None	Displays the computer's clock time and prompts for the new time.
[/t]	Displays current time without prompting to change the time.
[hours]	Sets the hour.
[minutes]	Sets the minutes.
[seconds]	Sets the seconds.
[hundredths]	Sets hundredths of a second.
[A|P]	Sets A.M or P.M. for the 12-hour format.

Title

Places a message on the command console's title bar.

Syntax

title [string]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[string]	Specifies the message text.

Tracerpt

Processes trace logs or data from event trace providers and creates reports.

Syntax

tracerpt [filename [filename ...]] [-o [filename]] [-report [filename]]
 [-rt session [session ...]] [-summary [filename]] [-config [filename]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[filename [filename …]]	Specifies the file name to be used during the event trace session.
[-o [filename]	Specifies a comma-delimited file.
[-report [filename]]	Sets the name of the output report file.
[-rt session [session …]]	Gathers data from a realtime source.
[-summary [filename]]	Specifies the name of the output summary file.
[-config [filename]	Specifies the path of a settings file that supplies command-line arguments.

Tracert

A utility used to determine the route taken to a destination.

Syntax

tracert [-d] [-h maximum_hops] [-j computer-list] [-w timeout] target_name

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[-d]	Prevents the resolution of IP addresses to hostnames.
[-h maximum_hops]	Sets a maximum number of hops.
[-j computer-list]	Specifies a loose source route along computer-list.
[-w timeout]	Waits the specified number of milliseconds for each reply.
target_name	Identifies the target computer.

Tree

Provides a graphic view of the folder structure for the specified path or disk.

Syntax

tree [drive:][path] [/f] [/a]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[drive:]	Identifies a drive that contains a disk whose directory structures should be displayed.
[path]	Identifies a folder whose directory structure is to be displayed.
[/f]	Displays the file names found in each directory.
[/a]	Sets the tree command to display text characters in place of graphic characters when identifying links to a subfolder.

Type

Displays the contents of a text file.

Syntax

type [drive:][path] filename

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[drive:][path] filename	Specifies the drive, path, and file name that is to be viewed.

Typeperf

Displays performance counter output to the console window or logs in to a file.

Syntax

typeperf [path [path ...]] [-cf filename] [-f [csv | tsv | bin]]
 [-si interval] [-o filename] [-q [object]] [-qx [object]]
 [-sc samples] [-config filename] [-s computer]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[path [path …]]	Specifies the path and name of the performance counter log that is to be used.
[-cf filename]	Specifies the filename of a file that lists counter paths that are to be monitored.
[-f [csv | tsv | bin]]	Specifies output format (csv = comma-delimited text file, tsv = tab-delimited text file, and bin = binary).
[-si interval]	Sets the time interval between collections in [mm:]ss format.
[-o filename]	Specifies an output file.
[-q [object]]	Displays counters that do not have instances.
[-qx [object]]	Displays counters with instances.

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[-sc samples]	Specifies the number of samples to be collected.
[-config filename]	Specifies the name of a file that contains command-line arguments.
[-s computer]	Specifies the target computer.

Unlodctr

Unloads performance counter names for services and device drivers from the registry.

Syntax

unlodctr [\computer] drivername

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[\computer]	Specifies the target computer.
drivername	Unloads the performance counter names for service and device driver drivername.

Ver

Displays the Windows version number.

Syntax

ver

Vol

Displays the serial number and disk volume label of the disk.

Syntax

vol [drive:]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[drive:]	Specifies the drive whose information you want to display.

Vssadmin

Displays volume shadow copy backups and shadow copy writers.

Syntax

vssadmin list [shadows [/set= [shadow copy of GUID]] | writers | provides]

Parameter

Parameter	Purpose
List [shadows [/set= [shadow copy of GUID]]	Displays shadow copies for the shadow copy set.
[writers]	Displays information about installed shadow copy writers.
[provides]	Displays information about installed shadow copy providers.

W32tm

Diagnoses Windows Time problems.

Syntax

W32tm [/config [/computer] [[/update] [/manualpeerlist:list fo names]]
 [/syncfromflags:listofflags]] | /monitor | /ntpte | /register | resync
 [[:computer] [/nowait] | [/rediscover]] | [/tz | /unregister]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
[/config [/computer] [[/update] [/manualpeerlist:list fo names]] [/syncfromflags:listofflags]	Changes time setting on the target computer.

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
/monitor	Monitors the target computer.
/ntpte	Converts system time to a readable format.
/register	Registers execution as a service.
resync [[:computer] [/nowait] | [/rediscover]]	Resynchronizes the clock at the first available opportunity.
[/tz]	Displays time zone information.
[/unregister]	Unregisters the services and any configuration date.

Xcopy

Copies folders and their contents, including files and subfolders.

Syntax

xcopy source [destination] [/w] [/p] [/c] [/v] [/q] [/f] [/l] [/d[:date]]
 [/u] [/i] [/s [/e]] [/t] [/k] [/r] [/h] [/a|/m] [/n] [/o] [/x]
 [/exclude:file1[+[file2]][+[file3]] [/y | /-y] [/z]

Parameters

Parameter	Purpose
source	Specifies location and name of the files to be copied.
[destination]	Specifies the destination of the copied files.
[/w]	Displays a confirmation message and waits for a reply.
[/p]	Prompts for confirmation before creating destination files.
[/c]	Ignores all errors.
[/v]	Verifies the success of each copy operation.
[/q]	Prevents the display of xcopy messages.
[/f]	Displays the file names being copied.
[/l]	Prevents command execution and displays a list of files that would have been copied.
/d[:date]	Copies source files that have been changed on or after date.
[/u]	Copies files from source if they also exist on destination.
[/I]	Creates the destination folder, if it does not exist, if source is a directory or contains wildcards.
[/s]	Copies directories and subdirectories as long as they contain files.
[/e]	Copies all subfolders.
[/t]	Copies the subdirectory structure and not the files.
[/k]	Copies read-only files to the destination where they will retain their read-only status.
[/r]	Overwrites read-only files.
[/h]	Copies files with hidden and system file attributes.
[/a]	Copies source files that have archive file attributes set.
[/m]	Copies source files that have archive file attributes set and then turns off archive file attributes.
[/o]	Copies file ownership and discretionary access control list data.
[/x]	Copies audit settings and system access control list data.
[/n]	Copies files using their NTFS short names.
[/exclude:file1[+[file2]] [+[file3]]	Excludes the files listed in specified files from being copied.
[/y]	Suppresses confirmation prompts when overwriting existing destination files.
[/-y]	Requires confirmation prompts before overwriting existing destination files.
[/z]	Copies files to the network in restartable mode so that the copy operations will resume after failed connections are reestablished.