Conventions Used in This Book

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The following typographic conventions are used in this book:

• Code lines, commands, statements, variables , and any text you see onscreen appears in a mono typeface. Bold mono typeface is often used to represent text the user types.

• Placeholders in syntax descriptions appear in an italic mono typeface. Replace the placeholder with the actual filename, parameter, or whatever element it represents.

• Italics highlight technical terms when they're being defined.

• The icon is used before a line of code that is really a continuation of the preceding line. Sometimes a line of code is too long to fit as a single line on the page. If you see before a line of code, remember that it's part of the line immediately above it.

• The book also contains Notes, Tips, and Cautions to help you spot important or useful information more quickly. Some of these are helpful shortcuts to help you work more efficiently .

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