Looking at the C Code

Looking at the C# Code

The code in Listing 1 “5 is from the application class for the sample game. As you will see, the application inherits from another class called CD3DApplication . This class is based on a class supplied by Microsoft with the DirectX 9 SDK. A handy base class takes care of all the initial bookkeeping required to initialize and terminate DirectX. I have modified the Microsoft version slightly to start in full-screen mode and adapted the processing loop to the one used with the game engine. If you are interested in the details of setting up and tearing down DirectX 9, I encourage you to look at the source code downloadable from the Apress Web site.

Listing 1.5: Sample Application

 //----------------------------------------------------------------------------- // File: App.cs  //  // Desc: Sample code for Introduction to 3D Game Engine Design  //  //      This sample shows the basic application software that sets up the  //       base application and the process flow. The application uses a version  //       of the CD3DApplication base class provided with the Microsoft  //       DirectX 9 SDK to perform the standard initialization of DirectX.  //  //       Note: This code uses the D3D Framework helper library.  //  // Copyright (c) 2002 Lynn T. Harrison. All rights reserved.  //----------------------------------------------------------------------------- using System;  using System.Drawing;  using System.Collections;  using Microsoft.DirectX;  using Microsoft.DirectX.Direct3D;  using Microsoft.DirectX.Directlnput;  using GameEngine;  using GameAI;  namespace SampleGame  {      /// <summary>      /// Summary description for GameEngine.      /// </summary>      class CGameApplication : GraphicsSample      {         #region // Game State enumeration         /// <summary>         /// Each member of this enumeration is one possible state for the         /// application         /// </summary>         ///         /// <remarks>         /// DevSplash         -Display the developer splash screen         /// </remarks>         /// <remarks>         /// GameSplash        -Display the game splash screen         /// </remarks>         /// <remarks>         /// OptionsMain       -Display and process the primary options screen         /// </remarks>         /// <remarks>         /// GamePlay          -State to actually play the game         /// </remarks>         /// <remarks>         /// AfterActionReview - Display the results of the game         /// </remarks>         public enum GameState         {            /// <summary>            /// Display the developer splash screen            /// </summary>            DevSplash,            /// <summary>            /// Display the game splash screen            /// </summary>            GameSplash,            /// <summary>            /// Display and process the primary options screen            /// </summary>            OptionsMain,            /// <summary>            /// State to actually play the game            /// </summary>            GamePlay,            /// <summary>            /// Display the results of the game            /// </summary>            AfterActionReview,         }         #endregion         #region // Application member variables         /// <summary>         /// Current state of the application         /// </summary>         private GameState          m_State;         private static CGameEngine m_Engine = new CGameEngine();         private GraphicsFont       m_pFont = null;         private GameEngine.Console m_Console;         private ArrayList          m_opponents = null;         private OptionScreen       m_OptionScreen = null;         private bool               m_bShowStatistics = false;         private bool               m_bScreenCapture = false;         private bool               m_bUsingJoystick = true;         private bool               m_bUsingKeyboard = false;         private bool               m_bUsingMouse = false;         private Ownship            m_ownship = null;         private Cloth              m_flag = null;         private Jukebox            music = null;         #endregion         public static CGameEngine Engine { get { return m_Engine; } }         /// <summary>         /// Application constructor. Sets attributes for the app.         /// </summary>         public CGameApplication()         {            // Initialize the game state for the developer splash screen.            m_State = GameState.DevSplash;            m_pFont = new GraphicsFont("Aerial", System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold);            windowed = false;            m_opponents = new ArrayList();         }         /// <summary>         /// Called during initial app startup, this function performs all the         /// permanent initialization.         /// </summary>         protected override void OneTimeSceneInitialization()         {            // Initialize the font's internal textures.            m_pFont.InitializeDeviceObjects(device);            // Nothing much to do yet - will be used in later chapters.            m_Engine.Initialize(this, device);            CGameEngine.Inputs.MapKeyboardAction(Key.Escape,               new ButtonAction (Terminate), true);            CGameEngine.Inputs.MapKeyboardAction(Key.A,               new ButtonAction(MoveCameraXM), false);            CGameEngine.Inputs.MapKeyboardAction (Key.W,               new ButtonAction(MoveCameraZP), false);            CGameEngine.Inputs.MapKeyboardAction(Key.S,               new ButtonAction(MoveCameraXP), false);            CGameEngine.Inputs.MapKeyboardAction (Key.Z,               new ButtonAction(MoveCameraZM), false);            CGameEngine.Inputs.MapKeyboardAction(Key.P,               new ButtonAction(ScreenCapture), true);            CGameEngine.Inputs.MapMouseAxisAction(0,               new AxisAction(PointCamera));            CGameEngine.Inputs.MapMouseAxisAction(1,               new AxisAction(PitchCamera));            m_Console = new GameEngine.Console(m_pFont, "console.jpg");            GameEngine.Console.AddCommand("QUIT", "Terminate the game",               new CommandFunction(TerminateCommand));            GameEngine.Console.AddCommand("STATISTICS",               "Toggle statistics display",               new CommandFunction(ToggleStatistics));            m_OptionScreen = new OptionScreen("Options1.jpg");            m_OptionScreen.AddButton(328, 150, "PlayOff.jpg", "PlayOn.jpg",               "PlayHover.jpg", new ButtonFunction(Play));            m_OptionScreen.AddButton(328, 300, "QuitOff.jpg", "QuitOn.jpg",               "QuitHover.jpg", new ButtonFunction(Terminate));            m_Engine.SetOptionScreen(m_OptionScreen);            music = new Jukebox();            music.AddSong("nadine.mp3");            music.AddSong("ComeOn.mp3");            music.AddSong("Rock.mp3");            music.Volume = 0.75f;            music.Play();         }         /// <summary>         /// Called once per frame, the call is the entry point for all game         /// processing. This function calls the appropriate part of the         /// game engine based on the         /// engine based on the current state.         /// </summary>         protected override void FrameMove()         {            try            {               SelectControls select_form = null;               // get any player inputs               m_Engine.GetPlayerInputs();               // Clear the viewport.               device.Clear(ClearFlags.Target  ClearFlags.ZBuffer,                  000000000, 1.0f, 0);                    device.BeginScene();               // Determine what needs to be rendered based on the current game state,               switch (m_State)               {                   case GameState.DevSplash:                      if (m_Engine.ShowSplash("devsplash.jpg", 8,                            new BackgroundTask(LoadOptions)))                      {                         m_State = GameState.GameSplash;                      }                      break;                   case GameState.GameSplash:                       if (m_Engine.ShowSplash("gamesplash.jpg", 8, null))                       {                          m_State = GameState.OptionsMain;                          select_form = new SelectControls();                          select_form.ShowDialog(this);                          m_bUsingJoystick = select_form.UseJoystick.Checked;                          m_bUsingKeyboard = select_form.UseKeyboard.Checked;                          m_bUsingMouse = select_form.UseMouse.Checked;                          if (m_bUsingJoystick)                             GameEngine.Console.AddLine("Using Joystick");                          if (m_bUsingKeyboard)                             GameEngine.Console.AddLine("Using Keyboard");                          if (m_bUsingMouse)                             GameEngine.Console.AddLine("Using Mouse");                          m_ownship = (Ownship)Engine.GetObject("car1");                          m_ownship.UseJoystick = m_bUsingJoystick;                          m_ownship.UseKeyboard = m_bUsingKeyboard;                          m_ownship.UseMouse = m_bUsingMouse;                       }                       break;                   case GameState.OptionsMain:                       m_Engine.DoOptions();                       break;                   case GameState.GamePlay:                       m_Engine.GetPlayerInputs();                       m_Engine.DoAI(elapsedTime);                       m_Engine.DoDynamics(elapsedTime);                       m_Engine.DoNetworking(elapsedTime);                       m_Engine.Render();                       break;                   case GameState.AfterActionReview:                       m_Engine.DoAfterActionReview();                       break;               }                    GameEngine.Console.Render();                    if (m_ownship != null && m_State == GameState.GamePlay)               {                  m_pFont.DrawText(200, 560, Color.FromArgb(255,0,0,0),                            m_ownship.MPH.ToString());                  m_pFont.DrawText(200, 580, Color. FromArgb(255, 0,0,0),                            m_ownship.ForwardVelocity.ToString());                  m_pFont.DrawText(200, 600, Color.FromArgb(255,0,0,0),                            m_ownship.SidewaysVelocity.ToString());               }               // Output statistics.               if (m_bShowStatistics)               {                  m_pFont.DrawText(2, 560, Color.FromArgb(255,255,255,0),                     frameStats);                  m_pFont.DrawText(2, 580, Color.FromArgb(255,255,255,0),                     deviceStats);               }               if (m_bScreenCapture)               {                  SurfaceLoader.Save("capture.bmp",ImageFileFormat.Bmp,                             device.GetBackBuffer(0,0,BackBufferType.Mono));                  m_bScreenCapture = false;                  GameEngine.Console.AddLine("snapshot taken");               }           }           catch (DirectXException d3de)           {              System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine("Error in Sample Game Application FrameMove");              System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(d3de.ErrorString);           }           catch (Exception e)           {              System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine("Error in Sample Game Application FrameMove");              System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(e.Message);           }           finally           {              device.EndScene();           }        }        /// <summary>        /// The main entry point for the application        /// </summary>        [STAThread]        static void Main(string[] args)        {           try           {              CGameApplication d3dApp = new CGameApplication();              if (d3dApp.CreateGraphicsSample())                 d3dApp.Run();           }           catch (DirectXException d3de)           {              System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine("Error in Sample Game Application");              System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(d3de.ErrorString);          }          catch (Exception e)          {              System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine("Error in Sample Game Application");              System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(e.Message);          }       }       // Action functions       /// <summary>       /// Action to start playing       /// </summary>       public void Play()       {          m_State = GameState.GamePlay;          GameEngine.Console.Reset();       }       /// <summary>       /// Action to terminate the application       /// </summary>       public void Terminate()       {          m_bTerminate = true;       }       /// <summary>       /// Screen capture       /// </summary>       public void ScreenCapture()       {          m_bScreenCapture = true;       }       /// <summary>       /// Version of terminate for use by the console       /// </summary>       /// <param name="sData"></param>       public void TerminateCommand(string sData)       {          Terminate();       }       /// <summary>       /// Toggle the display of statistics information.       /// </summary>       /// <param name="sData"></param>       public void ToggleStatistics(string sData)       {          m_bShowStatistics = !m_bShowStatistics;       }       /// <summary>       /// Action to transition to the next game state based on a mapper action       /// </summary>       public void NextState()       {          if (m_State < GameState.AfterActionReview)          {             m_State++;          }          else          {             m_State = GameState.OptionsMain;          }       }          public void PointCamera(int count)          {             m_Engine.MoveCamera(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, count);          }           public void PitchCamera(int count)          {              m_Engine.MoveCamera(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, count * 0.1f, 0.0f, 0.0f);          }          public void MoveCameraXP()          {             m_Engine.MoveCamera(0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);          }          public void MoveCameraXM()          {             m_Engine.MoveCamera(   0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);          }          public void MoveCameraY()          {             m_Engine.MoveCamera(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);          }          public void MoveCameraZP()          {             m_Engine.MoveCamera(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);          }          public void MoveCameraZM()          {             m_Engine.MoveCamera(0.0f, 0.0f,   0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);          }          /// <summary>          ///          /// </summary>          protected override void RestoreDeviceObjects(System.Object sender,             System.EventArgs e)          {             // Set the transform matrices (view and world are updated per frame).             Matrix matProj;             float fAspect =  device.PresentationParameters.BackBufferWidth /                              (float)device.PresentationParameters.BackBufferHeight;             matProj = Matrix.PerspectiveFovLH((float)Math.PI/4, fAspect,                           1.0f, 100.0f);             device.Transform.Projection = matProj;             // Set up the default texture states.             device.TextureState[0].ColorOperation = TextureOperation.Modulate;             device.TextureState[0].ColorArgument1 = TextureArgument.TextureColor;             device.TextureState[0].ColorArgument2 = TextureArgument.Diffuse;             device.TextureState[0].AlphaOperation = TextureOperation.SelectArg1;             device.TextureState[0].AlphaArgument1 = TextureArgument.TextureColor;             device.SamplerState[0].MinFilter = TextureFilter.Linear;             device.SamplerState[0].MagFilter = TextureFilter.Linear;             device.SamplerState[0].MipFilter = TextureFilter.Linear;             device.SamplerState[0].AddressU = TextureAddress.Clamp;             device.SamplerState[0].AddressV = TextureAddress.Clamp;                         device.RenderState.DitherEnable = true;         }       /// <summary>       /// Called when the app is exiting, or the device is being changed, this       /// function deletes any device-dependent objects.       /// </summary>       protected override void DeleteDeviceObjects(System.Object sender,          System.EventArgs e)       {          m_Engine.Dispose();       }       public void LoadOptions()       {          try          {            System.Random rand = new System.Random();            // Loading of options will happen here.            m_Engine.SetTerrain(200, 200, "heightmap.jpg", "sand1.jpg", 10.0f, 0.45f);             for (int i=0; i<300; i++)             {                 float north = (float) (rand.NextDouble() * 1900.0);                 float east = (float) (rand.NextDouble() * 1900.0);                 BillBoard.Add(east, north, 0.0f, "cactus"+i, "cactus.dds",                      1.0f, 1.0f);             }             for (int i=0; i<300; i++)             {                 float north = (float) (rand.NextDouble() * 1900.0);                 float east = (float) (rand.NextDouble() * 1900.0);                 BillBoard.Add(east, north, 0.0f, "tree"+i, "palmtree.dds",                    6.5f, 10. 0f);             }             GameEngine.Console.AddLine("all trees loaded");              m_Engine.AddObject(new ParticleGenerator("Spray1", 2000, 2000,                          Color.Yellow, "Particle.bmp",                          new ParticleUpdate(Gravity)));             double j = 0.0;             double center_x = 1000.0;             double center_z = 1000.0;             double radius = 700.0;             double width = 20.0;             m_flag = new Cloth ("flag", "flag.jpg", 2, 2, 0.1, 1.0f);             m_flag.Height = 0.6f;             m_flag.North = 2.0f;             m_flag.East = 0.1f;             Cloth.EastWind =   3.0f;             for (double i=0.0; i<360.0; i += 1.5)             {                 float north = (float) (center_z +                           Math.Cos(i/180.0*Math.PI) * radius);                 float east = (float) (center_x +                           Math.Sin(i/180.0*Math.PI) * radius);                 BillBoard.Add(east, north, 0.0f, "redpost"+                           (int) (i*2), "redpost.dds",0.25f, 1.0f);                 j += 5.0;                 if (j > 360.0) j   = 360.0;             }             j = 0.0;             for (double i=0.5; i<360.0; i += 1.5)             {                 float north = (float) (center_z +                           Math.Cos(i/180.0*Math.PI) * (radius+width));                 float east = (float) (center_x +                           Math.Sin(i/180.0*Math.PI) * (radius+width));                 BillBoard.Add(east, north, 0.0f, "bluepost"+                           (int)(i*2), "bluepost.dds",0.25f, 1.0f);                 j += 5.0;                 if (j >= 360.0) j   = 360.0;              }              m_ownship = new Ownship(this, "car1", "SprintRacer.x",                           new Vector3(0.0f, 0.8f, 0.0f),                            new Attitude(0.0f, (float)Math.PI, 0.0f));              m_ownship.AddChild(m_flag);              SoundEffect.Volume = 0.25f;              m_Engine.AddObject(m_ownship);              m_own ship.North = 298.0f;              m_ownship.East = 1000.0f;              m_Engine.Cam.Attach(m_ownship, new Vector3(0.0f, 0.85f,   4.5f));              m_Engine.Cam.LookAt(m_ownship);              m_ownship.Heading = (float)Math.PI * 1.5f;              m_ownship.SetLOD(10, 3000.0f);              GameEngine.GameLights headlights =                           GameEngine.GameLights.AddSpotLight(new Vector3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),                 new Vector3(1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f), Color.White, "headlight");              headlights.EffectiveRange = 200.0f;              headlights.Attenuation0 = 1.0f;              headlights.Attenuation1 = 0.0f;              headlights.InnerConeAngle = 1.0f;              headlights.OuterConeAngle = 1.5f;              headlights.PositionOff set = new Vector3(0.0f, 2.0f, 1.0f);              headlights.DirectionOffset = new Vector3(0.0f, 0.00f, 1.0f);              m_ownship.AddChild(headlights);              headlights.Enabled = false;              CGameEngine.FogColor = Color.Beige;              CGameEngine.FogDensity = 0.5f;              CGameEngine.FogEnable = true;              CGameEngine.FogStart = 100.0f;              CGameEngine.FogEnd = 900.0f;              CGameEngine.FogTableMode = FogMode.Linear;           }           catch (Exception e)           {              GameEngine.Console.AddLine("Exception");              GameEngine.Console.AddLine(e.Message);           }        }               public void Gravity (ref Particle Obj, float DeltaT)        {           Obj.m_Position += Obj.m_Velocity * DeltaT;           Obj.m_Velocity.Y +=   9.8f * DeltaT;           if (Obj.m_Position.Y < 0.0f) Obj.m_bActive = false;        }        public void OwnshipUpdate(Object3D Obj, float DeltaT)        {        }               public void OpponentUpdate(Object3D Obj, float DeltaT)        {           Obj.Height = CGameEngine.Ground.HeightOfTerrain(Obj.Position) +                      ((Model)Obj).Offset.Y;        }     }  }