A.2 Coding errors

A.2 Coding errors

A.2.1 Initialization errors

• A simple variable is always uninitialized.

• A simple variable is sometimes uninitialized.

• A simple variable is initialized with the wrong value.

• An aggregate variable is always uninitialized.

• An aggregate variable is sometimes uninitialized.

• An aggregate variable is initialized with the wrong value.

• An aggregate variable is partially uninitialized.

• An aggregate variable is not allocated.

• An aggregate variable is allocated the wrong size.

• A resource is not allocated.

A.2.2 Finalization errors

• An aggregate variable is not freed.

• A resource is not freed.

A.2.3 Binding Errors

• A variable is declared with the wrong scope.

• A procedure call is missing arguments.

• A procedure call has the wrong argument order.

• A procedure call has extra arguments.

• The actual argument passing mechanism does not match the usage of the formal argument.

• A procedure returns no value.

• A procedure returns the wrong value.

A.2.4 Reference errors

• The wrong procedure is called.

• The wrong variable is referenced.

• The wrong constant is referenced.

• The wrong variable is assigned.

• A variable is not assigned.

A.2.5 Static data-structure problems

• A simple variable has the wrong data type.

• An element of an aggregate variable has the wrong data type.

• An aggregate variable has the wrong aggregate size.

A.2.6 Dynamic data-structure problems

• An array subscript is out of bounds.

• An array subscript is incorrect.

• An uninitialized pointer has been dereferenced.

• A null pointer has been dereferenced.

• A pointer to freed memory has been dereferenced.

• An uninitialized pointer has been freed.

• A pointer stored in freed memory has been dereferenced.

• A null pointer has been freed.

• A pointer to freed memory has been freed.

• A pointer to static memory has been freed.

• A pointer to automatic (stack) memory has been freed.

A.2.7 Object-oriented problems

• A class containing dynamically allocated memory does not have the required methods.

• A base class has methods declared incorrectly for the derived class to override.

• The wrong method signature is used to invoke an overloaded method.

• A method from the wrong class in the inheritance hierarchy is used.

• A derived class does not completely implement the required func-tionality.

A.2.8 Memory problems

• Memory is corrupted.

• The stack is corrupted.

• The stack overflows.

• The heap is corrupted.

• A pointer is invalid for the address space.

• An address has an invalid alignment.

A.2.9 Missing operations

• A return code or flag has not been set.

• A return code or flag has not been checked.

• An exception has not been thrown.

• An exception thrown has not been handled.

• An event sequence has not been anticipated.

• A program state has not been anticipated.

• Statements are missing.

• Procedure calls are missing.

A.2.10 Extra operations

• A return code or flag is set when not needed.

• An exception is thrown when not valid.

• Extraneous statements are executed.

• Extraneous procedure calls are executed.

A.2.11 Control-flow problems

• Statements are controlled by the wrong control-flow condition.

• Loop iterations are off by one.

• A loop terminates prematurely.

• A loop runs indefinitely.

• A case in a multiway branch is missing.

• A multiway branch takes the wrong case.

• A statement is executed too many times.

• A statement is executed too few times.

A.2.12 Value-corruption problems

• An arithmetic operation has underflow or overflow.

• Precision is lost.

• Signed and unsigned integers are mixed.

• Floating-point numbers are compared incorrectly.

A.2.13 Invalid expressions

• The wrong variable is used.

• Operator input is invalid.

• The wrong arithmetic operator is used.

• The wrong arithmetic expression order is used.

• The wrong relational operator is used.

• The wrong relational expression order is used.

• The wrong Boolean operator is used.

• The wrong Boolean expression order is used.

• A term is missing.

• There is an extra term.

A.2.14 Typographical errors

• Characters are missing.

• There are extra characters.

• Characters are out of order.

A.2.15 Other people’s problems

• A compiler has been used incorrectly.

• A software tool has been used incorrectly.

• A system library has been used incorrectly.

• A third-party library has been used incorrectly.

• There is a defect in a system library.

• There is a defect in a compiler.

• There is a defect in a software tool.

• There is a defect in the operating system.

• There is a defect in the third-party software.