7.10.1 Problem
You want to calculate group summaries, but display the results only for those groups that match certain criteria.
7.10.2 Solution
Use a HAVING clause.
7.10.3 Discussion
You're familiar with the use of WHERE to specify conditions that individual records must satisfy to be selected by a query. It's natural, therefore, to use WHERE to write conditions that involve summary values. The only trouble is that it doesn't work. If you want to identify drivers in the driver_log table who drove more than three days, you'd probably first think to write the query like this:
mysql> SELECT COUNT(*), name -> FROM driver_log -> WHERE COUNT(*) > 3 -> GROUP BY name; ERROR 1111 at line 1: Invalid use of group function
The problem here is that WHERE specifies the initial constraints that determine which rows to select, but the value of COUNT( ) can be determined only after the rows have been selected. The solution is to put the COUNT( ) expression in a HAVING clause instead. HAVING is analogous to WHERE, but it applies to group characteristics rather than to single records. That is, HAVING operates on the already-selected-and-grouped set of rows, applying additional constraints based on aggregate function results that aren't known during the initial selection process. The preceding query therefore should be written like this:
mysql> SELECT COUNT(*), name -> FROM driver_log -> GROUP BY name -> HAVING COUNT(*) > 3; +----------+-------+ | COUNT(*) | name | +----------+-------+ | 5 | Henry | +----------+-------+
When you use HAVING, you can still include a WHERE clausebut only to select rows, not to test summary values.
HAVING can refer to aliases, so the previous query can be rewritten like this:
mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) AS count, name -> FROM driver_log -> GROUP BY name -> HAVING count > 3; +-------+-------+ | count | name | +-------+-------+ | 5 | Henry | +-------+-------+
Using the mysql Client Program
Writing MySQL-Based Programs
Record Selection Techniques
Working with Strings
Working with Dates and Times
Sorting Query Results
Generating Summaries
Modifying Tables with ALTER TABLE
Obtaining and Using Metadata
Importing and Exporting Data
Generating and Using Sequences
Using Multiple Tables
Statistical Techniques
Handling Duplicates
Performing Transactions
Introduction to MySQL on the Web
Incorporating Query Resultsinto Web Pages
Processing Web Input with MySQL
Using MySQL-Based Web Session Management
Appendix A. Obtaining MySQL Software
Appendix B. JSP and Tomcat Primer
Appendix C. References