| There are few changes we can make to HFS filesystems. Any changes that are made should be made when the filesystem is created or shortly thereafter. The changes involve the size of blocks, fragments , inode density, as well as proportion of space that an individual file can take from a cylinder group . The following sections provides some examples. 8.3.1 Filesystems containing only a few large files In this instance, we know up front that this filesystem will be used solely by a few large files. We want to allocate space to the files as efficiently as possible. In this instance, we will: -
Use the largest block and fragment size possible. newfs b 65536 f 8192 -
Lower the inode density to increase user data space. newfs i 65536 ... -
Ensure that the minimum amount of free space in the filesystem does not fall below 10 percent. tunefs m 10 ... When the designers of HFS were performing tests on the performance of the filesystem, they discovered that, on average, if the free space in the filesystem fell below 10 percent, the ability of the filesystem to find free resources dropped dramatically. For large filesystems these days, it may be appropriate to drop this percentage by a few percentage points. The difference being that in the 1980s, the designers of HFS were dealing with filesystems of a few hundred megabytes. Today, we are dealing with filesystems of a few hundred gigabytes. Ten percent of 500GB is somewhat different from 10 percent of 500MB. -
Allow largefiles. newfs o largefiles ... -
Allow a single file to utilize an entire cylinder group. tunefs b <bpg> ... -
Ensure that the rotational delay in the filesystem is set to zero. tunefs r 0 ... The first two changes will need to be made at filesystem creation time. At that time, we can include options 3 and 4, although both can be implemented later. The last two tasks should be undertaken as soon as the filesystem is created. If not, the allocation policies used initially will be less than optimal, and files will be created in such a way that fixing them will require us to delete the file and restore it from a backup tape. Options 1, 4, and 5 will, we hope, see a performance benefit when our filesystem consists of only a few large files, while options 2, 3, and 4 are capacity related . Let's start with a simple baseline test where we create a single large file. This is not necessarily a complete test, because we should test for both sequential and random IO (large and small IO requests ). It will simply indicate whether we are seeing in difference in the performance of the filesystem by changing the way the filesystem is created. To start with, we will simply create the filesystem with default options.
root@hpeos003[] newfs -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive mkfs (hfs): Warning - 224 sector(s) in the last cylinder are not allocated. mkfs (hfs): /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive - 4194304 sectors in 6722 cylinders of 16 tracks, 39 sectors 4295.0Mb in 421 cyl groups (16 c/g, 10.22Mb/g, 1600 i/g) Super block backups (for fsck -b) at: 16, 10040, 20064, 30088, 40112, 50136, 60160, 70184, 80208, 90232, 100256, 110280, 120304, 130328, 140352, 150376, 159760, 169784, 179808, 189832, ... 4193456 root@hpeos003[]
We will now mount the filesystem and time how long it takes to create a 1GB file in the filesystem.
root@hpeos003[] mkdir /test root@hpeos003[] mount /dev/vx/dsk/ora1/archive /test root@hpeos003[] cd /test root@hpeos003[test] time prealloc 1GB.file 1073741824 real 11:38.8 user 0.1 sys 29.1 root@hpeos003[test]
I took some samples of IO performance (using sar ) during this test:
root@hpeos003[] sar -d 5 5 HP-UX hpeos003 B.11.11 U 9000/800 11/13/03 00:02:53 device %busy avque r+w/s blks/s avwait avserv 00:02:58 c1t15d0 0.59 0.50 0 2 6.96 18.60 c0t4d0 100.00 31949.50 82 1302 150717.84 97.60 c4t12d0 100.00 22443.50 164 2620 144854.70 49.21 00:03:03 c1t15d0 3.45 0.50 3 13 5.71 15.57 c0t4d0 100.00 31470.00 110 1756 147746.78 72.94 c4t12d0 100.00 21586.50 178 2852 151833.02 44.99 00:03:08 c1t15d0 1.20 0.50 1 4 5.19 15.61 c0t4d0 100.00 30945.00 101 1612 158546.36 78.75 c4t12d0 100.00 20772.00 149 2385 157004.81 51.24 00:03:13 c1t15d0 4.01 0.50 3 9 6.57 22.09 c0t4d0 100.00 30477.00 86 1374 164202.09 93.72 c4t12d0 100.00 20001.50 159 2535 158627.81 52.65 00:03:18 c1t15d0 2.21 0.50 2 6 6.20 19.53 c0t4d0 100.00 29947.50 127 2022 163093.66 63.05 c4t12d0 100.00 19147.50 184 2937 165405.70 43.43 Average c1t15d0 2.28 0.50 2 7 6.07 18.47 Average c0t4d0 100.00 30895.00 101 1611 157029.62 79.25 Average c4t12d0 100.00 20775.00 167 2665 155637.33 48.07 root@hpeos003[]
I can't believe the average wait time for IO requests. I suppose that if you look at the average service time and the average queue size, it starts to make sense. From the fsdb output below, we can see that we are now using the double indirect pointer ( a13 ). This will increase the amount of IO to the filesystem:
root@hpeos003[test] ll -i total 2098208 4 -rw-rw-rw- 1 root sys 1073741824 Nov 12 23:59 1GB.file 3 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 8192 Nov 12 23:52 lost+found root@hpeos003[test] echo "4i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 4194304(frags) isize/cyl group=200(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=8192(bytes) fragment size=1024 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:4 md: f---rw-rw-rw- ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 1073741824 ci:0 a0 : 280 a1 : 288 a2 : 296 a3 : 304 a4 : 312 a5 : 320 a6 : 328 a7 : 336 a8 : 344 a9 : 352 a10: 360 a11: 368 a12: 9992 a13: 79880 a14: 0 at: Wed Nov 12 23:53:30 2003 mt: Wed Nov 12 23:59:55 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 00:05:07 2003 root@hpeos003[test]
Let's try the same test, but on a filesystem created with the features listed above.
root@hpeos003[] umount /test root@hpeos003[] newfs -F hfs -b 65536 -f 8192 -i 65536 -o largefiles /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive mkfs (hfs): Warning - 224 sector(s) in the last cylinder are not allocated. mkfs (hfs): /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive - 4194304 sectors in 6722 cylinders of 16 tracks, 39 sectors 4295.0Mb in 421 cyl groups (16 c/g, 10.22Mb/g, 512 i/g) Super block backups (for fsck -b) at: 64, 10112, 20160, 30208, 40256, 50304, 60352, 70400, 80448, 90496, 100544, 110592, 120640, 130688, 140736, 150784, 159808, 169856, 179904, ... 4193600 root@hpeos003[]
We will now tune the filesystem to ensure that a single file can utilize an entire cylinder group ( maxbpg = bpg ):
root@hpeos003[] tunefs -v /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive super block last mounted on: magic 5231994 clean FS_CLEAN time Thu Nov 13 00:19:27 2003 sblkno 8 cblkno 16 iblkno 24 dblkno 32 sbsize 8192 cgsize 8192 cgoffset 8 cgmask 0xfffffff0 ncg 421 size 524288 blocks 514175 bsize 65536 bshift 16 bmask 0xffff0000 fsize 8192 fshift 13 fmask 0xffffe000 frag 8 fragshift 3 fsbtodb 3 minfree 10% maxbpg 39 maxcontig 1 rotdelay 0ms rps 60 csaddr 32 cssize 8192 csshift 12 csmask 0xfffff000 ntrak 16 nsect 39 spc 624 ncyl 6722 cpg 16 bpg 156 fpg 1248 ipg 512 nindir 16384 inopb 512 nspf 8 nbfree 64269 ndir 2 nifree 215548 nffree 14 cgrotor 0 fmod 0 ronly 0 fname fpack featurebits 0x3 id 0x0,0x0 optimize FS_OPTTIME cylinders in last group 2 blocks in last group 19 root@hpeos003[] tunefs -e 156 /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive maximum blocks per file in a cylinder group changes from 39 to 156 root@hpeos003[]
The rotational delay is zero, as we wanted it to be. We can now try our test:
root@hpeos003[] mount /dev/vx/dsk/ora1/archive /test root@hpeos003[] cd /test root@hpeos003[test] time prealloc 1GB.file 1073741824 real 54.8 user 0.0 sys 4.4 root@hpeos003[test]
This is an astonishing difference in times. I managed to capture similar sar output during this test.
root@hpeos003[] sar -d 5 5 HP-UX hpeos003 B.11.11 U 9000/800 11/13/03 00:22:05 device %busy avque r+w/s blks/s avwait avserv 00:22:10 c1t15d0 2.79 0.50 14 123 4.86 2.70 c0t4d0 100.00 2254.00 520 66561 10704.99 15.34 c4t12d0 100.00 1793.00 530 67788 10670.21 15.10 00:22:15 c1t15d0 6.40 21.34 23 102 52.45 17.21 c0t4d0 71.60 2658.75 298 36509 8667.97 18.07 c4t12d0 55.60 2718.96 218 26109 6239.87 18.49 00:22:20 c1t15d0 0.20 0.50 0 1 0.11 10.28 c0t4d0 100.00 4338.00 336 41197 4008.19 23.88 c4t12d0 100.00 4222.50 352 43235 3945.94 23.03 00:22:25 c0t4d0 100.00 2569.00 371 47226 8976.19 21.73 c4t12d0 100.00 2483.12 344 43610 9085.68 23.28 00:22:30 c0t4d0 100.00 940.60 280 35142 13835.80 28.58 c4t12d0 100.00 883.60 296 37280 13772.03 27.08 Average c1t15d0 1.88 13.29 8 45 34.02 11.69 Average c0t4d0 94.32 2604.22 361 45335 9252.38 20.74 Average c4t12d0 91.12 2515.36 348 43614 8971.14 20.78 root@hpeos003[]
While the disks are still maxed out most of the time, the average wait time has been significantly reduced. The average service time has been cut drastically, hinting that the disk is finding it easier to perform the IO. The read/ writes and the number of blocks transferred have also increased. All this has led to a dramatic reduction in the average queue size . At first, I thought these figures were too different, so I ran the same tests a number of times, all with the same results. I checked my diagnostic logs for any hardware errors; there were none. If we look at the structure of the inode, we have avoided the double-indirect pointer ( a13 ).
root@hpeos003[test] ll -i total 2097408 4 -rw-rw-rw- 1 root sys 1073741824 Nov 13 00:22 1GB.file 3 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 65536 Nov 13 00:19 lost+found root@hpeos003[test] echo "4i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:4 md: f---rw-rw-rw- ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 1073741824 ci:0 a0 : 72 a1 : 80 a2 : 88 a3 : 96 a4 : 104 a5 : 112 a6 : 120 a7 : 128 a8 : 136 a9 : 144 a10: 152 a11: 160 a12: 1256 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 00:21:54 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 00:22:32 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 00:22:49 2003 root@hpeos003[test]
I then had a flash of inspiration. The VxVM volume I am using is a relayout of a RAID 5 volume to a concat-mirror . I was wondering if this could be the issue. I removed the volume entirely and created it as a simple concatenated volume. Let's get back to the test, first with the baseline configuration.
root@hpeos003[] newfs -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive ... root@hpeos003[] mount /dev/vx/dsk/ora1/archive /test root@hpeos003[] cd /test root@hpeos003[test] time prealloc 1GB.file 1073741824 real 2:31.6 user 0.1 sys 8.1 root@hpeos003[test]
This is a dramatic difference! Here are the sar statistics collected during this test:
root@hpeos003[] sar -d 5 5 HP-UX hpeos003 B.11.11 U 9000/800 11/13/03 01:19:12 device %busy avque r+w/s blks/s avwait avserv 01:19:17 c1t15d0 0.80 0.50 2 9 0.20 10.56 c4t13d0 100.00 50608.50 1081 17297 7996.79 6.30 01:19:22 c1t15d0 4.20 10.96 16 73 30.94 15.32 c4t13d0 100.00 45837.00 935 14839 13218.79 9.83 01:19:27 c4t13d0 100.00 40412.00 1223 19524 17993.24 6.51 01:19:32 c4t13d0 100.00 34814.50 1016 16222 23178.15 7.93 01:19:37 c4t13d0 100.00 29783.00 996 15899 27687.47 8.04 Average c1t15d0 1.00 9.58 4 16 26.88 14.69 Average c4t13d0 100.00 40430.61 1050 16756 17924.13 7.62 root@hpeos003[]
And now with the enhanced options:
root@hpeos003[test] umount /test umount: cannot unmount /test : Device busy root@hpeos003[test] cd / root@hpeos003[] newfs -F hfs -b 65536 -f 8192 -i 65536 -o largefiles /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive mkfs (hfs): Warning - 224 sector(s) in the last cylinder are not allocated. mkfs (hfs): /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive - 4194304 sectors in 6722 cylinders of 16 tracks, 39 sectors ... root@hpeos003[] mount /dev/vx/dsk/ora1/archive /test root@hpeos003[] cd /test root@hpeos003[test] time prealloc 1GB.file 1073741824 real 47.9 user 0.0 sys 4.1 root@hpeos003[test]
With sar statistics of:
root@hpeos003[] sar -d 5 5 HP-UX hpeos003 B.11.11 U 9000/800 11/13/03 01:24:39 device %busy avque r+w/s blks/s avwait avserv 01:24:44 c1t15d0 0.80 0.50 2 8 1.82 8.79 c4t13d0 100.00 2146.50 482 61726 11380.62 16.58 01:24:49 c4t13d0 70.00 3447.08 288 32566 9157.99 14.85 01:24:54 c1t15d0 2.80 8.41 11 54 20.88 14.90 c4t13d0 100.00 6522.11 457 52835 3078.64 17.41 01:24:59 c1t15d0 0.20 0.50 0 0 0.12 12.11 c4t13d0 100.00 4171.00 461 57635 8195.14 17.39 01:25:04 c4t13d0 100.00 1913.00 443 55488 13146.13 18.20 Average c1t15d0 0.76 6.92 3 12 17.27 13.79 Average c4t13d0 94.00 3628.46 426 52054 8977.38 17.04 root@hpeos003[]
This demonstrates two things: We need to be careful that the detail of our tests is clearly understood , and while the use of advanced features in volume management products may be useful, they can have a dramatic effect on how our applications perform. NOTE : This test is a simplistic test designed to show that differences in filesystem construction can have an impact on IO throughput in certain circumstances. In real life, I would be more rigorous about the tests I perform, as well as the sampling techniques used. If I were to perform small, random IO to this filesystem, there is no guarantee that I would see any performance improvement at all. As always with performance tuning, " It depends. " It depends on your own specific circumstance. The moral of the story is this: Always do a baseline measure, modify, and then measure again. Ensure that you use the same test data and same test conditions throughout. 8.3.2 Resizing an HFS filesystem Unlike VxFS, to resize an HFS filesystem, you have to unmount the filesystem to effect the change. This is a major problem when working in a High Availability environment when you will have to tell users to stop using the filesystem, probably by shutting down an associated application. This is unfortunate but entirely necessary. In this first step, I am simply resizing the volume:
root@hpeos003[] bdf /test Filesystem kbytes used avail %used Mounted on /dev/vx/dsk/ora1/archive 4113400 1048736 2653320 28% /test root@hpeos003[] vxassist -g ora1 growby archive 1G root@hpeos003[] vxprint -g ora1 archive TY NAME ASSOC KSTATE LENGTH PLOFFS STATE TUTIL0 PUTIL0 v archive fsgen ENABLED 5242880 - ACTIVE - - pl archive-01 archive ENABLED 5242880 - ACTIVE - - sd ora_disk4-04 archive-01 ENABLED 5242880 0 - - - root@hpeos003[] root@hpeos003[] bdf /test Filesystem kbytes used avail %used Mounted on /dev/vx/dsk/ora1/archive 4113400 1048736 2653320 28% /test root@hpeos003[]
As you can see, the filesystem hasn't grown even though the volume has been increased in size. Next, we need to unmount the filesystem in order to run the extendfs command:
root@hpeos003[] umount /test root@hpeos003[] extendfs -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive max number of sectors extendible is 1048576. extend file system /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive to have 1048576 sectors more. Warning: 592 sector(s) in last cylinder unallocated extended super-block backups (for fsck -b#) at: 4203648, 4213696, 4223744, 4233792, 4243840, 4253888, 4263936, 4273984, 428403, 4304128, 4313152, 4323200, 4333248, 4343296, 4353344, 4363392, 4373440, 438348, 4403584, 4413632, 4423680, 4433728, 4443776, 4453824, 4463872, 4472896, 448294, 4503040, 4513088, 4523136, 4533184, 4543232, 4553280, 4563328, 4573376, 458342, 4603520, 4613568, 4623616, 4632640, 4642688, 4652736, 4662784, 4672832, 468288, 4702976, 4713024, 4723072, 4733120, 4743168, 4753216, 4763264, 4773312, 478336, 4802432, 4812480, 4822528, 4832576, 4842624, 4852672, 4862720, 4872768, 488281, 4902912, 4912960, 4923008, 4933056, 4943104, 4952128, 4962176, 4972224, 498227, 5002368, 5012416, 5022464, 5032512, 5042560, 5052608, 5062656, 5072704, 508275, 5102848, 5111872, 5121920, 5131968, 5142016, 5152064, 5162112, 5172160, 518220, 5202304, 5212352, 5222400, 5232448, 5242496, root@hpeos003[] mount /dev/vx/dsk/ora1/archive /test root@hpeos003[] bdf /test Filesystem kbytes used avail %used Mounted on /dev/vx/dsk/ora1/archive 5141816 1048744 3578888 23% /test root@hpeos003[]
This is one of the most limiting factors of using an HFS filesystem. There is no way we can reduce the size of the filesystem without destroying it entirely. The situation is similar for defragmenting a filesystem; you would store all the data elsewhere, e.g., tape, recreate the filesystem from scratch, tune the filesystem, and then restore the data. In doing so, the data will be laid out in the filesystem in an optimal fashion. 8.3.3 Symbolic and hard links We all know the difference between symbolic and hard links. This is just a simple demonstration on how they work from an inode perspective. First, we will set up a symbolic and a hard link to our 1GB file.
root@hpeos003[test] ll total 2097408 -rw-rw-r-- 1 root sys 1073741824 Nov 13 01:25 1GB.file drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 65536 Nov 13 01:23 lost+found root@hpeos003[test] ln -s 1GB.file 1GB.soft root@hpeos003[test] ln 1GB.file 1GB.hard root@hpeos003[test] ll total 4194704 -rw-rw-r-- 2 root sys 1073741824 Nov 13 01:25 1GB.file -rw-rw-r-- 2 root sys 1073741824 Nov 13 01:25 1GB.hard lrwxrwxr-x 1 root sys 8 Nov 13 01:39 1GB.soft -> 1GB.file drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 65536 Nov 13 01:23 lost+found root@hpeos003[test]
It's interesting to note the way in which soft and hard links are implemented. A hard link is simply a directory entry referencing the same inode:
root@hpeos003[test] echo "2i.fd" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 d0: 2 . d1: 2 . . d2: 3 l o s t + f o u n d d3: 4 1 G B . f i l e d4: 5 1 G B . s o f t d5: 4 1 G B . h a r d root@hpeos003[test]
While a symbolic link is a unique file in its own right (inode 5), the interesting thing is the way the symbolic link is implemented.
root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0  \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:5 md: l---rwxrwxr-x ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 8 ci:0 a0 : 400 a1 : 0 a2 : 0 a3 : 0 a4 : 0 a5 : 0 a6 : 0 a7 : 0 a8 : 0 a9 : 0 a10: 0 a11: 0 a12: 0 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:39:56 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:47 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "5i.f0c" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 14400000 : 1 G B . f i l e \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test] 14400040 ... root@hpeos003[test]
It is evident that the pathname used in the ln command is stored in the data fragment of the symbolic link. There is a kernel parameter called create_fastlinks , which would allow HFS to store the pathname (if it was 13 characters or smaller) directly in the inode, without using a data fragment.
root@hpeos003[test] kmtune -q create_fastlinks Parameter Current Dyn Planned Module Version ============================================================================= create_fastlinks 0 - 0 root@hpeos003[test]
This feature is turned off by default. While this isn't going to suddenly make your system run much faster, it might make a slight difference. The only proviso is that once you change the kernel parameter, you need to delete and recreate the symbolic links again. When we delete a symbolic link, it simply disappears because it is treated like any other file. When we delete a hard link, the link count of the inode is consulted:
root@hpeos003[test] echo "4i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:4 md: f---rw-rw-r-- ln: 2 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 1073741824 ci:0 a0 : 72 a1 : 80 a2 : 88 a3 : 96 a4 : 104 a5 : 112 a6 : 120 a7 : 128 a8 : 136 a9 : 144 a10: 152 a11: 160 a12: 1256 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:24:27 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:25:06 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 01:39:54 2003 root@hpeos003[test]
When we delete a hard link, the directory entry is zeroed and the link count of the inode is decreased by one.
root@hpeos003[test] rm 1GB.file root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "4i" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive___ file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 i#:4 md: f---rw-rw-r-- ln: 1 uid: 0 gid: 3 sz: 1073741824 ci:0 a0 : 72 a1 : 80 a2 : 88 a3 : 96 a4 : 104 a5 : 112 a6 : 120 a7 : 128 a8 : 136 a9 : 144 a10: 152 a11: 160 a12: 1256 a13: 0 a14: 0 at: Thu Nov 13 01:24:27 2003 mt: Thu Nov 13 01:25:06 2003 ct: Thu Nov 13 02:04:54 2003 root@hpeos003[test] root@hpeos003[test] echo "2i.fd" fsdb -F hfs /dev/vx/rdsk/ora1/archive file system size = 524288(frags) isize/cyl group=64(Kbyte blocks) primary block size=65536(bytes) fragment size=8192 no. of cyl groups = 421 d0: 2 . d1: 2 . . d2: 3 l o s t + f o u n d d3: 5 1 G B . s o f t d4: 4 1 G B . h a r d root@hpeos003[test]
Only when the link count drops to zero does an inode get deleted. Finally, on symbolic links, I love the idea of being able to (symbolic) link to something that doesn't exist (see 1GB.soft ):
root@hpeos003[test] ll total 2097424 -rw-rw-r-- 2 root sys 1073741824 Nov 13 01:25 1GB.hard lrwxrwxr-x 1 root sys 8 Nov 13 01:39 1GB.soft -> 1GB.file drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 65536 Nov 13 01:23 lost+found root@hpeos003[test] ln -s cat mouse root@hpeos003[test] ln -s mouse cat root@hpeos003[test] ll total 2097456 -rw-rw-r-- 2 root sys 1073741824 Nov 13 01:25 1GB.hard lrwxrwxr-x 1 root sys 8 Nov 13 01:39 1GB.soft -> 1GB.file lrwxrwxr-x 1 root sys 5 Nov 13 01:56 cat -> mouse drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 65536 Nov 13 01:23 lost+found lrwxrwxr-x 1 root sys 3 Nov 13 01:56 mouse -> cat root@hpeos003[test]
It doesn't make much sense to be able to point to black hole , but that's life! What would happen if I ran the command cat mouse ? | 