Index_S

S

sampling, audio, 401

SATA (serial ATA) interface, 374

saturation, 30

scale values, 285

scaled format

addition or subtraction with, 36

fractional representation and, 35

scaled index byte (sib) layout, 285

scaled indexed addressing modes, 160, 284, 286

reg values for 80 —86, 285

scaling values for 80 —86, 285

scaled representation

addition, 36

division, 37

formats, 35

multiplication, 37

subtraction, 36

scaling values, 285

scan code, 348

SCC (Serial Communications Chip), 351

schematic symbols, 213

scientific notation, 66

scope of an identifier, 318

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface), 367

command set, 370

controllers, 367

devices, 367

Fast, 368

Fast and Wide, 368

Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop, across, 369

FireWire, across, 369

host adapter, 370

miniport drivers, 371

multiple command processing, 371

Parallel Interface (SPI), 369

problems, 367

protocol, 369

terminators, 367

ultra , 368

Wide, 368

SCSI-2, 368

SCSI-3, 368, 370

SDRAM (synchronous DRAM), 297

secondary cache, 156

section

block started by a symbol (BSS), 319-20

constant, 319

heap, 321

read-only, 319

stack, 320

static data, 319

uninitialized storage (BSS), 319

sector layout on disk drive, 357

sector on hard disk, 353

interleaving, 356-57

platter, 353

seek time

CD and DVD disks

track, 362

hard disk drive

average, 354

track-to-track, 354

selectively manipulating bits in a bit string, 48

semiconductor

disk price/performance of, 366

RAM disks, 365

separate code and data caches, 249

separating opcode to ease decoding, 263

sequencer, 223

sequential

and clocked logic, 220

file systems, 376

logic, 220

memory locations, 174

sequential access on hard disk drive, 386

serial ATA interface (SATA), 374

serial communications

chip, 8250, 351

chip (SCC), 351

RS-232, 351

serial ports, 351

serial SCSI across FireWire, 369

serialized operations, 149

service routine, 345

set

ASCII character, 104

characters , 119

designing your own, 121

double-byte, 108

EBCDIC, 107

HyCode, 122, 129

list representation of, 120

membership in, 119

punctuation symbols in ASCII, 105

Unicode, 109

designing, 122, 260

instruction, 226

numeric digits in ASCII

character, 105

powerset representation, 120

working, 311

set associative cache

four-way, 304

n-way, 304

one-way, 303

two-way, 304-5

set of bits

comparing, 49

testing, 49

zero/not zero, 49

set/reset (S/R) flip-flop, 220

seven-bit strings, 113

seven-segment

decoder, 215

display, 216

LED decoders, 215

values for '0' through '9', 216

shared memory, distributed, 297

sharing address (dual I/O port), 332

shift operation

left, 52

right, 53

shift register, 222

built from D flip-flops, 223

short displacements for indexed addressing modes, 159

short packed date format (16 bits), 55

short strings in Delphi, 116

sib (scaled index byte) layout, 285

encoding, register values for, 285

sign bit, two's complement, 24

sign contraction, 29

sign extension, 27-29

signaling not-a-number (SNaN), 78

signals, 345

signed and unsigned numbers , 24

signed integer values, 24

significant bits, 22

significant digits, 67

signs, 87

silicon real estate and CPU design, 260

SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data), 256

simplifying Boolean functions, 204

Single Instruction, Single Data (SISD) execution model, 256

single-operand instruction encodings, 272

single-precision floating-point format, 71-73

SISD (Single Instruction, Single Data), 256

size of

instruction, 264

processor, 135

typical file, 383

sizeof function (C/C++), 164

small accesses on non-80 —86 processors, 143

Small Computer System Interface. See SCSI

small files, block list for, 382

smallest

data type in a programming language, 22

unit of memory, 140

unit of storage, 22

SNaN (signaling not-a-number), 78

Social Security numbers

packed fields, 60, 61

sorting, 61

software

implementing hardware

functions in, 212

signals, 345

software engineering, 2

software-based RAM disks, 366

sound, 400

sound cards, 399

sound system, DigiDesign Digi-001, 401

space efficiency of packed data, 55

sparse files, 381, 385

spatial locality of reference, 153, 298, 300

special expansion opcode, 272

special floating-point values, 78

speed, hard disk drive rotational, 353

speed hierarchy, I/O, 337

speed rating for memory, 152

SPI (SCSI Parallel Interface), 369

S/R (set/reset) flip-flop, 220

as output port, 333

stack, USB host controller, 391

stack pointer register, 320

stack section, 320

stages in CPU pipeline, 244

stall, 246, 247

starvation , 393

static

data sections in program, 319

objects, 318

strings, 116

variables section, 319

status word, 232

storage

array, 173

devices

mass, 374

under USB, 396

flash, 363

in memory, 183

memory hierarchy

file, 297

hard copy, 298

network, 297

near-line, 360

non-volatile, 363

records, 183

requirements on disk, audio, 401

smallest unit of, 22

structs, 183

subsystems, 298

systems, 360

of unions, 187

stored at odd addresses, 141

stored program computers, 227

strain gauges, 397

stream-I/O data semantics, 347

streaming

data, 361

tape drives , 363

string, 110

7-bit, 113

of bits, 22

in C, packed bit, 58

character, 110, 111

comparing, 49

conversion, 19-20

data, 117

Delphi, short, 116

Delphi/Kylix, 118

descriptor-based, 115

dynamic, 115, 116, 117

format, 111

character, 111

creating, 119

HLA, 114

functions, 112

HLA, 113

length, 110, 112

logical operations on, 47

manipulating, 48

masking bit, 48

objects, 115

packing bit, 55

pseudo-dynamic, 116, 117

reference counting, 117

seven-bit, 113

static, 116

using descriptors, 116

zero- terminated , 111

strobe line, parallel port, 349

struct, 181

aligning fields, 184

application binary interface, 184

assembler directive, 182

C/C++ declarations, 182

dot operator, 183

fields, 181

HLA declarations, 182

length, 184

memory storage, 183

padding bytes, 184

Pascal declarations, 181

unions vs. records/struct, 187

structure, 181

packed, 63

storage in memory, 183

student data structure storage in memory, 183

style guidelines, 6

sub instruction (Y86), 269, 276

subsystem

L2 cache, 300

near-line storage, 298

offline storage, 298

online memory, 298

performance, 300

swap storage, 366

subtraction

binary values, 41

floating-point addition and, 81

fpsub function (floating-point), 82

integers from pointers, 167

pointers from pointers, 167

scaled format, 36

sum of minterms

canonical form, 200

representation, 199

superscalar CPUs, 251-52

surrounding rectangular groups of ones, 206

sustaining high data transfer rates on a bus, 342

swap storage, 366

switches, 348

symbols

ASCII character set, 105

schematic, 213

synchronization, 150

synchronous

DRAM (SDRAM), 297

I/O, 387

synthesis, wave table, 400

synthesizers, 402-3

synthesizing musical instruments, 400

system

bus data transfer rates, 134, 338

clock, 149

frequency, 150

lines, 136

memory access, 151

operation, 150

period, 150

components , 134

disk array, 358

embedded, 212

frequency, 150

numbering, 11

protected-mode operating, 346

RAID, 358

sequential file, 376

synchronization, 150

two-level caching, 156

two's complement numbering, 24