| What could be more confusing in the UNIX world than device files? Fortunately, in HP-UX, device files for the Series 700 and Series 800 are nearly identical, so if you learn one, your knowledge applies to the other. In this section I cover: The structure of device files. Some commands associated with helping you work with device files. Some examples of creating device files.
A device file provides the HP-UX kernel with important information about a specific device. The HP-UX kernel needs to know a lot about a device before I/O operations can be performed. With HP-UX 11i, the device file naming convention is the same for workstations and server systems. Device files are in the /dev directory. There may also be a subdirectory under /dev used to further categorize the device files. An example of a subdirectory would be /dev/dsk, where disk device files are usually located, and /dev/rmt, where tape drive device files are located. Figure 5-7 shows the HP-UX 11i device file-naming convention. Figure 5-7. HP-UX 11i Device File Naming Convention  There are a number of commands you can use as you go about creating device files. The ioscan command is the first of these. Some of the examples in this section were used in Chapter 3, when building a kernel was covered. The following is an ioscan output of the same Series 700 for which sysdef was run when describing how a kernel is created in Chapter 4. (Using -f with ioscan would have created a full listing; you should try it with and without -f.) I included four ioscan outputs so that you could see examples from a variety of different systems. The last listing is from a large V-Class system used in some of the examples in Chapter 9, where disks and filesystems are covered. (on Series 700) $ /usr/sbin/ioscan H/W Path Class Description ============================================================ bc 1 graphics Graphics 2 ba 2/0 unknown 2/0/1 ext_bus Built-in SCSI 2/0/1.1 target 2/0/1.1.0 disk HP C2247 2/0/1.2 target 2/0/1.2.0 disk TOSHIBA CD-ROM XM-3301TA 2/0/1.6 target 2/0/1.6.0 disk HP C2247 2/0/2 lan Built-in LAN 2/0/4 tty Built-in RS-232C 2/0/6 ext_bus Built-in Parallel Interface 2/0/8 audio Built-in Audio 2/0/10 pc Built-in Floppy Drive 2/0/10.1 floppy HP_PC_FDC_FLOPPY 2/0/11 ps2 Built-in Keyboard 8 processor Processor 9 memory Memory The following is an ioscan output from a Series 800 system. Note the four processors shown in this output. (on Series 800) $ /usr/sbin/ioscan H/W Path Class Description ============================================================ bc 8 bc I/O Adapter 10 bc I/O Adapter 10/0 ext_bus GSC built-in Fast/Wide SCSI 10/0.3 target 10/0.3.0 disk HP C2490WD 10/0.4 target 10/0.4.0 disk HP C2490WD 10/0.5 target 10/0.5.0 disk HP C2490WD 10/0.6 target 10/0.6.0 disk HP C2490WD 10/4 bc Bus Converter 10/4/0 tty MUX 10/12 ba Core I/O Adapter 10/12/0 ext_bus Built-in Parallel Interface 10/12/5 ext_bus Built-in SCSI 10/12/5.0 target 10/12/5.0.0 tape HP HP35480A 10/12/5.2 target 10/12/5.2.0 disk TOSHIBA CD-ROM XM-4101TA 10/12/6 lan Built-in LAN 10//12/7 ps2 Built-in Keyboard/Mouse 32 processor Processor 34 processor Processor 36 processor Processor 38 processor Processor 49 memory Memory And last is an ioscan output from a V-Class server. Note the eight processors shown in this output. (on V-Class) $ /usr/sbin/ioscan H/W Path Class Description ============================================= bc 0 ba PCI Bus Bridge - epic 0/0/0 lan PCI(10110019) 0/1/0 unknown PCI(107e0008) 2 ba PCI Bus Bridge - epic 2/0/0 ext_bus Ultra Wide SCSI 2/0/0.5 target 2/0/0.5.0 disk SEAGATE ST34371W 2/0/0.6 target 2/0/0.6.0 disk SEAGATE ST34371W 2/0/0.7 target 2/0/0.7.0 ctl Initiator 2/1/0 lan PCI(10110019) 4 ba PCI Bus Bridge - epic 4/1/0 fc HP Fibre Channel Mass Storage Adapter 4/1/0.5 lan HP Fibre Channel Mass Storage Cntl 4/1/0.8 fcp FCP Protocol Adapter 4/2/0 ext_bus Ultra Wide SCSI 4/2/0.0 target 4/2/0.0.0 disk TOSHIBA CD-ROM XM-5701TA 4/2/0.1 target 4/2/0.1.0 tape HP C1537A 4/2/0.7 target 4/2/0.7.0 ctl Initiator 6 ba PCI Bus Bridge - epic 8 memory 15 ba Core I/O Adapter 15/1 tty Built-in Serial Port DUART 15/2 tty Built-in Serial Port DUART 15/3 unknown Unknown 17 processor Processor 19 processor Processor 20 processor Processor 22 processor Processor 25 processor Processor 27 processor Processor 28 processor Processor 30 processor Processor The following is a full ioscan output from a V-Class server. This server has a large disk unit attached to it (XP 256), which resulted in a very long output that I had to abbreviate in the place where the three dots are shown. (on V-Class) # ioscan -f Class I H/W Path Driver S/W State H/W Type Description ===================================================================================== bc 0 root CLAIMED BUS_NEXUS ba 0 0 saga CLAIMED BUS_NEXUS saga Bridge lan 0 0/0/0 btlan6 CLAIMED INTERFACE PCI Ethernet (10110019) ba 1 1 saga CLAIMED BUS_NEXUS saga Bridge ext_bus 0 1/0/0 c720 CLAIMED INTERFACE Ultra2 Wide LVD SCSI target 0 1/0/0.4 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 0 1/0/0.4.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE SEAGATE ST318275LW target 1 1/0/0.5 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 1 1/0/0.5.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE SEAGATE ST318275LW target 2 1/0/0.6 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 2 1/0/0.6.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE SEAGATE ST318275LW target 3 1/0/0.7 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE ctl 0 1/0/0.7.0 sctl CLAIMED DEVICE Initiator target 4 1/0/0.8 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 3 1/0/0.8.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE SEAGATE ST318275LW ext_bus 1 1/1/0 c720 CLAIMED INTERFACE Ultra2 Wide LVD SCSI target 5 1/1/0.7 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE ctl 1 1/1/0.7.0 sctl CLAIMED DEVICE Initiator target 6 1/1/0.9 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 4 1/1/0.9.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE SEAGATE ST318275LW target 7 1/1/0.10 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 5 1/1/0.10.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE SEAGATE ST318275LW target 8 1/1/0.11 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 6 1/1/0.11.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE SEAGATE ST318275LW target 9 1/1/0.12 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 7 1/1/0.12.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE SEAGATE ST318275LW ba 2 2 saga CLAIMED BUS_NEXUS saga Bridge fc 0 2/0/0 td CLAIMED INTERFACE HP Tachyon TL/TS Fibre Channel Mass Storage Adapter fcp 0 2/0/0.8 fcp CLAIMED INTERFACE FCP Protocol Adapter ext_bus 7 2/0/0.8.0.0.0 fcparray CLAIMED INTERFACE FCP Array Interface target 12 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.0 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 9 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.0.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 77 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.0.1 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 78 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.0.2 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 105 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.0.3 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 106 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.0.4 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 10 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.0.5 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 107 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.0.6 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 108 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.0.7 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 target 13 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.1 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 11 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.1.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 109 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.1.1 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 110 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.1.2 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 111 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.1.3 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 112 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.1.4 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 113 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.1.5 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 114 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.1.6 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 176 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.1.7 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 target 14 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.2 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 12 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.2.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 177 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.2.1 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 target 15 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.3 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 13 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.3.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP DISK-SUBSYSTEM target 16 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.4 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 14 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.4.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP DISK-SUBSYSTEM target 17 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.5 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 15 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.5.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP DISK-SUBSYSTEM target 18 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.6 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 16 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.6.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP DISK-SUBSYSTEM target 19 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.7 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 17 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.7.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP DISK-SUBSYSTEM target 20 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.8 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 18 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.8.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 79 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.8.1 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 80 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.8.2 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 115 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.8.3 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 116 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.8.4 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 117 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.8.5 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 118 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.8.6 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 119 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.8.7 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 target 21 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.9 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 19 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.9.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 120 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.9.1 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 121 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.9.2 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 122 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.9.3 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 123 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.9.4 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 124 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.9.5 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 125 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.9.6 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 178 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.9.7 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 target 22 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.10 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 20 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.10.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 disk 179 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.10.1 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP OPEN-8 target 23 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.11 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 21 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.11.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP DISK-SUBSYSTEM target 24 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.12 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 22 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.12.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP DISK-SUBSYSTEM target 25 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.13 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 23 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.13.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP DISK-SUBSYSTEM target 26 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.14 tgt CLAIMED DEVICE disk 24 2/0/0.8.0.0.0.14.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP DISK-SUBSYSTEM • • • memory 0 8 memory CLAIMED MEMORY Memory ba 8 15 bus_adapter CLAIMED BUS_NEXUS Core I/O Adapter tty 0 15/1 consp1 CLAIMED INTERFACE Built-in Serial Port DUART tty 1 15/2 consp1 CLAIMED INTERFACE Built-in Serial Port DUART unknown -1 15/3 UNCLAIMED UNKNOWN Built-in Ethernet processor 0 16 processor CLAIMED PROCESSOR Processor processor 1 18 processor CLAIMED PROCESSOR Processor processor 2 21 processor CLAIMED PROCESSOR Processor processor 3 23 processor CLAIMED PROCESSOR Processor processor 4 24 processor CLAIMED PROCESSOR Processor processor 5 26 processor CLAIMED PROCESSOR Processor processor 6 29 processor CLAIMED PROCESSOR Processor processor 7 32 processor CLAIMED PROCESSOR Processor processor 8 34 processor CLAIMED PROCESSOR Processor processor 9 37 processor CLAIMED PROCESSOR Processor processor 10 39 processor CLAIMED PROCESSOR Processor processor 11 40 processor CLAIMED PROCESSOR Processor processor 12 42 processor CLAIMED PROCESSOR Processor processor 13 45 processor CLAIMED PROCESSOR Processor The next command that helps you when creating device files is lsdev. lsdev lists the drivers configured into your system. When adding a device file, you need to have the driver for the device configured into the system. If it is not configured into the system, you can use SAM to configure it, or you can use the manual kernel configuration process covered earlier. There are columns for the major number for a character device and block device, the driver name, and the class of the driver. The major number, character device, and other parameters are defined later. The following is an example of running lsdev on the same Series 700 on which ioscan was run: (on Series 700) $ /usr/sbin/lsdev Character Block Driver Class 0 -1 cn pseudo 1 -1 ansio0 tty 3 -1 mm pseudo 16 -1 ptym ptym 17 -1 ptys ptys 24 -1 hil hil 27 -1 dmem pseudo 46 -1 netdiag1 unknown 52 -1 lan2 lan 64 64 lv lvm 66 -1 audio audio 69 -1 dev_config pseudo 72 -1 clone pseudo 73 -1 strlog pseudo 74 -1 sad pseudo 75 -1 telm strtelm 76 -1 tels strtels 77 -1 tlctls pseudo 78 -1 tlcots pseudo 79 -1 tlcotsod pseudo 114 -1 ip pseudo 115 -1 arp pseudo 116 -1 echo pseudo 119 -1 dlpi pseudo 130 -1 rawip pseudo 136 -1 tcp pseudo 137 -1 udp pseudo 138 -1 stcpmap pseudo 139 -1 nuls pseudo 140 -1 netqa pseudo 141 -1 tun pseudo 142 -1 btlan3 unknown 143 -1 fddi3 unknown 144 -1 fddi0 unknown 145 -1 fcT1_cntl unknown 156 -1 ptm strptym 157 -1 ptm strptys 159 -1 ps2 ps2 164 -1 pipedev unknown 168 -1 beep graf_pseudo 169 -1 fcgsc_lan lan 170 -1 lpr0 unknown 174 -1 framebuf graf_pseudo 183 -1 diag1 diag 188 31 sdisk disk 189 -1 klog pseudo 196 -1 eeprom da 203 -1 sctl ctl 205 -1 stape tape 207 -1 sy pseudo 216 -1 CentIF ext_bus 227 -1 kepd pseudo 229 -1 ite graf_pseudo 232 -1 diag2 diag Next is an example of running lsdev on the same Series 800 on which ioscan was run: (on Series 800) $ /usr/sbin/lsdev Character Block Driver Class 0 -1 cn pseudo 1 -1 asio0 tty 3 -1 mm pseudo 16 -1 ptym ptym 17 -1 ptys ptys 28 -1 diag0 diag 46 -1 netdiag1 unknown 52 -1 lan2 lan 64 64 lv lvm 69 -1 dev_config pseudo 72 -1 clone pseudo 73 -1 strlog pseudo 74 -1 sad pseudo 75 -1 telm strtelm 76 -1 tels strtels 77 -1 tlctls pseudo 78 -1 tlcots pseudo 79 -1 tlcotsod pseudo 114 -1 ip pseudo 116 -1 echo pseudo 119 -1 dlpi pseudo 130 -1 rawip pseudo 136 -1 lpr0 unknown 137 -1 udp pseudo 138 -1 stcpmap pseudo 139 -1 nuls pseudo 140 -1 netqa pseudo 141 -1 tun pseuod 142 -1 btlan3 unknown 143 -1 fddi3 unknown 144 -1 fddi0 unknown 156 -1 ptm strptym 157 -1 ptm strptys 159 -1 ps2 ps2 164 -1 pipedev unknown 168 -1 beep graf_pseudo 174 -1 framebuf graf_pseudo 188 31 sdisk disk 189 -1 klog pseudo 193 -1 mux2 tty 203 -1 sctl ctl 205 -1 stape tape 207 -1 sy pseudo 216 -1 CentIF ext_bus 227 -1 kepd pseudo 229 -1 ite graf_pseudo And last, here is an example of running lsdev on the same V-class server on which the first ioscan was run: (on V-Class) $ /usr/sbin/lsdev Character Block Driver Class 0 -1 cn pseudo 3 -1 mm pseudo 16 -1 ptym ptym 17 -1 ptys ptys 27 -1 dmem pseudo 28 -1 diag0 diag 46 -1 netdiag1 unknown 64 64 lv lvm 69 -1 dev_config pseudo 72 -1 clone pseudo 73 -1 strlog pseudo 74 -1 sad pseudo 75 -1 telm strtelm 76 -1 tels strtels 77 -1 tlclts pseudo 78 -1 tlcots pseudo 79 -1 tlcotsod pseudo 114 -1 ip pseudo 115 -1 arp pseudo 116 -1 echo pseudo 119 -1 dlpi pseudo 130 -1 rawip pseudo 136 -1 tcp pseudo 137 -1 udp pseudo 138 -1 stcpmap pseudo 139 -1 nuls pseudo 140 -1 netqa pseudo 141 -1 tun pseudo 142 -1 fddi4 unknown 143 -1 fcT1_cntl lan 144 -1 fcgsc_lan lan 145 -1 lpr0 unknown 156 -1 ptm strptym 157 -1 pts strptys 164 -1 pipedev unknown 169 -1 consp1 tty 170 -1 btlan6 lan 171 -1 fcp fcp 188 31 sdisk disk 189 -1 klog pseudo 203 -1 sctl ctl 205 -1 stape tape 207 -1 sy pseudo 227 -1 kepd pseudo 232 -1 diag2 diag From these three lsdev outputs, you can observe some minor differences in the devices. The Series 700, for instance, has such classes as audio and floppy, the Series 800 has a multiplexer, and the V-Class has a BaseTen network card. You can use ioscan to show the device files for a particular peripheral. Going back to the Series 800 that had four disks and a CD-ROM attached to it, you could issue the following ioscan command to see the device files associated with disk: (on Series 800) $ /usr/sbin/ioscan -fn -C disk Class I H/W Path Driver S/W State H/W Type Description ============================================================ disk 0 10/0.3.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP C2490WD /dev/dsk/c0t3d0 /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0 disk 1 10/0.4.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP C2490WD /dev/dsk/c0t4d0 /dev/rdsk/c0t4d0 disk 2 10/0.5.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP C2490WD /dev/dsk/c0t5d0 /dev/rdsk/c0t5d0 disk 3 10/0.6.0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE HP C2490WD /dev/dsk/c0t6d0 /dev/rdsk/c0t6d0 disk 3 10/12/5/2/0 sdisk CLAIMED DEVICE CD-ROM /dev/dsk/c1t2d0 /dev/rdsk/c1t2d0 You can see from this ioscan all of the device files associated with disk, including the CD-ROM. You could find out more information about one of these devices with the diskinfo command. Specify the character device you want to know more about, as shown below (using the -v option for verbose provides more detailed information). $ diskinfo /dev/rdsk/c0t5d0 SCSI describe of /dev/rdsk/c0t5d0 vendor: HP product id: C2490WD type: direct access size: 2082636 bytes bytes per sector: 512 | 
