Working with Area Type

In Chapter 2, Vectors 101, you learned the differences between point type and area type (or point text and area text). Because area type has more structure than point type, you will find that area type has many features that you would expect to find in a page layout application. For example, an Area Type object can contain multiple columns of text within a single frame and can flow text from one frame to another, which is called text threading.

If a style appears with a plus sign after its name, that indicates that the selected text contains an override, or a setting that doesn't match the style. Pressing the Option (Alt) button while clicking the style name clears the override.

Creating and Editing Text Threads

Text that flows across multiple type objects is called a text thread. In previous versions of Illustrator, this was called linking text boxes and was difficult to work with. Taking a note from its sister application InDesign, Illustrator CS2 now makes it possible to easily manage text threads.

An Area Type object always displays two boxes on its path, one located at the upper left of the object, called the in port, and one located at the lower right, referred to as the out port (Figure 6.12). Text flows into an Area Type object through the in port and exits the object via the out port. The ports themselves are also used to control text threads.

Figure 6.12. Every Area Type object in Illustrator has an in port and an out port.

To create a new text thread, you must first have an existing text object to work with.

1.	First, either use the Type tool to drag out an Area Type object, or click any closed vector path with the Type tool to convert the shape to an Area Type object.
2.	Switch to the Selection tool and select the Area Type object. With the object selected, you'll see the in and out ports, of which both will be empty (colored white). An empty in port indicates the beginning of the story and an empty out port indicates the end of a story.
3.	Using the Selection tool, click the Area Type object's out port and you'll notice your cursor changes to the place text icon.
4.	At this point, you can either click an existing closed vector path or you can click and drag on an empty area on the artboard to create a second Area Type object. The two objects are now linked together.

You can see that the objects are linked because the out port of the first object and the in port of the second object are filled with a blue arrow. A line connects the two ports so that you can easily identify the direction of a thread when the Area Type objects are selected (Figure 6.13). To turn this preview off, choose View > Hide Text Threads.

Figure 6.13. A blue arrow and a connecting line help identify the direction of a text thread.

You can add as many objects to a text thread as you'd like. To remove an object from a text thread, simply select it and press the Delete key on your keyboard. Illustrator automatically updates the thread with the remaining objects for you. To add a new Area Type object in the middle of an existing thread, you can always click the out port (even though it has a blue arrow in it), and drag out a new text object, which will be inserted into the thread.

You can also extend a text thread from the beginning of a story by clicking the empty in port and then drawing a new Area Type object.

Because Area Type objects are enclosed areas, there is a finite amount of text that can fit within them. Overset text is what happens when you have an Area Type object that has more text than it can handle and doesn't have another text object to link to. An object's out port displays a red plus sign to indicate where overset text exists (Figure 6.14). When working with objects that contain overset text, you can either edit the text so that there are fewer words, enlarge the Area Type object to allow for more text, or create a thread and link the object with other text objects.

Figure 6.14. A production artist never wants to see one of these. The plus sign in the out port indicates that there is overset text and it could mean text reflow has occurred.

Transforming Type

When you have the bounding box option turn on (View > Show Bounding Box), you can use the Selection tool to resize text objects, but there's a difference between transforming Point Type and Area Type objects in this way. When you are working with a Point Type object, the bounding box that appears around the text gives the illusion of an Area Type object (sans in and out ports). When you use the Selection tool to scale the Point Type object by dragging on any of the eight handles, the text scales in size as well. If you don't hold the Shift key while scaling, the text will not scale in proportion.

In contrast, when you select an Area Type object with the Selection tool, you can click and drag on any of the eight handles to resize the text frame, but the text itself that resides inside the Area Type object will not be scaled.

Area Type Options

One of the benefits of working with area type is that you can easily define the area in which the text will be contained. You can also specify many different settings as to how text will fill this defined area, which you can access by selecting an Area Type object and choosing Type > Area Type Options.

In the Area Type Options dialog, you can adjust the overall width and height of the Area Type object, as well as specify both rows and columns. The Gutter value determines the amount of space that appears between each row or column. The Inset Spacing setting determines the amount of space that appears between the border of the actual Area Type object and where the text itself begins. You can think of it like margins that are specific to this Area Type object. You can also choose from a variety of settings of where the first baseline is calculated. By specifying a text flow, you can also control if text flows from column to column or row to row. Check the Preview button so that you can preview the changes you make before you apply them.

Achieving Perfect Alignment

As designers, we are extremely particular about the appearance of the art we create. Setting type can present a designer with a variety of challenges because each character of each font is different. Even though a column of text is set to be justified, that doesn't mean that from a visual perspective, it will appear so. Punctuation and special characters can present optical illusions and make text appear as though it is set incorrectly, although mathematically, it is set correctly. Because of these issues, a designer may struggle to align text so that punctuation marks sit just outside the actual margin of text to ensure a clear line that the human eye can follow.

However, this sort of struggling is no longer necessary because Illustrator has two features that take care of these optical issues. With an Area Type object selected, you can choose Type > Optical Margin Alignment to have Illustrator make sure that margins on both sides of an Area Type object are visually straight from a design perspective (not a mathematical one). Additionally, you can select an Area Type object and choose Window > Type > Paragraph to open the Paragraph palette. Then, choose Roman Hanging Punctuation from the Paragraph palette menu to force all punctuation marks like commas, periods, and quote marks to appear outside the margin of the text at the beginning and end of a line (Figure 6.15, next page).