List of Figures

Chapter 3: Towards Multimodal Human-computer Dialogue by Intelligent Agents

Figure 3.1: Layered model of communicative objects involved in a multimodal human-computer dialogue

Figure 3.2: Multimodal utterance example. The modalities used are natural spoken language (NL) and designation gesture (G)

Figure 3.3: Fictitious example of a system multimodal utterance (white part of the HCD)

Figure 3.4: Multimodal OR combination predicate

Figure 3.5: Logical model of the act of referring. Example taken with a multimodal OR made of a linguistic OR and a gestural OR

Chapter 4: Multimodal Interaction on Mobile Artefacts

Figure 4.1: Implementation of the tactile, gestural and "embodied" modalities

Chapter 5: The Voice as a Means of Humanising Man-machine Interfaces

Figure 5.1: The six basic emotions of Ekman's model

Figure 5.2: The three dimensions of Russel and Mehrabian's model

Chapter 6: Introduction to a Middleware Framework

Figure 6.1: The Jini framework

Chapter 7: A Model and Software Architecture for Location-management in Smart Devices/Ambient Communication Environments

Figure 7.1: General location architecture model

Figure 7.2: Physical layer

Figure 7.3: (detail) Exchanges between physical and topological layer, loci part

Figure 7.4: (detail) Exchanges between physical and topological layer

Figure 7.5: Direct location query

Figure 7.6: Inverse location query

Figure 7.7: An example of implementation of the general architecture

Chapter 8: A Software Infrastructure for Distributed Applications on Mobile Physical Objects

Figure 8.1: Interconnection of a home network to the internet network through OSGi gateway

Figure 8.2: OSGi framework architecture

Figure 8.3: The lifecycle of a bundle

Figure 8.4: Service A and service B call an ORB to manage linking objects (proxy, relay, stub, skeleton)

Figure 8.5: Sequence diagram between video recorder (device) and the remote command. The diagram issue is an UML specification

Chapter 9: Integrating a Multimedia Player in a Network of Communicating Objects

Figure 9.1: A federation of Jini services

Figure 9.2: Jini services used in the theatre demo

Figure 9.3: Architecture of the MPEG-4 player showing the modules used for its incorporation in a federation of services

Figure 9.4: An e-commerce application: the theatre demo

Chapter 11: Wireless Techniques and Smart Devices

Figure 11.1: Air interface, transmission

Figure 11.2: Air interface, reception

Figure 11.3: Mobility and bit rate

Figure 11.4: 16-QAM constellation

Figure 11.5: BER vs. Eb/No

Chapter 12: Wireless Local Area Networks

Figure 12.1: WLAN architectures

Figure 12.2: Architecture of the Distribution System IEEE 802.11

Figure 12.3: CSMA/CA access scheme

Figure 12.4: HiperLAN/2 protocol stack

Figure 12.5: Comparison between centralised and direct modes transmission

Figure 12.6: HiperLAN/2 MAC frame structure

Figure 12.7: Resource sharing in a Bluetooth piconet

Chapter 13: Radio Links in the Millimeter Wave Band

Figure 13.1: Belfort experimental station set up to supply propagation data over short range

Figure 13.2: Comparison of modelled rain attenuation (dB/km) at 30, 50, 60 and 94 GHz

Figure 13.3: Propagation loss in LOS condition [GUILET, 2001]

Figure 13.4: Propagation loss in NLOS condition [GUILET, 2001]

Figure 13.5: Influence of the number of partitions crossed by the direct path on the propagation loss [1]

Figure 13.6: Radio coverage with 2m (a), 1.5m (c) and 0.5m (d) above the ground for the configuration

Figure 13.7: Evaluation of the error rate according to various favourable and unfavourable positions in residential environment [SIAUD, 2001]

Chapter 14: Propagation of Radio Waves Inside and Outside Buildings

Figure 14.1: Illustration of the propagation of an electromagnetic wave

Figure 14.2: Various mechanisms of propagation

Figure 14.3: Schematic representation of the temporal evolution of the impulse response of the propagation channel

Figure 14.4: Example of power delay profile: highlighting of the delay interval at X dB

Figure 14.5: Example of power delay profile; highlighting of the delay window containing y% of the total energy found in the impulse response

Figure 14.6: Examples of impulse responses measured in various environments

Figure 14.7: Various types of cells

Figure 14.8: Standard case of the passage at a crossroads in microcell model

Figure 14.9: Principle of a ray launching model

Figure 14.10: Diffracted and reflected rays between a transmitter (e) and a receiver (r) (ray model)

Figure 14.9: Example of ray tracing outside buildings

Figure 14.10: Example of ray tracing inside buildings

Chapter 15: Ad-Hoc Networks

Figure 15.1: The idea for Ad-Hoc networks

Figure 15.2: Model of traffic by bursts

Figure 15.3: Random grid

Figure 15.4: The Rooftop concept (ref. 1)

Figure 15.5: The Richotet system

Chapter 16: INDEEDHigh Rate Infrared Communications in the "Indoor" Context

Figure 16.1: Different types of wireless transmissions [Kahn, 1997]

Figure 16.2: The electromagnetic spectrum, from the UVC to the IRC

Figure 16.3: a) Transversal view of human eye and b) spectral absorption of different human media taken separately in human being [Sliney, 1980]

Figure 16.4: Characteristics of absorption and transmission of light in human eye: a) in visible and in the IRA, b) in the IR B and C, so that the UVB

Figure 16.5: The InGaAs/InP photodiode

Figure 16.6: The transmitter-receiver LOS hybrid INDEED point to point link

Figure 16.7: Adaptable optics of the receiver

Chapter 17: Artificial Materials for Protected Communications

Figure 17.1: A diagram of a room showing the path of a incident wave which is reflected or transmitted through obstacles it meets

Figure 17.2: Examples of artificial structures of photonic crystal, one, two and three dimensions

Figure 17.3: Schema of the one-dimensional photonic crystal, consisting of alternating layers of index n ₁ and n ₂

Figure 17.4: Transmission curves versus the incident wavelength of the two different systems n ₁ /n ₂ : (1,5/1) and (1,7/1,4)

Figure 17.5: Transmission curve versus the incident wavelength for the second system (n ₁ /n ₂ )= (1,7/1,4) for different angles

Chapter 18: Free-space Optical Communication Links

Figure 18.1: Data rate (in Mbps) in function of the wavelength for various equipments

Figure 18.2: Range in function of wavelength for various equipments

Chapter 19: Mobile and Collaborative Augmented Reality

Figure 19.1: Design steps

Figure 19.2: A MAGIC user

Figure 19.3: User interface of the MAGIC pen computer

Chapter 20: Towards a Description of Information-seeking Tasks Contributing to the Design of Communications Objects and Services

Figure 20.1: Mean recall and precision for each task type across all the subjects (the position of the "implicit, multiple, distributed" task is indicated in grey; our hypothesis is that this task should have lower recall and precision indices than the other tasks)

Figure 20.2: Classification of the types of information-seeking tasks as a function of the recall and precision indices and of the effect of each of the variables

Chapter 21: Making Context Explicit in Communicating Objects

Figure 21.1: Relationships between data, information, knowledge and context

Figure 21.2: The context and the movements between tacit and explicit knowledge

Figure 21.3: The three types of context

Figure 21.4: The different types of context in human-machine interaction

Figure 21.5: Respective positions of CAS and CIAS with respect to data, information and knowledge

Chapter 22: Dynamic Links for Change-sensitive Interaction

Figure 22.1: The Paraglide system

Figure 22.2: The Paraglide Clinical Assistant architecture

Chapter 23: Communicating Devices, Multimode Interfaces and Artistic Creation

Figure 23.1: The autonomous information processing system perceives the evolutions of the dancer via adapted sensors, decides on an adapted answer and carries it out

Figure 23.2: General principle of communication of a message (gestural, language, physiological, etc.)

Figure 23.3: Customer-server model of the platform

Figure 23.4: Perception performance of dancer by the system

Figure 23.5: Reasons for a connection in settings in scenes

Figure 23.6: Relations beteween the functions of experimental device: classical system (left); intentional multimedia system (right)

Figure 23.7: Variations of the expression for a point and a line in a square

Figure 23.8: The integral of the multimedia grills constituting the performance partition

Chapter 24: Powering Communicating Objects

Figure 24.1: Standby and active autonomy of some objects

Figure 24.2: Characteristics of primary and rechargeable batteries

Figure 24.3: Solar pen-computer (France Tlcom)

Figure 24.4: Thin film solar cells

Figure 24.5: Fuel cell

Figure 24.6: Service robots to assist human beings