|
Index Symbols - %OSPF-3-INTERNALERR error message, 332
- %OSPF-3-NOBACKBONE error message, 332
- %OSPF-3-NOCONNDB error message, 333
- %OSPF-3-NOLSA error message, 333
- %OSPF-3-NOMEMORY error message, 333
- %OSPF-3-UNKNOWNSTATE error message, 335
- %OSPF-4-BADLENGTH error message, 331
- %OSPF-4-BADLSATYPE error message, 331
- %OSPF-4-CONFLICTING_LSAID error message, 332
- %OSPF-4-ERRRCV error message, 332
- %OSPF-4-NONEIGHBOR error message, 333
- %OSPF-4-NORTRID error message, 334
- %OSPF-4-NOTREDIST4 error message, 335
- %OSPF-4-NOTREDIST5 error message, 335
- %OSPF-4-OSPFINTDOWN error message, 335
- %OSPF-4-VIRTUAL_IN_NON_BACKBONE error message, 336
- %OSPF-6-NOSRCPDB error message, 334
- %OSPF-6-NOTREDIST1 error message, 334
- %OSPF-6-NOTREDIST3 error message, 334
- /16 (class B addressing), 58-59
- /24 (class C addressing), 58-59
Numerics - 128-bit addressing, see IPv6
- 2-Way state (OSPF neighbors), 260
A - ABRs (Area Border Routers), 171
- areas
- OSPF network design, 211, 213
- see also areas
- configuring, 386-387
- inter-area summarization, 238-239
- LSAs (Link State Advertisements), 168
- virtual links, 226-227
- Access Layer (hierarchical topology), 367
- access lists, 622
- dynamic, 626, 632
- lock-and-key access, 627-630
- redistribution loops, preventing, 272-273
- SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), 562
- accessing
- CCO (Cisco Connection Online), 503-505
- MIBs (Management Information Bases), 572
- networks, SNMP, 611-613
- accuracy, as design goal, 86
- active hubs, 63
- adaptability, as design goal, 359-360
- Address Resolution Protocol, see ARP
- addressing
- bit splitting, 379
- classes, default subnet masks, 49
- design issues, 374-376, 378-381
- IP (Internet Protocol)
- address classes, quick reference chart, 43-45
- address depletion, 52-53
- address management, 114
- assigning class C addresses to areas, 242-243
- assigning private addresses to areas, 247
- broadcast traffic, 47
- calculating host quantities per address class, 45
- CIDR (classless interdomain routing), 57-58
- class A addresses, 41
- class B addresses, 41
- class C addresses, 42
- class D addresses, 42
- class E addresses, 42
- classful routing, 54
- classless routing, 55
- dotted decimal notation, 40
- first octet rule, 43, 46
- hierarchical structure, 46
- host addresses, 40
- IPv6 (IP version 6), 52
- network addresses, 40
- prefixes, 59
- routing, 65
- subnet masking, 48-51
- subnetting, 47-48
- summarization, 53-54
- supernets, 59
- VLSM, 248-251
- IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), 707-708, 711-712
- management, 114
- OSPF areas, 223
- selecting scheme, 375
- VLSM (variable-length subnet masks), 379
- adjacencies, building, 154
- advertisements, 97
- area-to-backbone, 241
- backbone-to-area, 241-242
- LSAs (Link-State Advertisements), 162
- Autonomous System External LSAs, 169
- database synchronization, 163
- network LSAs, 167-168
- operation, example, 169
- packet types, 166-169
- router LSAs, 167
- summary LSAs, 168
- agents, 539, 545
- SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), 690-691
- responding to NMS requests, 552-553
- aggregates, 59
- Alarm groups (SNMPv2), 692
- alarms (RMON), configuring, 703-704
- algorithms
- Dijkstra, 131, 205
- example, 131-132
- route recalculation, 209
- MD5 (authentication), 599-600
- routing
- accuracy as design goal, 86
- bandwidth metric, 94
- centralized, 90
- communication cost metric, 95
- delay metric, 94
- destination/metric associations, 84-85
- destination/next hop associations, 84
- destination/path associations, 85
- distance vector, 92-93, 95-103
- distributed, 90
- dynamic, 89
- flat, 90-91
- flexibility as design goal, 88
- hierarchical, 90-91
- host-intelligent, 91-92
- inter-domain, 92
- intra-domain, 92
- link state, 92-93, 104-112
- load metric, 94
- metrics, 93
- MTU metric, 94
- multi-path, 90
- path determination, 84
- rapid convergence as design goal, 87
- reliability metric, 93-94
- router-intelligent, 91-92
- simplicity/low overhead as design goal, 86
- single-path, 90
- stability/robustness as design goal, 87
- static, 89
- SPF (Shortest Path First), 104, 204-207
- switching, 85
- aliases, OSPF protocol, 134
- analyzing network design requirements, 362-366
- anticipating network failure, 464-465
- anycast addresses (IPv6), 713, 717-718
- Application layer (OSI model), 12, 15
- applications
- email, applying to OSI model, 22, 24
- interaction with upper layers (OSI model), 15
- network management, 385
- CiscoView, 536-538
- CiscoWorks, 538
- ConfigMaker, 539
- application-wide data types (SMIs), 549
- applying, 22, 24
- access lists to interfaces, 625-626
- subnet masks to IP addresses, 48-51
- architecture, networks, 5-6
- IPv6 addressing topology, 714-715
- SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), 689
- agents, 690-691
- managed devices, 690
- MIB (Management Information Bases), 691
- NMS (Network Management System), 690
- area authentication command, 293
- Area Border Routers, see ABRs
- area default-cost command, 293-294
- area nssa command, 296
- area range command, 296
- area stub command, 297
- area virtual-link command, 298-300
- area-id command, 294-295
- areas, 174
- addressing, 223
- AS (Autonomous Systems), 173-174
- backbone area, 175
- class C addresses, assigning, 242-243
- connecting to ABRs, 211, 213
- designing, 175, 218-225, 227-233, 370, 372
- backbone areas, 224-225
- ensuring continuity, 222
- non-stub areas, 219
- physical proximity considerations, 221
- reducing link instability, 221
- tunable OSPF parameters, 222-223
- enhancing performance, 221-223
- inter-area summarization, 238-239
- link-state databases, designing, 219
- NSSAs (Not-So-Stubby Areas)
- configuring, 398
- implementing, 399
- parameters, configuring, 397
- partitions, designing, 220-221
- performance, enhancing, 221-223
- private IP addressing, 247
- route summarization
- area-to-backbone route advertisements, 241
- backbone-to-area route advertisements, 241-242
- configuring, 400
- route types, 242
- router density, 211
- scalability, 216
- stub areas, 176
- normal stub areas, designing, 228-232
- not-so-stubby areas, designing, 232-233
- restrictions, 176
- totally stubby areas, designing, 232
- totally stubby areas, 177
- traffic, controlling, 235-236
- virtual links, 226-227
- VLSM (variable-length subnet masks), router inter-operability, 252-253
- area-to-backbone route advertisements, 241
- ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 19
- ARPANET, 69
- AS (Autonomous Systems), areas, 173-174
- addressing, 223
- designing, 218-233
- enhancing performance, 221-223
- reducing unstable links, 221
- route types, 242
- router density, 211
- ASBRs (Autonomous System Border Routers)
- configuring, 172, 388
- default routes, injecting into OSPF, 283, 285-286
- external route summarization, 240-241
- LSAs (link-state advertisements), 169
- assessing need for security, 600
- assigning
- addresses
- design considerations, 374-376, 378-381
- subnetted networks, 47-48
- VLSMs, 244-246
- class C addresses to areas, 242-243
- private IP addresses to areas, 247
- Well Known Ports, 645-647
- associations, 84
- destination/metric, 84-85
- destination/next hop, 84
- destination/path, 85
- ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), 34
- attacks, DoS (Denial of Service)
- “smurf”, 595-596
- TCP loopback , 594-595
- TCP SYN, 596, 597
- UDP diagnostic port, 598
- attempt state (OSPF neigbhors), 259
- auditing tools, 604
- authentication, 397
- MD5, 383, 599-600
- neighbor router authentication, 617-618
- standards, 616
- Autonomous System Border Routers, see ASBRs
- Autonomous System External LSAs (Link-State Advertisements), 169
- Autonomous Systems, see AS
- avoiding redistribution loops, 272-273
B - backbones (network), 91
- areas, 175
- virtual links, 226-227
- characteristics, 227
- designing for hierarchical topologies, 369
- partitioning, 220
- Backbone Routers, see BRs
- backbone-to-area route advertisements, 241-242
- back-off algorithm, 26
- backup configuration files, 613
- bandwidth
- correlation to interface cost, 205-207
- metrics, 94
- requirements for OSPF networks, 218
- banners, configuring unauthorized use notifications, 613
- baselining, 9, 559
- Basic Encoding Rules, see BERs
- beacon frames, 27
- “Bellman-Ford” algorithms, 92
- BERs (Basic Encoding Rules), 550
- bi-directional communication, 157
- bits
- /16 (class B addressing), 58-59
- /24 (class C addressing), 58-59
- splitting, 379
- bit-wise subnetting, 246
- Black, Dennis, 203
- branches, MIB tree structure, 564
- bridges, defined, 63
- broadcasts
- OSPF network configuration, 392
- routing, 49-50
- CIDR (classless interdomain routing), 51
- traffic, 47
- storms, 49
- BRs (Backbone Routers), 173, 389
- building
- adjacencies, 154
- IS-IS network topology database, 109
- logical hierarchies, 113
- OSPF networks
- design guidelines, 209-210
- neighbor relationships, 154
- routing tables, 84
- destination/metric associations, 84-85
- destination/next hop associations, 84
- destination/path associations, 85
- shortest path tree, 207-208
- business considerations
- reactions to developing technologies, 8-9
- selecting routing protocols, 117-119
C - calculating
- ABR area quantities, 211, 213
- CIDR prefixes, 62
- host quantities per address class, 45
- OSPF cost, 205-206
- router memory requirements, 217
- routers per area, 211
- shortest path, 204-207
- capacity planning, 9, 569-570
- case studies
- Adding New OSPF Routers to a Network, 179-182
- Configuring RIP Networks, 120-121
- Designing OSPF Frame Relay network, 411-426
- Designing Router Firewall Architecture, 635-639, 641, 643-650
- Dynamic IP Routing with Unnumbered Point-to-Point Subinterfaces, 182, 186
- Implementing IPv6, 725
- Netflow Switching, 680-683
- Point-to-Multipoint Link Networks, 254, 256-259, 261-265
- RIP and OSPF Redistribution, 336-348
- Troubleshooting Networks, 74-77, 79-80
- Troubleshooting OSPF, 506-526
- CCO (Cisco Connection Online), 503-506
- see also MIBs, accessing
- centralized routing algorithms, 90
- Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol, see CHAP
- channel service units see CSU
- CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol), security, 593-594
- characteristics
- non-stub areas, 219
- ping, 488
- stub areas, 175
- TCP/IP routing protocols
- OSPF, 71, 134-135
- RIP, 71
- virtual links, 227
- see also physical characteristics
- CIDR (classless interdomain routing), 52-53, 57-58
- aggregates, 59
- prefixes, calculating, 62
- subnetting, restrictions, 51
- translation table, 61
- circuits, on-demand
- designing, 286
- OSPF configuration, 404-405
- Cisco Systems
- CCO, 503-505
- keyboard commands, 733-734
- MIBs (Management Information Bases)
- structure, 560
- support, 559-561
- routers
- configuration, 385-387, 410
- multiple community support, 562
- SNMP (Simple Network Routing Protocol)
- version coexistence, 558
- traps, implementation, 562
- technical support, contacting, 500, 503-506
- Web site, 135
- CiscoView, 536-538
- CiscoWorks, 538
- class A addresses, 41
- default subnet masks, 49
- node address, 41
- class B addresses, 41
- default subnet masks, 49
- host/subnet quantities, 44
- network addresses, 41
- class C addresses, 42
- assigning to OSPF areas, 242-243
- default subnet masks, 49
- host/subnet quantities, 44-45
- class D addresses, 42
- class E addresses, 42
- classes, calculating host quantities, 45
- classful routing, 54
- RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 95-96
- specifications, 96
- classless routing
- interdomain, 51
- VLSM (variable-length subnet masks), 55-57
- clear text passwords, hiding, 609
- client/server model, 6-7
- gateways, 6-7
- CLNS (Connectionless Network Systems), IS-IS configuration, 124
- cluster controllers, 5
- CMIP (Common Management Information Services), 696
- coexistence, SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), 558
- collisions, back-off algorithm, 26
- commands, 207, 501
- global configuration
- ip ospf name-lookup, 311
- logging buffered, 475
- route-map, 323-324, 326
- router ospf, 326
- interface configuration
- ip classless, 60
- ip ospf authentication-key, 306
- ip ospf cost, 307
- ip ospf dead-interval, 223, 308
- ip ospf demand-circuit, 309
- ip ospf hello-interval, 223, 309
- ip ospf message-digest-key, 310
- ip ospf network, 312
- ip ospf priority, 313
- ip ospf retransmission-interval {seconds}, 223
- ip ospf retransmit-interval, 313
- ip ospf transmit-delay, 314, 223
- ip policy route-map, 315
- no ip source-route, 92
- OSPF SHOW, 441-463
- privileged EXEC
- debug ip ospf adjacency, 480-481
- debug ip ospf events, 481
- debug ip ospf flood, 482-483
- debug ip ospf lsa-generation, 483
- debug ip ospf packet, 483-484
- debug ip ospf spf, 485
- debug ip routing, 485-487
- route-map configuration
- set level, 326
- set metric, 327
- set metric-type, 328
- router configuration
- enable secret, 599
- area authentication, 293
- area default-cost, 293-294
- area nssa, 296
- area range, 296
- area stub, 297
- area virtual-link, 298-300
- area-id, 294-295
- default-information originate, 301-302
- default-metric, 303
- distance, 303-304
- distribute-list, 269
- distribute-list out, 305
- neighbor, 316
- network area, 317
- ospf auto-cost-determination, 318
- ospf log-adj-changes, 318
- passive-interface, 319
- redistribute, 320, 322-323
- summary-address, 329-330
- term monitor, 195
- timers spf, 330
- SHOW OSPF
- show ip ospf, 442-443
- show ip ospf ?, 441-442
- show ip ospf border-routers, 446-447
- show ip ospf database, 447-449
- show ip ospf database asbr-summary, 449-450
- show ip ospf database database-summary, 456-457
- show ip ospf database external, 450-452
- show ip ospf database network, 452-453
- show ip ospf database router, 454-455
- show ip ospf database summary, 455-456
- show ip ospf interface, 444-445
- show ip ospf neighbor, 457-461
- show ip ospf virtual-links, 227, 462-463
- Common Management Information Services,
- see CMIP
- communication
- between routing protocols, 119
- bi-directional, 157
- cost metric, 95
- protocols, 68
- routing update messages, 85
- telecommuters, network support, 362
- comparing
- Integrated IS-IS and “ships -in-the-night” IS-IS, 108
- public and private addressing schemes, 375
- routing methods, 72
- SNMP and RMON, 705-707
- components
- interaction, 65-66
- network management systems, 539-540
- ConfigMaker, 539
- configuration files
- backups, 613
- passwords, 599-600
- configuring
- access lists, 622-626
- alarms, 703-704
- areas, 397
- Cisco routers, 385-387, 410
- ABRs, 386-387
- ASBRs, 388
- backbone routers, 389
- DNS lookup, 402
- extended pings, 492
- IS-IS, 124
- lock-and-key access, 629-630, 633
- loopback addresses, 153
- loopback interfaces, 391
- mutual route redistribution, 280-282
- NSSAs (Not-So-Stubby Areas), 398
- OSPF
- broadcast networks, 392
- MIBs, 576-578
- nonbroadcast networks, 393
- parameters, 390
- point-to-multipoint networks, 394-397
- passwords, privileged mode, 608-609
- RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 103
- RMON, 702-703
- routes
- calculation timers, 390
- maps, 271
- summarization, 400
- simplex interfaces, Ethernet, 389
- SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
- inform requests, 563
- traps, 563
- timeout for unattended consoles, 608
- traffic filters, 620-621
- unauthorized use notifications, 613
- connections, 65-66
- conserving router memory, 217
- consoles
- ports, controlling access, 606
- unattended, configuring timeouts, 608
- constructing
- OSPF networks, design guidelines, 209-210
- routing tables, 84
- destination/metric associations, 84-85
- destination/next hop associations, 84
- destination/path associations, 85
- shortest path tree, 207-208
- contacting technical support, 500, 503-506
- context (wrappers), 556
- continuity, ensuring for OSPF areas, 222
- control information, OSI model layers, 20-21
- controlling
- access
- to console ports, 606
- to hardware, 604
- to routers, virtual terminals, 607
- areas, traffic, 235-236
- intranets, 11
- managed devices, 564
- network growth, 9-10
- redistribution, 271
- convergence, 73, 115, 365-366
- as routing algorithm design goal, 87
- Dijkstra’s algorithm, 132
- fault detection, 208
- route recalculation, 209
- converting IP addresses to Physical layer protocol address, 19
- core dumps, obtaining, 502
- Core Layer (hierarchical topology), 367
- corporate intranets
- managing, 534-540
- technological advancements, 8
- cost metric, calculating, 205-206
- cost-effectiveness, as design goal, 360-361
- CPU requirements, OSPF routers, 217
- creating access lists, 624-626
- crime, computer-related, statistics, 592
- criteria
- backbone areas, designing ,224-225
- hierarchical networks, designing, 173
- NetFlow Switching, 681
- OSPF redistribution, 269
- on-demand circuits, designing, 287
- route summarization, 238
- stub areas, designing, 228
- CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Carrier Detect), 26
- see also Ethernet
- CSU (channel service units), 64
- cut-through packet switching, 64
D - Data Link layer (OSI model), 20
- bridges, 63
- network component interaction, 65
- switches, 63
- data types, SMI (Structure of Management Information), 549
- Database Description packets, see DD packets
- databases
- IS-IS, updating, 109
- link-state, 104, 169
- designing in areas, 219
- OSPF network design considerations, 214-215
- synchronization, 163, 165
- see also LSAs
- MIBs (Management Information Bases), OSPF-related tables, 575-576
- datagrams
- defined, 70
- reassembling, 70
- see also packets
- data-link layer (OSI model)
- standards, 12
- DD packets (Database Description), 165
- dead end areas, 227
- dead timers, 208
- debug commands, 477-487
- debug ip ospf adjacency command, 480-481
- debug ip ospf events command, 481
- debug ip ospf flood command, 482-483
- debug ip ospf lsa-generation command, 483
- debug ip ospf packet command, 483-484
- debug ip ospf spf command, 485
- debug ip routing command, 485-487
- decryption programs, 599
- default routes, 72, 242
- generating during redistribution, 400-402
- injecting into OSPF, 283, 285-286
- default subnet masks, 49
- default-information originate command, 301-302
- default-metric command, 303
- defensive strategies
- TCP SYN attacks, 597
- TCP SYN DoS attacks, 596
- UDP diagnostic port attacks, 598
- delay metric, 94
- deleting dynamic access lists, 632
- density, routers per area, 211
- depletion, IP addresses, 52-53
- IPv6, 709
- see also IP
- deploying
- MOSPF, 406-408
- OSPF networks, 364, 382-383
- financial costs, 366
- protocol, 382-384
- Designated Routers, see DRs
- designing, 232-233
- algorithms (routing)
- accuracy, 86
- flexibility, 88
- rapid convergence, 87
- simplicity/low overhead, 86
- stability/robustness, 87
- areas, 175, 218-225, 227-233, 370, 372
- backbone areas, 224-225
- ensuring continuity, 222
- link-state database, 219
- non-stub areas, 219
- partitions, 220-221
- physical proximity considerations, 221
- reducing link instability, 221
- stub areas, 227-228
- tunable OSPF parameters, 222-223
- networks
- addressing, 374-376, 378-381
- firewalls, 635-650
- growth, managing, 384-385
- hardware provisions, 381
- hierarchical, 173
- methodology, 362-385
- protocol deployment, 382-384
- requirements, analyzing, 362-366
- security, 382-383
- topology, developing, 366-370, 372-374
- networks with VLSM (variable-length subnet masks), 57
- on-demand circuits, 286
- OSPF networks, 209-210
- ABRs, connected areas, 211, 213
- areas, calculating quantity, 214
- comparing fully and partially meshed topologies, 214
- DR, selecting, 214
- link-state database, 214-215
- neighbors, calculating quantity, 213
- router density, 211
- scalability, 216
- topology, 210
- see also methodology
- network design
- stub areas, 227-228
- normal stub areas, 228-232
- not-so-stubby areas, 232-233
- totally stubby areas, 232
- destination/metric associations, 84-85
- destination/next hop associations, 84
- destination/path associations, 85
- detecting network topology changes, 208
- developing technologies, network topology, 366-370, 372-374
- development, 6
- IPv6, 707-708
- network management standards, 705-706
- OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, 13
- OSPF, 6
- RFCs (Requests for Comments), 135-150
- RMON (Remote Monitoring), 696-698
- SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), 540-543, 688-689
- SNMPv2, 691-692
- SNMPv3, 694-695
- TCP/IP protocol suite, 69
- devices
- bridges, 63
- convergence, 73, 115
- CSUs (channel service units), 64
- Dijkstra’s algorithm, 132
- distributed processing, 8
- gateways, 63
- host addresses, 40
- hubs, 63
- incorporating with IPv6 addressing, 710
- interaction with OSI model, 65-66
- managed, 546, 564
- non-SNMP compatible, supporting, 545
- packet switches, 64
- routers, 49-50, 65
- controlling access to virtual terminals, 607
- domains, 91
- DRs (Designated Routers), 155-156
- IS (Intermediate System), 106
- memory requirements, 216-217
- peer encryption, 615
- routing tables, 72
- subinterfaces, 66-67
- subnet masking, 50
- routers of last resort, 89
- switches, 63
- TCP SYN attacks, vulnerability, 597
- DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), 375
- diagnostic tools
- extended pings, 491-493
- ping, 488-493
- trace command, 493-499
- dialing on-demand, 287, 291
- Digital Network Architecture, see DNA
- Dijkstra, Edsger W., 131
- Dijkstra’s algorithm, 104, 205
- example, 131-132
- route recalculation, 209
- Web site, 131
- disabling bandwidth-based metric calculation, 403-404
- discontiguous subnets, 380
- displaying messages logged to router buffer, 475
- distance command, 303-304
- distance vector protocols, 95
- algorithms, 92-93
- RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 95-103
- configuring, 103
- hold-down mechanism, 101
- increasing stability, 99-101
- packet format, 102-103
- routing metric, 98
- routing tables, 96-97
- routing updates, 97-98
- specifications, 96
- split horizon, 99-100
- split horizon with poison reverse, 100
- timers, 99
- distributed computing architecture, RMON1, 697-698
- distributed database protocols, 130
- distributed processing, 8
- distributed routing algorithms, 90
- distribute-list out command, 269, 305
- Distribution Layer (hierarchical topology), 367
- see also layers; OSI model;hierarchical networks
- DNS (Domain Name System, lookup configuration, 402
- documentation, CCO resources, 505-506
- domains, 91, 271
- see also redistribution
- DoS (Denial of Service) attacks
- smurf, 595-596
- TCP loopback, 594-595
- TCP SYN, 596
- UDP diagnostic port attacks, 598
- dotted decimal notation, 40
- down state (OSPF neigbhors), 259
- DRs (Designated Routers), 155-156, 214, 393
- dynamic access lists, 626, 632
- dynamic routing, 72, 89
E - E1 metrics, 234
- E1 routes, 178, 273
- E2 metrics, 234-235
- E2 routes, 178, 273
- elements (network), 539
- email, applying to OSI model, 22, 24
- enable secret command, password encryption, 599
- enabling
- OSPF on inter-area routers, 386
- policy routing, 325-326
- encapsulation, 22
- encoding MIB objects
- encryption, 598-600
- engineers, Cisco technical support, contacting, 500-506
- enhancements
- RMON (Remote Monitoring)
- RMON standard, 697
- RMON2, 701
- see also RMON2
- SNMPv2, 692-693
- ensuring area continuity, 222
- error messages
- %OSPF-3-INTERNALERR, 332
- %OSPF-3-NOBACKBONE, 332
- %OSPF-3-NOCONNDB, 333
- %OSPF-3-NOLSA, 333
- %OSPF-3-NOMEMORY, 333
- %OSPF-3-UNKNOWNSTATE, 335
- %OSPF-4-BADLENGTH, 331
- %OSPF-4-BADLSATYPE, 331
- %OSPF-4-CONFLICTING_LSAID, 332
- %OSPF-4-ERRRCV, 332
- %OSPF-4-NONEIGHBOR, 333
- %OSPF-4-NORTRID, 334
- %OSPF-4-NOTREDIST4, 335
- %OSPF-4-NOTREDIST5, 335
- %OSPF-4-OSPFINTDOWN, 335
- %OSPF-4-VIRTUAL_IN_NON_BACKBONE, 336
- %OSPF-6-NOSRCPDB, 334
- %OSPF-6-NOTREDIST1, 334
- %OSPF-6-NOTREDIST3, 334
- threshold polling, 569
- ES (End System), 106
- establishing
- baseline traffic, 559
- Layer 2 sessions, 66
- MIB threshold values, 569
- Ethernet, 25-27
- back-off algorithm, 26
- recommended MIBs, 571
- simplex interfaces, configuring, 389
- Web page, 27
- Event Groups (SNMPv2), 692
- events (RMON), configuring, 703-704
- evolution
- networking archetypes, 4
- OSPF, 130-131
- RFCs, 135-150
- SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), 688-689
- SNMPv2, 691-692
- Exchange protocol, 160
- exchange state (link-state database), 165
- EXEC commands, show tech-support, 501
- expanding
- IP addressing scheme, class E addresses, 42
- networks
- capacity planning, 9
- controlling growth, 9-10
- Experimantal branch (MIBs), 564
- Exstart state (link-state database), 164
- extended pings, 491-493
- extending network reach, 10-11
- extensions
- Cisco MIB, 559-561
- IPv6 packet headers, 723-724
- external metrics
- E1, 234
- E2, 234-235
- external routes, 178, 242
- redistribution, 273, 275-277
- summarization, 240-241
F - Fast Ethernet, 25
- fast-switching, 236
- fault detection, 208-209
- fault management techniques, Token Ring, 27
- FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Internetworking), 26, 28, 571
- Fiber Distributed Data Internetworking
- see FDDI
- field definitions
- Hello protocol packets, 158-160
- IPv6 packet headers, 720-721
- IS-IS packets, 106-107
- RIP packets, 102-103
- SNMP PDU (Protocol Data Unit), 556
- files, 546-548
- configuration
- backup, 613
- passwords, 599-600
- MIBs, 564, 572
- filtering
- SNMP messages, 562
- traffic, 620-621
- access lists, 622-626
- dynamic access lists, 626
- lock-and-key access, 627-630
- preventing redistribution loops, 272-273
- financial costs, OSPF deployment, 366
- firewalls
- designing, case study, 635-650
- protecting against TCP SYN attacks, 597
- first octet rule, 43, 46
- flat routing algorithms, 90-91
- flexibility, as routing algorithm design goal, 88
- Flooding protocol, 107, 161
- Flow Labels field (IPv6 headers), 722-723
- formatting
- packets
- IPv6, 720-721
- IS-IS (Intermediate System-to- Intermediate System), 110-111
- LSA (Link-State Advertisement), 162-163
- RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 102-103
- messages
- SNMPv1, 555
- SNMPv2, 556
- formulas, calculating OSPF cost, 205-206
- fragment header extension (IPv6), 723-724
- Frame Relay, 30-31, 33
- frame switches, 64
- see also datagrams, packets
- Frequently Asked Questions, 187-193
- Chapter 6, 349-354
- Chapter 9, 580-587
- Chapter 10, 651-661
- Chapter 12, 527-532, 726-732
- FTAM (file transfer and access method), 12
- FTP (File Transfer Protocol), accessing MIBs, 572
- full state (link-state database), 165
- fully-meshed topologies, comparing to partially-meshed, 214
- functional environment, 150
- adjacencies, 154
- DRs (Designated Routers), 155-156
- link-state database, 169
- LSAs (Link-State Advertisements), 162
- Autonomous System External LSAs, 169
- database synchronization, 163, 165
- network LSAs, 167-168
- packet types, 166-169
- router LSAs, 167
- summary LSAs, 168
- neighbors, 154
- router identification, 152-153
- functionality, as network design goal, 359
G - gateways, 6-7, 63
- generating
- default routes
- during redistribution, 400-402
- into OSPF, 283, 285-286
- SYSLOG messages from routers, 475
- GET command (SNMP), 550
- GETBULK command (SNMP), 551
- GETNEXT command (SNMP), 551
- GETNEXTREQUEST command (NMS), 544
- GETREQUEST command (NMS), 544
- GETRESPONSE command (SNMP agents), 545
- Gigabit Ethernet, 25
- global configuration commands
- ip ospf name-lookup, 311
- logging buffered, 475
- route-map, 323-324, 326
- router ospf, 326
- goals
- IPv6 design, 711
- SNMPv3 Working Group, 695
- GUIs (graphical user-interfaces), CiscoView, 536-538
H - half duplex, defined, 390
- hardware
- distributed processing, 8
- host addresses, 40
- network design considerations, 381
- headers, 20-21
- IPv6, 720-721
- extensions, 723-724
- Flow Labels field, 722-723
- Priority Classification field, 721-722
- IS-IS packets, 111-112
- payload, 22
- Hello protocol, 107, 156-158
- packets, 158
- field definitions, 158-160
- suppressing, 389, 404-405
- hiding clear text passwords, 609
- hierarchical networks, 367-368, 372-374
- addressing, 46
- algorithms, 90-91
- areas
- backbone areas, designing, 224-225, 369
- designing, 218-233, 370, 372
- ensuring continuity, 222
- inter-area summarization, 238-239
- link-state database, designing, 219
- non-stub areas, designing, 219
- partitions, designing, 220-221
- reducing unstable links, 221
- stub areas, designing, 227-228
- traffic control, 235-236
- tunable OSPF parameters, 222-223
- IPv6, implementation, 710
- IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System), 106
- routing, 171, 177-178
- structure, 46
- hierarchical structure, MIBs, 565-566
- history
- networking, 4-7
- OSI model, 13
- SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), 540-543
- SNMPv2, 691-692
- TCP/IP protocol suite, 69
- hold-down mechanism, RIP, 101
- hop count, RIP routing metric, 98
- Hop-by-Hop headers (IPv6), 724
- host addresses, 40
- host-intelligent routing algorithms, 91-92
- hubs, 63
I-K - identification, OSPF routers, 152-153
- identifying potential network attackers, 601
- IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
- standards, 802.3, requirements, 26
- Web page, 13
- IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), OSPF RFCs (Request for Comments), 132-134
- IGPs (Interior Gateway Protocols)
- RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 96
- see also RIP
- IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
- metrics, 271
- redistributing into OSPF, 270-271
- implementing
- IPv6, 710-712, 725
- MOSPF, 406-408
- network security, 601-620
- NSSAs (Not-So-Stubby Areas), 399
- on-demand circuits, 286
- OSPF
- over on-demand circuits, 406
- security, 382-383
- VLSM (variable-length subnet masks), 251
- INFORM command (SNMP), 551
- inform requests, SNMP configuration, 563
- init state (OSPF neighbors), 260
- injecting default routes into OSPF, 283, 285-286
- Integrated IS-IS (Intermediate System-to- Intermediate System), 105
- comparing to “ships-in-the-night” IS-IS, 108
- see also IS-IS
- interaction between MIBs and SNMP, 567
- inter-area routers, 177, 236, 242
- enabling OSPF, 386
- summarization, 238-239
- traffic, controlling, 235-236
- inter-domain routing algorithms, 92
- interface configuration commands
- ip ospf authentication-key, 306
- ip ospf cost, 307
- ip ospf dead-interval, 308
- ip ospf demand-circuit, 309
- ip ospf hello-interval, 309
- ip ospf message-digest-key, 310
- ip ospf network, 312
- ip ospf priority, 313
- ip ospf retransmit-interval, 313
- ip ospf transmit-delay, 314
- ip policy route-map, 315
- interfaces
- access lists, applying, 625-626
- cost, 205-207
- Ethernet simplex, configuring, 389
- identifiers (IPv6), 715
- loopback, configuring, 153, 391
- parameters, configuring, 390
- recommended MIBs, 571
- split horizon, 67
- status changes, 208
- stress testing, 490
- internal metrics, 234
- Internal Routers, see IRs
- Internet
- characteristics, 4
- CIDR (classless interdomain routing), 57-58
- developing technologies, affect on business management style, 8-9
- Internet Drafts
- OSPF Address Resolution Advertisement Option, 666-667
- OSPF for IPv6, 665-666
- OSPF Multiple Area Links, 676-678
- OSPF NSSA Option, 668-669
- OSPF Opaque LSA, 670-671
- OSPF Optimized Multipath, 678-679
- OSPF Over ATM and Proxy PAR, 671-672
- OSPF Standardization Report, 664
- OSPFv2 DOI for ISAKMP, 668
- Techniques in OSPF-Based Network Deployment, 673-676
- Internet Network Information Center, see InterNIC
- InterNIC (Internet Network Information Center), 40, 135
- intra-area routing, 177, 242
- intra-domain routing algorithms, 92
- intranets, 4
- characteristics, 4
- controlling, 11
- developments in, 8
- LANs (Local Area Networks), 25-28
- Ethernet, 26-27
- FDDI (Fiber-Distributed Data Internetworks), 28
- Token Ring, 27
- topologies, 25-28
- WANs (Wide Area Networks), 29-37
- ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), 34
- Frame Relay, 30-31, 33
- ISDN (Integrated Systems Digital Network), 35-37
- PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), 34
- SVCs (Switched Virtual Circuits), 33
- IOS (Internetworking Operating System)
- RMON configuration, 702-704
- security weaknesses, 594
- selecting features for deployment, 384
- IP addressing, 114
- address classes
- calculating host quantities, 45
- quick reference chart, 43-45
- address depletion
- IPv6, 709
- areas, 223
- address assignment, 247
- summarization, 238-239
- broadcast traffic, 47
- CIDR (classless interdomain routing), 57-58
- aggregates, 59
- prefixes, calculating, 62
- translation table, 61
- class A addresses, 41
- class B addresses, 41
- class C addresses, 42
- class D addresses, 42
- class E addresses, 42
- classful routing, 54
- classless routing, 55
- conversion to Physical layer protocol address, 19
- depletion, 52-53
- dotted decimal notation, 40
- first octet rule, 43, 46
- hierarchical structure, 46
- host addresses, 40
- network addresses, 40
- /16 (Class B), 58-59
- /24 (Class C), 58-59
- node addresses, 41
- octets, as routing decision criteria, 50-51
- packets, 70
- prefixes, 59
- role in TCP/IP protocol suite, 70
- routing, 65
- subnetting, 47-48
- masking, 48-51
- restrictions, 51
- VLSM, 55-57
- summarization, 53-54
- supernets, 59
- VLSM, 248-251, 278-279
- ip classless command, 60
- ip ospf authentication-key command, 306
- ip ospf cost command, 307
- ip ospf dead interval {seconds} command, 223
- ip ospf dead-interval command, 308
- ip ospf demand-circuit command, 309
- ip ospf hello-interval {seconds} command, 223
- ip ospf hello-interval command, 309
- ip ospf message-digest-key command, 310
- ip ospf name-lookup command, 311
- ip ospf network command, 312
- ip ospf priority command, 313
- ip ospf retransmission-interval {seconds} command, 223
- ip ospf retransmit-interval command, 313
- ip ospf transmit-delay {seconds} command, 223
- ip ospf transmit-delay command, 314
- ip policy route-map command, 315
- IPng (IP next generation), 52
- IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), 52, 707-708
- addressing, 711-712
- address depletion, 709
- devices, 710
- topology, 714-715
- anycast addresses, 717-718
- design goals, 711
- extensions (header), 723-724
- headers
- Flow Labels field, 722-723
- Priority Classification field, 721-722
- Hop-by-Hop headers, 724
- implementating, 710-712
- Local-Use addresses, 715-716
- migrating from IPv4, 709, 716-717
- multicast addresses, 718-719
- packet headers, 720-724
- unicast addresses, 715
- IRs (Internal Routers), 171
- IS (Intermediate Systems), 106
- ISDN (Integrated Systems Digital Network), 35-37
- IS-IS (Integrated Intermediate System-to- Intermediate System), 105-125
- “ships-in-the-night” multiple protocol support, 108
- address management, 114
- flooding protocol, 107
- Hello protocol, 107
- metrics, 110
- network topology database, 109
- packets
- field definitions, 106-107
- formatting, 110-111
- timers, 109
- ISO (International Standards Organization), 14
- OSI (Open Standards Interconnection), 13
- component interaction, 65-66
- lower layers, 18-20
- upper layers, 15
- Web site, 13
- ITU-T standard (International Telecommunications Union- Telecommunications), 152
- JTM (Job Transfer and Manipulation standard), 12
- keyboard commands, 733-734
L - land.c program, 594-595
- LANs (Local Area Networks), 25-28
- connections, 65-66
- Ethernet, 25-27
- Fast Ethernet, 25
- FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Internetworking), 26, 28
- Gigabit Ethernet, 25
- managing, 534-540
- switches, 64
- Token Ring, 26-27
- latency, networks, 361
- layers, 15, 18-20
- hierarchical topology, 367
- OSI model
- characteristics, 14
- control information, 20-21
- Data Link, 63
- encapsulation, 22
- headers, 22
- network component interaction, 65-66
- payload, 22
- relationship between, 20
- security, 593
- standards and specifications, 12
- trailers, 22
- legislation, 8
- Level 1 Routing, 106
- Level 2 Routing, 106
- links
- defined, 161
- instability, reducing, 221
- virtual links, 226-227
- Link-State Advertisements, see LSA
- link-state database, 169
- DD (Database Description) packets, 165
- designing in areas, 219
- memory requirements, 217
- network design considerations, 214-215
- synchronization, 161, 163, 165
- link-state protocols , 104-112, 130
- cost, modifying, 234
- Flooding protocol, 107
- Hello protocol, 107
- IS-IS (Intermediate System-to- Intermediate System), 105-106
- address management, 114
- configuring, 124
- header fields, 111-112
- metrics, 110
- packet formatting, 110-111
- timers, 109
- routing algorithms, 92-93
- load balancing, 10, 209, 236-237, 365
- load metric, 94
- loading state (link-state database), 165
- Local-Use addresses (IPv6), 715-716
- lock-and-key access, 627-630, 633
- logging SYSLOG messages, 469-475
- to internal buffer, 475-476
- to SYSLOG server, 476-477
- logging buffered command, 475
- logical hierarchies, building, 113
- lookup (DNS names), configuring, 402
- loopback addresses, configuring, 153
- loopback interfaces, configuring, 391
- loops, avoiding redistribution, 272-273
- low overhead, as routing algorithm design goal, 86
- lower layers (OSI model), 18-20
- LSAs (Link State Advertisements), 169
M - MAC (Media Access Control), 20
- mainframe/hosts network model, 5
- manageability, as design goal, 360
- managed devices, 546, 564, 690
- managed objects, 539, 564-565
- object IDs, 565-566
- scalar, 565
- tabular, 565
- management (business), reactions to developing technologies, 8-9
- management protocols, SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), 540-543
- managing
- IP addresses, 114
- network expansion, 9-10
- networks, 534-540
- agents, 545
- managed devices, 546, 564
- managing systems, 563
- MIBs, 546-548, 568-569
- NMS (Network Management System), 544, 563
- RMON (remote monitoring), 579
- SNMPv2, 691-693
- manifestations
- network failure, 465-466
- UDP diagnostic port attacks, 598
- masking
- VLSM, 248-251
- see also IP addressing
- match clauses, route map configuration, 271
- maximum transfer unit, see MTU
- MD5 authentication, 383, 599-600
- meshed topologies, 367
- messages
- errors
- %OSPF-3-INTERNALERR, 332
- %OSPF-3-NOBACKBONE, 332
- %OSPF-3-NOCONNDB, 333
- %OSPF-3-NOLSA, 333
- %OSPF-3-NOMEMORY, 333
- %OSPF-3-UNKNOWNSTATE, 335
- %OSPF-4-BADLENGTH, 331
- %OSPF-4-BADLSATYPE, 331
- %OSPF-4-CONFLICTING_LSAID, 332
- %OSPF-4-ERRRCV, 332
- %OSPF-4-NONEIGHBOR, 333
- %OSPF-4-NORTRID, 334
- %OSPF-4-NOTREDIST4, 335
- %OSPF-4-NOTREDIST5, 335
- %OSPF-4-OSPFINTDOWN, 335
- %OSPF-4-VIRTUAL_IN_NON_BACKBONE, 336
- %OSPF-6-NOSRCPDB, 334
- %OSPF-6-NOTREDIST1, 334
- %OSPF-6-NOTREDIST3, 334
- routing updates, 85
- SNMP, filtering, 562
- SNMPv1, 555-556
- SNMPv2, 556-557
- SYSLOG
- generating, 475
- logging to internal buffer, 475-476
- logging to SYSLOG server, 476-477
- trap, 555
- update redistribution, 268-269
- wrappers, 556
- methodologies
- network design, 362-385
- addressing, 374-376, 378-381
- growth management, 384-385
- hardware provisions, 381
- protocol deployment, 382-384
- requirements, analyzing, 362-366
- topology, developing, 366-370, 372-374
- troubleshooting, 465-469
- metrics, 72, 93
- bandwidth, 94
- calculation, bandwidth-based, disabling, 403-404
- communication cost, 95
- delay, 94
- E1, 234
- E2, 234-235
- IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 271
- internal, 234
- IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System), 110
- load, 94
- MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit), 94
- reliability, 93-94
- tuning, 222-223
- Mgmt branch (MIBs), 564
- MIBs (Management Information Bases), 539, 546-548, 564, 691
- accessing, 572
- Cisco, 559-561
- data types, 549
- interaction with SNMP, 567
- managed objects, 564-565
- monitor polling, 568-569
- network management, 568-569
- object IDs, 565-566
- OIDs (object identifiers), 547
- OSPF-related, 572-575
- configuring OSPF, 576-578
- tables, 575-576
- performance polling, 569-570
- proprietary, 543
- recommendations for use, 570-571
- RMON standard, 699-700
- RMON2, 701-702
- SMI (Structure of Management Information), 547-548
- structure, 547
- threshold polling, 569
- migrating, IPv4 to IPv6, 709, 716-717
- missing routes (routing table), troubleshooting, 197-201
- models, network management, 541
- modifying link-state cost, 234
- monitor polling, 568-569
- monitoring networks
- performance, 10
- statistics, 558-559
- OSPF, 440-441
- SHOW COMMANDs, 441-463
- Moore’s Law, 4
- MOSPF (Multicast OSPF), 406-408
- MPRs (multi-protocol routers), 408-409
- MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) metric, 94
- multiaccess networks, 150
- multicast addresses (IPv6), 713-714, 718-719
- multicast OSPF, see MOSPF
- multilayer switches, 64
- multi-path routing algorithms, 90
- multiple community strings, 562
- multipoint subinterfaces, 68
- multi-protocol routers, see MPRs
- multi-vendor environments, as routing protocol selection criteria, 119
- mutual route redistribution, 280-282
N - naming conventions, design goals, 374-381
- NBMA (Nonbroadcast Multiaccess) networks, 151
- DRs (Designated Routers), 155-156
- Hello protocol operation, 157
- OSPF configuration, 392
- neighbor command, 316
- neighbors
- adjacencies, formation, 154
- bi-directional communication, 157
- discovery process, 154
- router authentication, 617-618
- troubleshooting, 193-196
- NetFlow Switching, 680-683
- network area command, 317
- Network layer (OSI model), 19
- network component interaction, 65
- standards, 12
- Network Management Framework, see NMF
- Network Management Stations, see NMSs
- networks
- addressing, 40
- Class A, 41
- Class B, 41, 58-59
- Class C, 42, 58-89
- VLSM (variable-length subnet masks), 379
- areas, 235-236
- addressing, 223
- AS (Autonomous Systems), 173-174
- assigning private IP addresses, 247
- backbone areas, designing, 224-225
- configuring, 397
- designing, 175, 218-225, 227-233
- ensuring continuity, 222
- link-state database, designing, 219
- non-stub areas, designing, 219
- partitions, designing, 220-221
- reducing unstable links, 221
- route types, 242
- stub areas, designing, 227-233
- tunable parameters, 222-223
- VLSMs (variable-length subnet masks), 244-246
- backbones, partitioning, 220
- bridges, 63
- broadcast, OSPF configuration, 392
- broadcast storms, 49
- capacity planning, 9
- centralized routing, 90
- characteristics, 4
- client/server model, 6-7
- component interaction with OSI model, 65-66
- defined, 63
- designing, 209-210
- addressing, 374-376, 378-381
- growth management, 384-385
- hardware provisions, 381
- methodology, 362-385
- protocol deployment, 382-384
- requirements, analyzing, 362-366
- topology, developing, 210, 366-370, 372-374
- devices, incorporating with IPv6 addressing, 710
- distance vector protocols, 95-103
- distributed routing, 90
- dynamic routing, 89
- elements, 539
- expansion, controlling, 9-10, 384-385
- extending reach, 10-11
- external route summarization, 240-241
- failure
- symptoms, 465-466
- troubleshooting, 464-465
- flat routing, 90-91
- gateways, 63
- hardware
- controlling physical access, 604
- design considerations, 381
- hierarchical
- backbone, 369
- designing, 173
- routing, 90-91
- topology, 367-368, 372-374
- host-intelligent routing, 91-92
- hubs, 63
- inter-area summarization, 238-239
- inter-domain routing, 92
- interfaces, stress testing, 490
- intra-domain routing, 92
- intranet model
- developments in, 8
- intranets, 4, 11
- LANs (Local Area Networks), 25-28
- connections, 65-66
- Ethernet, 26-27
- FDDI, 28
- switches, 64
- Token Ring, 27
- topologies, 25-28
- link state protocols, 104-112
- link state routing, 92-93
- links
- reliability, 93
- virtual links, 226-227
- load balancing, 10
- logical hierarchies, building, 113
- LSAs (Link-State Advertisements), 167-168
- mainframe/hosts network model, 5
- managing, 534-535, 540
- agents, 545
- CiscoView, 536-538
- CiscoWorks, 538
- ConfigMaker, 539
- managed devices, 546
- MIBs, 546-548, 568-569
- models, 541
- SNMPv2, 691-693
- standards development, 705-706
- meshed topologies, 367
- MIBs (Management Information Bases)
- accessing, 572
- performance polling, 569-570
- recommendations for use, 570-571
- monitoring, 10
- multiaccess, 150
- multi-path routing, 90
- NBMA (Nonbroadcast Multiaccess), 151
- DRs (Designated Routers), 155-156
- Hello protocol operation, 157
- OSPF configuration, 392
- nonbroadcast, OSPF configuration, 393
- OSI model (Open Systems Interconnection)
- applying to real-world experience, 22, 24
- encapsulation, 22
- layers, characteristics, 14
- lower layers, 18-20
- relationship between layers, 20
- upper layers, 15
- OSPF
- ABRs, adjacencies, 211, 213
- adaptability, 359-360
- areas, calculating quantity, 214
- areas, designing, 370, 372
- backbone area, 175
- bandwidth requirements, 218
- convergence, 365-366
- cost-effectiveness, 360-361
- deploying, 364, 382-383
- designing, 209-210
- DR, selecting, 214
- funcionality, 359
- injecting defualt routes, 283, 285-286
- link-state database considerations, 214-215
- load balancing, 365
- manageability, 360
- monitoring, 440-441
- neighbors, calculating quantity, 213
- router identification, 152-153
- routers per area, calculating, 211
- scalability, 216, 359
- security, 218
- SHOW commands, 441-463
- stub areas, 176
- troubleshooting, 463-500
- performance, baselining, 559
- point-to-multipoint, OSPF configuration, 394-397
- point-to-point, 150, 158
- protocols, 68
- redistribution, 268-269
- avoiding loops, 272-273
- external routes, 273, 275-277
- IGRP into OSPF, 270-271
- RIP into OSPF, 269-270
- route maps, 271
- reliability, 9
- RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 95-103, 117
- RMON (remote monitoring), 579
- router-intelligent routing, 91-92
- routers, 65
- route recalculation, 209
- route selection, 233-236
- routing tables, 72
- subinterfaces, 66-67
- summarization, planning, 376-378
- routing backbone, 91
- security, 382-383, 592, 600
- auditing tools, 604
- configuring unauthorized use notifications, 613
- data encryption, 615-616
- identifying potential attackers, 601
- lock-and-key access, 627-630, 633
- password encryption, 599-600
- privilege levels, 614
- requirements, 601-615, 617-619
- smurf attacks, 595-596
- SNMP protocol, 606, 611-613
- TCP loopback Denial of Service attacks, 594-595
- TCP SYN attacks, 596-597
- traffic filters, 620-626
- UDP diagnostic port attacks, 598
- vector routing, 92-93
- single-path routing, 90
- SNA (Simple Network Architecture), 5
- split horizon, 67
- static routing, 89
- statistics, tracking, 558-559
- subnet masking, 48-51
- VLSM (variable-length subnet masks), 52-53, 55-57
- see also IP addressing; subnetting
- subnetting, 47-48
- discontiguous subnets, 380
- restrictions, 51
- supernets, 59
- telecommuter support, 362
- topologies
- comparing fully and partially meshed, 214
- fault detection, 208
- traffic
- as design issue, 361
- load balancing, 236-237
- troubleshooting
- methodology, 465-469
- problem-solving model, 466-469
- SYSLOG, 469-475
- trace command, 493-499
- WANs, 29-37
- ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), 34
- costs, 361
- Frame Relay, 30-31, 33
- ISDN (Integrated Systems Digital Network), 35-37
- multiple protocols, 361
- packet switches, 64
- PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), 34
- SVCs (Switched Virtual Circuits), 33
- see also intranets
- NMF (Network Management Framework)
- NMS (Network Management System), 544, 690
- managed devices, 564
- managed objects, 565
- MIBs (Management Information Bases)
- accessing, 572
- recommendations for use, 570-571
- monitoring, 568-569
- performance polling, 569-570
- SNMP (Simple Network Management Proto col), requests, 551-552
- no ip source-route command, 92
- node addresses, 41-42
- nonbroadcast networks, OSPF configuration, 393
- non-CIDR protocols, subnetting restrictions, 51
- normal stub areas, designing, 228-232
- not-so-stubby areas, designing, 232-233, 370, 372
- Novell MPR (multi-protocol router), 409-410
- NSSAs (not-so-stubby areas), 232-233
- configuring, 398
- implementing, 399
O - objects
- IDs, 547, 565-566
- managed, 564-565
- obtaining
- core dumps, 502
- MIBs (Management Information Bases), 572
- octets, 50-51
- OIDs (object identifiers), 547
- on-demand circuits
- designing, 286-287
- OSPF configuration, 404-405
- Open Systems Interconnection, see OSI model
- operational considerations, routing protocol selection, 112-114
- optimal path
- calculation, 204-207
- selection, 233-236
- OSI model, 11-12, 65-66
- applying to real-world experience, 22, 24
- history, 13
- layers
- characteristics, 14
- control information, 20-21
- encapsulation, 22
- headers, 22
- payload, 22
- relationship between, 20
- trailers, 22
- layers, characteristics, 14
- lower, 18-20
- lower layers, 18-20
- protocols, 25
- security, 593
- upper, 15
- upper layers, 15
- OSPF, 209-210, 234
- ABRs (Area Border Routers), 171
- aliases, 134
- areas, 174-175, 218
- ASBRs (Autonomous System Border Routers), 172
- backbone area, 175
- bandwidth requirements, 218
- BRs (Backbone Routers), 173
- characteristics, 71, 134-135
- configuring with MIBs, 576-578
- dead timers, 208
- deploying, 382-383
- development, 130-131
- Exchange subprotocol, 160
- external routes, 178
- Flooding subprotocol, 161
- functional environment, 150
- Hello subprotocol, 156-160
- hierarchical routing, 171
- inter-area routing, 177
- interface status changes, 208
- intra-area routing, 177
- IPv6, 665-666
- IRs (Internal Routers), 171
- link-state database, 169
- synchronization, 161
- load balancing, 209
- metrics
- bandwidth, 94
- calculation, bandwidth-based , disabling, 403-404
- communication cost, 95
- delay, 94
- E1, 234
- E2, 234-235
- internal, 234
- load, 94
- MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit), 94
- reliability, 93-94
- tuning, 222-223
- MIBs, 572-576
- Multicast OSPF, see MOSPF
- neighbor router authentication, 617-620
- network design
- ABRs, connected areas, 211, 213
- areas, calculating quantity, 214
- DR, selecting, 214
- neighbors, calculating quantity, 213
- router density, 211
- redistribution, 269
- RFC 1131, OSPF Specification, 135
- RFC 1245, OSPF Protocol Analysis, 135-136
- RFC 1246, Experience with OSPF Protocol, 136-137
- RFC 1247, OSPF Version 2, 137-138
- RFC 1248, OSPF Version 2 Management Information Base, 139
- RFC 1252, OSPF Version 2 Management Information Base, 139
- RFC 1253, OSPF Version 2 Management Information Base, 139
- RFC 1364, BGP OSPF Interaction, 139
- RFC 1370, Applicability Statement for OSPF, 139-140
- RFC 1371, Choosing a “Common IGP” for the Internet, 140-141
- RFC 1403, BGP OSPF Interaction, 141
- RFC 1583, OSPF Version 2, 141-142
- RFC 1584, Multicast Extensions to OSPF, 142-143
- RFC 1585, MOSPF, Analysis and Experience, 143
- RFC 1586, Guidelines for Running OSPF over Frame Relay Networks, 144-145
- RFC 1587, The OSPF NSSA Option, 145-147
- RFC 1745, BGP4/IDRP for IP-OSPF Interaction, 147
- RFC 1765,OSPF Database Overflow, 147-148
- RFC 1793, Extending OSPF to Support Demand Circuits, 148
- RFC 1850, OSPF Version 2 Management Information Base, 148-149
- RFC 2178, OSPF Version 2, 149
- RFC 2328, OSPF Version 2, 149
- routers
- CPU requirements, 217
- identification, 152-153
- loopback address, configuring, 153
- LSA (Link-State Advertisements), 162-163
- neighbors, 154
- routes
- selecting, 233-236
- summarization, planning, 376-378
- scalability, 216
- security, 218
- auditing tools, 604
- data encryption, 615-616
- firewalls, designing, 635-639, 641, 643-650
- lock-and-key access, 627-630, 633
- privilege levels, 614
- requirements, 601-615, 617-619
- smurf attacks, 595-596
- SNMP protocol, 606
- TCP loopback Denial of Service attacks, 594-595
- TCP SYN attacks, 596-597
- traffic filters, 620-626
- UDP diagnostic port attacks, 598
- SHOW commands, 441-463
- Standardization Report, 664
- stub areas, 176
- topologies, comparing fully and partially meshed, 214
- troubleshooting, 463-500
- methodology, 465-469
- SYSLOG, 469-475
- trace command, 493-499
- tunable parameters, 222-223
- VLSM, 248-251
- ospf auto-cost-determination command, 318
- ospf log-adj-changes command, 318
- overriding interfaces, default metrics, 207
P - packets
- algorithms, switching, 85
- beacon frames, 27
- broadcast storms, 49
- broadcast traffic, 47
- CIDR (classless interdomain routing), 51
- classful routing, 54
- collisions, back-off algorithm, 26
- DD (Database Description), 165
- Exchange protocol, 160
- Flooding protocol, 161
- hello packets, suppressing, 404-405
- Hello protocol, 158-160
- IPv6, headers, 720-721
- IS-IS
- field definitions, 106-107
- formatting, 110-111
- header fields, 111-112
- LSA (Link-State Advertisements), 162, 166-169
- Autonomous System External LSAs, 169
- link-state database synchronization, 163
- network LSAs, 167-168
- router LSAs, 167
- summary LSAs, 168
- MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit), 94
- ping, 489
- RIP format, 102-103
- routing, 49-50
- summarization, 54
- switches, 64
- tokens, 27
- see also datagrams
- pages, Web
- Ethernet, 27
- IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), 13
- ISO, 13
- parameters, configuring
- areas, 397
- NSSAs (Not-So-Stubby Areas), 398
- OSPF, 390
- partially-meshed topologies, comparing to fully-meshed topologies, 214
- parties, 540
- partitions, designing, 220-221
- passive hubs, 63
- passive-interface command, 319
- passwords
- clear text, hiding, 609
- encryption, 598-600
- privileged mode, configuring, 608-609
- paths
- determination, 84
- metrics, 72
- optimal, calculation by SPF, 170
- shortest, calculating, 204-207
- virtual links, 226-227
- payload, defined, 22
- peer encrypting routers, 615
- peering, OSI model layers, 20
- performance
- areas, enhancing, 221-223
- baselining, 9, 559
- devices, convergence, 73
- load balancing, 236-237
- networks, monitoring, 10
- performance polling, 569-570
- physical characteristics, networks
- Multiaccess, 150
- NBMA (Nonbroadcast Multiaccess), 151
- Point-to-Point, 150
- Physical layer (OSI model), 20
- network component interaction, 65
- standards, 12
- ping, 488-493
- extended, 491-493
- interfaces, stress testing, 490
- packets, timestamping, 489
- planning route summarization, 376-378
- PNNI Augmented Routing, see Proxy PAR protocol
- point-to-multipoint networks, 152, 394-397
- point-to-point networks, 150, 158
- subinterfaces, 67
- Point-to-Point Protocol, see PPP
- poisoned reverse (split horizon), 100
- policy routing, enabling, 325-326
- PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), 34
- prefixes (IP), 59
- CIDR (classless interdomain routing), calculating, 62
- length of, 55
- IPv6 addresses, 713
- Presentation layer (OSI model), 12, 15
- preventing redistribution loops, 272-273
- Priority Classification field (IPv6 headers), 721-722
- private addressing, comparing to public addressing, 375
- Private branch (MIBs), 564
- privilege levels, network security, 614
- privileged EXEC commands
- debug ip ospf adjacency, 480-481
- debug ip ospf events, 481
- debug ip ospf flood, 482-483
- debug ip ospf lsa-generation, 483
- debug ip ospf packet, 483-484
- debug ip ospf spf, 485
- debug ip routing, 485-487
- privileged mode, password configuration, 608-609
- proactive network management, 535
- probes, RMON, 698-700
- problem-solving process, 466-469
- Process ID, selecing, 386
- programs
- decryption, 599
- email, applying to OSI model, 22, 24
- land.c, as security threat, 594-595
- promiscuous mode, RMON2, 703
- proprietary MIBs, 543
- see also MIBs
- protocol suites
- TCP/IP, 69
- datagrams, reassembling, 70
- protocols, 68
- ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 19
- CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol), 593-594
- DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), 375
- distance vector, 95-103
- distributed database, 130
- IGRP, redistributing into OSPF, 270-271
- IP, role in TCP/IP protocol suite, 70
- see also IP addressing
- link state, 104-112, 130
- management protocols, 540
- mutual route redistribution
- non-CIDR, subnetting restrictions, 51
- OSI (Open Systems Interconnection), 25
- OSPF
- aliases, 134
- characteristics, 134-135
- deploying, 382-384
- evolution, 130-131
- Exchange subprotocol, 160
- Flooding subprotocol, 161
- Hello subprotocol, 156-158
- hierarchical routing, 171
- link-state database, 169
- MIBs, 572-575
- neighbor router authentication, 617-620
- Proxy PAR, 672
- redistribution, 268-269
- avoiding loops, 272-273
- external routes, 273, 275-277
- route maps, 271
- RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
- redistributing into OSPF, 269-270
- see also RIP
- SNA (Simple Network Architecture), 5
- SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), 540-543, 555-557
- access lists, 562
- agents, 545, 690-691
- architecture, 689
- coexistence, 558
- comparing to RMON, 705-707
- configuring network access, 611-613
- development, 688-689
- interaction with MIBs, 567
- managed devices, 690
- managed evices, 546
- MIBs (Management Information Bases), 546-548, 691
- NMS (Network Management System), 544, 690
- operation definitions, 550-551
- security, 606
- traps, 562
- SNMPv2, 691-693
- operational enhancements, 692-693
- parties, 540
- SNMPv3, development, 694-695
- TCP/IP protocol suite, 70
- TCP (Transport Control Protocol), role in TCP/IP protocol suite, 69
- IP (Internet Protocol), see IP addressing
- VTP (Virtual Terminal Protocol), 12
- see also routing protocols
- proximity, area design considerations, 221
- Proxy PAR protocol, 672
- PSN (packet switch node), 64
- public addressing, comparing to private, 375
- Public Law 104-104, 8
- public topology (IPv6), 714
- publications, Internet Drafts
- OSPF Address Resolution Advertisement Option, 666-667
- OSPF for IPv6, 665-666
- OSPF Multiple Area Links, 676-678
- OSPF Opaque LSA, 670-671
- OSPF Optimized Multipath, 678-679
- OSPF Over ATM and Proxy PAR, 671-672
- OSPF Standardization Report, 664
- OSPFNSSA Option, 668-669
- OSPFv2 DOI for ISAKMP, 668
- Techniques in OSPF-Based Network Deployment, 673-676
- see also RFCs
R - rapid convergence, as routing algorithm design goal, 87
- RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol), 19
- reactive network management, 535
- reassembling datagrams, 70
- recalculating routes, 209
- redistribute command, 320, 322-323
- redistribution, 119, 268-269, 383
- configuring route summarization, 400
- default routes, generating, 400-402
- external routes, 273, 275-277
- IGRP into OSPF, 270-271
- loops, avoiding, 272-273
- RIP into OSPF, 269-270
- route maps, 271
- VLSM (variable-length subnet masks), 278-279
- see also mutual route redistribution
- reducing
- link instability, 221
- memory requirements, 216-217
- redundancy, backbone area design, 226
- relationship between OSI model layers, 20
- reliability
- of networks, 361
- metric, 93-94
- reload traps, 562
- reports, Internet Drafts
- OSPF Address Resolution Advertisement Option, 666-667
- OSPF for IPv6, 665-666
- OSPF Multiple Area Links, 676-678
- OSPF NSSA Option, 668-669
- OSPF Opaque LSA, 670-671
- OSPF Optimized Multipath, 678-679
- OSPF Over ATM and Proxy PAR, 671-672
- OSPF Standardization Report, 664
- OSPFv2 DOI for ISAKMP, 668
- Techniques in OSPF-Based Network Deployment, 673-676
- see also RFCs
- requests
- NMS (Network Management System), 551-552
- agent responses, 552-553
- requirements, 287
- areas, designing
- backbone areas, 224-225
- stub areas, 176, 228
- dynamic access lists, implementing, 630-631
- hierarchical network design, 173
- Netflow Switching, 681
- network design
- analyzing, 362-366
- security, 601-615, 617-619
- redistribution, 269
- RMON2, software, 702
- route summarization, 238
- routers
- bandwidth, 218
- CPU, 217
- memory, 216-217
- standards, 802.3, 26
- restricting
- RIP hop counts, 98
- Telnet access to IP addresses, 609
- Reverse Address Resolution Protocol, see RARP
- RFC 1131, OSPF specification, 135
- RFC 1245, OSPF protocol analysis, 135-136
- RFC 1246, Experience with OSPF Protocol, 136-137
- RFC 1247, OSPF Version 2, 137-138
- RFC 1248, OSPF Version 2 Management Information Base, 139
- RFC 1252, OSPF Version 2 Management Information Base, 139
- RFC 1253, OSPF Version 2 Management Information Base, 139
- RFC 1364, BGP OSPF Interaction, 139
- RFC 1370, Applicability Statement for OSPF, 139-140
- RFC 1371, Choosing a “Common IGP” for the Internet, 140-141
- RFC 1403, BGP OSPF Interaction, 141
- RFC 1583, OSPF Version 2, 141-142
- RFC 1584, Multicast Extensions to OSPF, 142-143
- RFC 1585, MOSPF, Analysis and Experience, 143
- RFC 1586, Guidelines for Running OSPF over Frame Relay Networks, 144-145
- RFC 1587, The OSPF NSSA Option, 145-147
- RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets, 42
- RFC 1745, BGP4/IDRP for IP-OSPF Interaction, 147
- RFC 1765, OSPF Database Overflow, 147-148
- RFC 1793, Extending OSPF to Support Demand Circuits, 148
- RFC 1850, OSPF Version 2 Management Information Base, 148-149
- RFC 2178, OSPF Version 2, 149
- RFC 2328, OSPF Version 2, 149
- RFC 903, RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) definition, 19
- RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
- configuring, 103
- hold-down mechanism, 101
- packet format, 102-103
- redistributing into OSPF, 269-270
- routing
- metric, 98
- tables, 96-97
- updates, 97-98
- scaling, 117
- split horizon, 99
- split horizon with poison reverse, 100
- stability, increasing, 99-101
- timers, 99
- RMON (Remote Monitoring), 579, 696-698
- alarms, configuring, 703-704
- comparing to SNMP, 705-707
- configuring, 702-703
- MIBs (Management Information Bases), 699-700
- probes, 698-700
- version 2, 701
- MIBs, 701-702
- promiscuous mode, 703
- software requirements, 702
- robustness, as routing algorithm design goal, 87
- rollover, 310
- route maps, 271
- routed protocols, 68
- see also routing protocols
- route-map command, 323-324, 326
- route-map configuration commands
- set level, 326
- set metric, 327
- set metric-type, 328
- router configuration commands
- area authentication, 293
- area default-cost, 293-294
- area nssa, 296
- area range, 296
- area stub, 297
- area virtual-link, 298-300
- area-id, 294-295
- default-information originate, 301-302
- default-metric, 303
- distance, 303-304
- distribute-list out, 305
- neighbor, 316
- network area, 317
- ospf auto-cost-determination, 318
- ospf log-adj-changes, 318
- passive-interface, 319
- redistribute, 320, 322-323
- summary-address, 329-330
- timers spf, 330
- router of last resort, 89
- router ospf command, 326
- router-intelligent routing algorithms, 91-92
- routers, see routing
- routes, see routing
- routing, 49-50, 65, 85
- ABRs (Area Border Routers), 171
- configuring, 386-387
- inter-area summarization, 238-239
- virtual links, 226-227
- advertising, 97
- algorithms
- bandwidth metric, 94
- centralized, 90
- communication cost metric, 95
- delay metric, 94
- distance vector, 92-93
- distributed, 90
- dynamic, 89
- flat, 90-91
- hierarchical, 90-91
- host-intelligent, 91-92
- inter-domain, 92
- intra-domain, 92
- link-state, 92-93
- load metric, 94
- metrics, 93
- MTU metric, 94
- multi-path, 90
- reliability metric, 93-94
- router-intelligent, 91-92
- single-path, 90
- static, 89
- ASBRs (Autonomous System Border Routers), 172
- configuring, 388
- external route summarization, 240-241
- injecting default routes into OSPF, 283, 285-286
- LSAs (link-state advertisements), 169
- backbone, 91
- configuring, 389
- see also backbone routers
- CIDR (classless interdomain routing), 52-53, 57-58
- aggregates, 59
- translation table, 61
- Cisco Systems, multiple community support, 562
- classful, 54
- classless, 55-57
- console ports, controlling access, 606
- convergence, 73
- core dumps, obtaining, 502
- default, 72
- domains, 91
- DRs (Designated Routers), 155-156
- dynamic, 72
- external routes, redistribution, 273, 275-277
- fast-switching, 236
- gateways, 63
- header extensions (IPv6), 723
- hierarchical, 171, 177-178
- areas, designing, 218-233
- inter-area, 236, 177, 386
- intra-area, 236, 177
- IPv6 (IP version 6), 711-712
- IS (Intermediate System), 106
- load balancing, 236-237
- logical hierarchies, building, 113
- LSAs (Link-State Advertisements), 167
- memory requirements (routers), 216-217
- metrics
- E1, 234
- E2, 234-235
- internal, 234
- MPRs (multi-protocol routers), 408-409
- neighbor router authentication, 617-618
- optimal path, selecting, 72
- OSPF
- area interoperability, 252-253
- BRs (Backbone Routers), 173
- calculating area quantities, 214
- calculating neighbor quantities, 213
- configuring, 385-387, 410
- CPU requirements, 217
- DR, selecting, 214
- identification, 152-153
- IRs (Internal Routers), 171
- loopback address, configuring, 153
- LSAs (Link-State Advertisements), 162-163
- neighbors, 154, 193-196
- peer encryption, 615
- redistribution, 268-269
- IGRP into OSPF, 270-271
- RIP into OSPF, 269-270
- route maps, 271
- VLSM, 278-279
- routes
- calculation timers, configuring, 390
- recalculating, 209
- selecting, 233-236
- security, TACACS (Terminal Access Controller Access Control System), 610-611
- static, 72
- subinterfaces (routers), 66-67
- multipoint, 68
- point-to-point, 67
- subnet masking, 50
- summarization (routes), 53-54
- area-to-backbone route advertisements, 241
- backbone-to-area route advertisements, 241-242
- classful routing, 54
- classless routing, 55
- configuring between areas, 400
- external routes, 240-241
- inter-area, 238-239
- SYSLOG messages
- generating, 475
- logging to internal buffer, 475-476
- logging to SYSLOG server, 476-477
- troubleshooting (routers), trace command, 493-499
- virtual terminals, controlling access, 607
- see also policy routing; routing protocols; routing tables
- routing protocols, 68, 84, 99-100
- communicating, 119
- convergence, 115
- distance vector, 95-103
- link state, 104-112
- OSPF, characteristics, 71
- path determination, 84
- RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
- characteristics, 71
- configuring, 103
- hold-down mechanism, 101
- increasing stability, 99-101
- packet format, 102-103
- routing metric, 98
- scaling, 117
- split horizon with poison reverse, 100
- timers, 99
- routing tables, 72
- security, 218
- selecting
- business considerations, 117-119
- operational considerations, 112-114
- technical considerations, 114-117
- switching algorithms, 85
- routing tables, 72, 96-97
- building, 84
- destination/metric associations, 84-85
- destination/next hop associations, 84
- destination/path associations, 85
- CIDR, 58
- memory requirements, 217
- missing routes, troubleshooting, 197-201
S - scalability, 216, 359
- as design goal, 359
- RIP, 117
- scalar objects, 565
- security, 592, 600
- CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol), 593-594
- configuration files
- backups, 613
- networks
- auditing tools, 604
- data encryption, 615-616
- design considerations, 382-383
- firewalls, designing, 635-639, 641, 643-650
- lock-and-key access, 627-630, 633
- OSPF, 218
- privilege levels, 614
- requirements, 601-615, 617-619
- smurf attacks, 595-596
- SNMP protocol, 606
- TCP loopback Denial of Service attacks, 594-595
- TCP SYN attacks, 596-597
- traffic filters, 620-626
- UDP diagnostic port attacks, 598
- OSI model, 593
- passwords
- clear text, hiding, 609
- encryption, 598-600
- privileged mode, configuring, 608-609
- routers
- access, controlling to console ports, 606
- access, controlling to virtual terminals, 607
- neighbor router authentication, 617-618
- source routing, 92
- TACACS (Terminal Access Controller Access Control System), 610-611
- telnet, restricting access to IP addresses, 609
- segments (network), areas, 174
- see also areas
- selecting
- addressing scheme, 375
- DR for OSPF network, 214
- IOS features for deployment, 384
- optimal routes
- Process ID, 386
- routes, 233-236
- see also routing algorithms
- routing protocols
- business considerations, 117-119
- operational considerations, 112-114
- technical considerations, 114-117
- serial interfaces
- fault detection, 208
- recommended MIBs, 571
- stress testing, 490
- serial lines, VLSM (variable-length subnet masks), 56
- servers, 6
- SYSLOG, logging messages, 476-477
- see also hosts; networks
- Session layer (OSI model), 12, 18
- sessions (Layer 2), establishing, 66
- SET command (SNMP), 551
- set level command, 326
- set metric command, 327
- set metric-type command, 328
- SETREQUEST command (NMS), 544
- SGMP (Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol)
- shortest path tree
- building, 207-208
- calculating shortest path, 204-207
- see also Dijkstra algorithm; algorithms
- show ip ospf ? command, 441-442
- show ip ospf border-routers command, 446-447
- show ip ospf command, 442-443
- show ip ospf database asbr-summary command, 449-450
- show ip ospf database command, 447-449
- show ip ospf database-summary command, 456-457
- show ip ospf database external command, 450-452
- show ip ospf database network command, 452-453
- show ip ospf database router command, 454-455
- show ip ospf database summary command, 455-456
- show ip ospf interface command, 444-445
- show ip ospf neighbor command, 460-461
- show ip ospf neighbor command, 459
- show ip ospf neighbor command, 457-458
- show ip ospf virtual-links command, 227, 462-463
- SHOW OSPF commands, 441-463
- show ip ospf, 442-443
- show ip ospf ?, 441-442
- show ip ospf border-routers, 446-447
- show ip ospf database, 447-449
- show ip ospf database asbr-summary, 449-450
- show ip ospf database database-summary, 456-457
- show ip ospf database external, 450-452
- show ip ospf database network, 452-453
- show ip ospf database router, 454-455
- show ip ospf database summary, 455-456
- show ip ospf interface, 444-445
- show ip ospf neighbor, 457-461
- show ip ospf virtual-links, 462-463
- show tech-support command, 501
- Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol, see SGMP
- Simple Network Architecture, see SNA
- simplex interfaces, configuring on Ethernet, 389
- simplicity
- as design goal, 361
- as routing algorithm design goal, 86
- single-path routing algorithms, 90
- site routers, on-demand dialing, 287, 291
- site topology (IPv6), 714
- SMI (Structure of Management Information), 540, 547-548
- data types, 549
- “smurf” attacks, protecting against, 595-596
- SNA (Simple Network Architecture), 5
- SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), 540-543
- access lists, 562
- agents, 545, 690-691
- architecture, 689
- coexistence, 558
- comparing to RMON, 705-707
- inform requests, configuring, 563
- interaction with MIBs, 567
- managed devices, 546, 690
- MIBs, 546-548, 691
- RMON standard, 699-700
- RMON2 standard, 701-702
- multiple community strings, 562
- network access, configuring, 611-613
- NMS (Network Management System), 544, 690
- operation definitions, 550-551
- requests
- inform, 563
- NMS, 551-552
- responding to NMS requests, 552-553
- security, 606
- traps, 562-563
- SNMPv1 messages, 555-556
- see also SNMP
- SNMPv2, 691-693
- messages, 556-557
- operational enhancements, 692-693
- parties, 540
- Web sites, 693
- SNMPv3
- development, 694-695
- Web sites, 695-696
- software
- agents, 539
- interaction with lower layers (OSI model), 18-20
- IOS (Cisco Internetworking Operating System), security weaknesses, 594
- network management
- CiscoView, 536-538
- CiscoWorks, 538
- ConfigMaker, 539
- NMS (Network Management System), 544
- RMON (remote monitoring), requirements, 702
- source routing, 92
- specifications, RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 96
- SPF algorithm, 104, 170
- split horizon, 99-100
- split-horizon, 67
- stability
- as routing algorithm design goal, 87
- RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 99-101
- stacks, TCP/IP protocol suite, 69
- standards
- 802.3, requirements, 26
- as routing protocol selection criteria, 118
- authentication, 616
- CMIP (Common Management Information Services and Protocols), 696
- compatibility as design goal, 361
- internetworking, TCP/IP protocol suite, 69
- network management, development, 705-706
- OSI model
- application layer, 12
- data-link layer, 12
- network layer, 12
- presentation layer, 12
- session layer, 12
- transport layer, 12
- RMON (Remote Monitoring), 696-698
- comparing to SNMP, 705-707
- configuring, 702-703
- RMON2, 701
- states, link-state database, 164-165
- static routing, 72, 89
- statistics
- networks
- tracking, 558-559
- storing, 543
- security-related, 592
- store-and-forward packet switching, 64
- storing network statistics, 543
- stress testing, interfaces, 490
- structure
- Cisco MIB, 560
- MIBs, 547, 564
- see also architecture
- Structure of Management Information, see SMI
- stub areas, 176, 227-228
- designing, 227-233, 370, 372
- normal stub areas, designing, 228-232
- not-so-stubby areas, designing, 232-233
- restrictions, 176
- totally stubby areas, designing, 232
- subinterfaces, 66-67
- multipoint, 68
- point-to-point, 67
- subnet masking, 48-51
- supernets, 59
- VLSM (variable-length subnet mask), 52-57
- area address assignment, 244-246
- redistribution, 278-279
- subnetting, 47-48
- areas, 223
- bit-wise, 246
- CIDR (classless interdomain routing), 57-58
- discontiguous subnets, 380
- external route summarization, 240-241
- restrictions, 51
- see also areas
- subprotocols (OSPF)
- Exchange protocol, 160
- Flooding protocol, 161
- Hello, 156-160
- summarization
- defined, 238
- planning for implementation, 376-378,
- summary LSAs (Link-State Advertisements), 168
- summary routes, 236
- summary-address command, 329-330
- supernets, 59
- supporting non-SNMP compatible devices, 545
- suppressing hello packets, 389, 404-405
- SVCs (Switched Virtual Circuits), 33
- switching
- algorithms, 85
- fast-switching, 236
- LANs, 64
- Netflow Switching, 680-683
- packet switches, 64
- symptoms, network failure, 465-466
- synchronization
- Flooding protocol, 161
- link-state database, 163, 165
- syntax notation, 539
- SYSLOG, 469-475
- system logging, see SYSLOG
T - tables
- mapping, static routes, 89
- OSPF-related MIBs, 575-576
- tabular objects, 565
- TACACS (Terminal Access Controller Access Control System), 610-611
- TCP (Transport Control Protocol)
- datagrams, 70
- role in TCP/IP protocol suite, 69
- SYN attacks, protecting against, 596-597
- TCP/IP protocol suite, 69
- datagrams, reassembling, 70
- IP addressing
- address classes, quick reference chart, 43-45
- address depletion, 52-53
- areas, 223
- broadcast traffic, 47
- calculating host quantities per address class, 45
- CIDR (classless interdomain routing), 57-58
- class A addresses, 41
- class B addresses, 41
- class C addresses, 42
- class D addresses, 42
- class E addresses, 42
- classful routing, 54
- classless routing, 55
- dotted decimal notation, 40
- first octet rule, 43, 46
- hierarchical structure, 46
- host addresses, 40
- IP prefixes, 59
- network addresses, 40
- route summarization, 53-54
- routing, 65
- subnet masking, 48-51
- subnetting, 47-48
- supernets, 59
- technical considerations, selecting routing protocols, 114-117
- technical support
- CCO (Cisco Connection Online), 503-506
- contacting, 500, 503-506
- techniques, addressing
- bit splitting, 379
- VLSM, 379
- see also addressing; IP addressing
- technologies
- affect on business management style, 8-9
- as routing protocol selection criteria, 119
- IPv6, 707-708
- address depletion, 709
- addressing, 711-712
- addressing topologies, 714-715
- anycast addresses, 717-718
- design goals, 711
- devices, addressing, 710
- Hop-by-Hop headers, 724
- hierarchical networks, 710
- implementing, 712
- migrating from IPv4, 709, 716-717
- multicast addresses, 718-719
- packet headers, 720-721
- link state, 104-105
- RMON (Remote Monitoring), 579, 696-698
- alarms, configuring, 703-704
- comparing to SNMP, 705-707
- configuring, 702-703
- MIBs, 699-700
- probes, 698-700
- RMON2, 701-702
- Telecommunications Act of 1996, 8
- telecommuters, network support, 362
- Telnet, restricting IP address access, 609
- term monitor command, 195
- Terminal Access Controller Access Control System, see TACACS
- theories, hierarchical network design, 173
- three-layered hierarchical design, 367-368
- threshold polling, 569
- timers
- IS-IS protocol, 109
- OSPF, dead timers, 208
- RIP, 99
- route calculation, configuring, 390
- timers spf command, 330
- timestamping, 489
- Token Ring, 26-27
- beacon frames, 27
- fault management techniques, 27
- recommended MIBs, 571
- tokens, 27
- tools (diagnostic), ping, 488-493
- topologies
- areas
- backbone areas, 224-225
- designing, 218-225, 227-233
- ensuring continuity, 222
- non-stub areas, 219
- partitions, designing, 220-221
- reducing unstable links, 221
- stub areas, 227-233
- tunable OSPF parameters, 222-223
- convergence, 115
- developing, 366-370, 372-374
- fully-meshed, comparing to partially-meshed, 214
- hierarchical, 367-368, 372-374
- backbone, designing, 369
- IPv6 addresses, 714-715
- LANs(Local Area Networks), 25-28
- Ethernet, 25-27
- Fast Ethernet, 25
- FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Internetworking), 26-28
- Gigabit Ethernet, 25
- Token Ring, 26-27
- meshed, 367
- OSPF networks
- areas, 174
- AS (Autonomous Systems), 173
- backbone area, 175
- designing, 210
- fault detection, 208
- stub areas, 176
- WANs (Wide Area Networks), 29-37
- ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), 34
- Frame Relay, 30-31, 33
- ISDN (Integrated Systems Digital Network), 35-37
- PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), 34
- SVCs (Switched Virtual Circuits), 33
- totally stubby areas, 177
- designing, 232, 370, 372
- see also areas
- trace command, 493-499
- tracking networking statistics, 558-559
- traffic
- as design issue, 361
- broadcast storms, 49
- filtering, 620-621
- access lists, 622-626
- dynamic access lists, 626
- lock-and-key access, 627-630
- inter-area, controlling, 235-236
- load balancing, 236-237
- traffic control, 235-236
- trailers, 20-21
- translation table (CIDR), 61
- Transport layer (OSI model), 18
- standards, 12
- see also OSI model
- TRAP command (SNMP agents), 545, 551
- traps, 562
- messages, 555
- SNMP configuration, 563
- tree structure, MIBs, 564, 566
- troubleshooting
- diagnostic tools
- ping, 488-493
- trace command, 493-499
- neighbor relationships, 193-196
- networks
- case study, 74-77, 79-80
- failure, 464-465
- methodology, 465-469
- OSPF, 463-500
- SYSLOG, 469-475
- problem-solving model, 466-469
- routing table, missing routes, 197-201
- see also Cisco technical support
- tty connection-closed traps, 562
- tunable OSPF parameters, 222-223
U - UDP diagnostic port attacks, 598
- unattended consoles, configuring timeout, 608
- unauthorized use notifications, configuring, 613
- unicast addresses (IPv6), 713, 715
- UNIX, trace command, 493-499
- unsecure protocols, 383
- update messages
- redistribution, 268-269
- routing, 85
- updating link-state changes, Flooding protocol, 161
- upper layers (OSI model), 15
- utilities, network management, 385
- CiscoView, 536-538
- CiscoWorks, 538
- ConfigMaker, 539
V - variable-length subnet masks, see VLSM
- virtual links, 226-227
- virtual terminals, controlling access, 607
- VLSM (variable-length subnet mask), 52-57, 248-251, 379
- area address assignment, 244-246
- implementing, 251
- redistribution, 278-279
- see also subnet masking
- VTP (virtual terminal protocol), 12
- vulnerabilities, security
- networks, identifying, 603
- Cisco IOS software, 594
W - WANs (Wide Area Networks), 29-37
- ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), 34
- Frame Relay, 30-31, 33
- ISDN (Integrated Systems Digital Network), 35-37
- managing, 534-540
- multiple protocols, 361
- packet switches, 64
- PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), 34
- resources, costs, 361
- SVCs (Switched Virtual Circuits), 33
- Web sites, 27
- Cisco Systems, 135
- Dijkstra’s algorithm, 131
- IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), 13
- InterNIC, 135
- ISO (Internation Organization for Standardization), 13
- Wandell & Golterman, 14
- SNMP commands, 563
- SNMPv2, 693
- SNMPv3, 695-696
- Well Known Ports, assigning, 645-647
- Wide Area Network, see WANs
- wrappers, 556
- WWW (World Wide Web)
- MIBs, accessing, 572
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