Section 3.10. Drawing Lines and Defining Graphical Methods (Optional)

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3.10. Drawing Lines and Defining Graphical Methods (Optional)

We used a Graphics object in Chapter 2 to draw rectangles and ovals in an applet window. The Graphics class also possesses a method for drawing a line segment. Problems involving drawing pictures in an applet window using a series of line segments can be a source of examples of defining useful methods and also of making good use of loops.

The Graphics class has a public instance method with the header:

public  void drawLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2) 

The method call g.drawLine(x1, y1, x2, y2) draws a line from the point (x1, y1) to (x2, y2), where (x, y) refers to a point that is x pixels from the left edge of the area that g is drawing in and y pixels from the top edge. Thus g.drawLine(10, 10, 10, 60) draws a vertical line segment that is 50 pixels long and 10 pixels from the left edge of the drawing area, that is, a line segment from the point (10, 10) to the point (10, 60).

Consider the problem of creating an applet program with a method called drawSticks() to draw any specified number of vertical line segments. This method might be useful for an applet user interface to the OneRowNim game to draw the number of sticks at a given point in a game. Suppose that this method must have an int parameter to specify the number of vertical lines to draw and two int parameters to specify the location of the top endpoint of the leftmost line segment. The drawSticks() method will need to use a Graphics object connected to the applet window for drawing the line segment. The only such Graphics object available is the parameter in the paint() method of an applet. Thus the method must have a Graphics parameter, and it will be called in the paint() method using the Graphics object there as an argument. Thus the header of the method should look like:

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public void drawSticks(Graphics g,int x,int y,int num) 

The length of the line segments and the distance between them are not specified by parameters, so we need to choose some fixed values for these quantities. Let us assume that the line segments are 10 pixels apart and 50 pixels long. We now have enough information to complete the definition of an applet to solve this problem. Such a class definition is reproduced in Figure 3.19.

Figure 3.19. An applet program with a method for drawing a set of sticks.

 /**   * DrawLineApplet demonstrates some graphics commands.   * It draws a set of 12 vertical lines and a set of 7 lines.   */ import java.awt.*; import java.applet.*; public class DrawSticksApplet extends Applet   /**    * drawSticks(g,x,y,num) will draw num vertical line    * segments. The line segments are 10 pixels apart and    * 50 pixels long. The top endpoint of the left most    * line segment is at the point (x,y).    */    public void drawSticks(Graphics g, int x, int y, int num)    {  int k = 0;         while (k < num)         {   g.drawLine(x, y, x, y + 50);             x = x + 10;             k = k + 1;         } // while    }  // drawSticks()    public void paint(Graphics g)    {   drawSticks(g, 25, 25, 12);        g.setColor(Color.cyan);        drawSticks(g, 25, 125, 7);    } // paint() } // DrawSticksApplet class 

Note that the body of drawSticks() uses a while loop to draw the lines, and declares and initializes a local variable to zero to use for counting the number of lines drawn. The statement g.drawLine(x, y, x, y + 50); draws a vertical line 50 pixels long. Increasing the value of x by 10 each time through the loop moves the next line 10 pixels to the right.

The first call to drawSticks() in the paint() method draws 12 lines with (25,25) the top point of the leftmost line. The second call to drawSticks() will draw seven cyan sticks 100 pixels lower. Note that changing the color of g before passing it as an argument to drawSticks() changes the drawing color.

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To run this applet, one needs the following HTML document, which specifies the applet code as DrawSticksApplet.class:

<HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE> Draw Sticks Web Page</TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY> <H2> DrawSticksApplet will appear below.</H2> <APPLET CODE = "DrawSticksApplet.class"                WIDTH = 400 HEIGHT = 200> </APPLET> </BODY> </HTML> 

An image of the DrawSticksApplet as it appears in a browser window is shown in Figure 3.20.

Figure 3.20. The DrawSticksApplet as displayed in a browser window.

As we have seen in this example, defining methods with parameters to draw an object makes the code reusable and makes it possible to draw a complex scene by calling a collection of simpler methods. It is a typical use of the divide-and-conquer principle. The while loop can be useful in drawing almost any geometrically symmetric object.