List of Figures

Chapter 1: The Data Storage and Data Access Problem

Figure 1-1: Database choices for applications

Figure 1-2: Components that effect application performance

Figure 1-3: Online storage for applications

Figure 1-4: The optimum configuration of user transactions versus storage resources

Figure 1-5: The increasing diversity of application data

Figure 1-6: The client/server storage model

Figure 1-7: An overview of database server configuration

Figure 1-8: Data moving through a data warehouse application

Figure 1-9: An overview of web server storage

Chapter 2: The Battle for Size and Access

Figure 2-1: Directly connected storage in traditional client/server environments

Figure 2-2: NAS example showing enhancements to data access

Figure 2-3: SAN example showing enhancement to data size

Figure 2-4: The application development lifecycle

Figure 2-5: Application implementation challenges

Figure 2-6: The realities of application implementation

Figure 2-7: Moving to networked data access with a SAN

Figure 2-8: Device-to-device communications within a SAN

Chapter 3: Decoupling the Storage Component: Putting Storage on the Network

Figure 3-1: Early UNIX networking storage issues

Figure 3-2: Early UNIX file servers

Figure 3-3: The file system

Figure 3-4: The network file system

Figure 3-5a: Early NAS scientific applications

Figure 3-5b: Early NAS code development applications

Figure 3-6: Early Microsoft file servers

Figure 3-7: Schematic of the NAS configuration

Figure 3-8: A NAS for data access

Figure 3-9: A NAS for data size

Chapter 4: Decoupling the Storage Component: Creating a Network for Storage

Figure 4-1: SMP processing

Figure 4-2: MPP processing

Figure 4-3: Fibre Channel Protocol

Figure 4-4: Switched Fabric Network

Figure 4-5: Shared Nothing Architecture

Figure 4-6: A storage area network

Figure 4-7: Early SAN configurations using HUB architectures

Figure 4-8: Current SAN configurations using fabric architectures

Figure 4-9: SANs for an OLTP database environment

Figure 4-10: SANs for a data warehouse environment

Chapter 5: Storage Architectures

Figure 5-1: The diversity of storage locations

Figure 5-2: The data storage hierarchy

Figure 5-3: The definition of workloads

Figure 5-4: An online storage system

Figure 5-5: A batch storage system

Figure 5-6: The data protection workload

Figure 5-7: A typical configuration for HSM workloads

Chapter 6: Device Overviews

Figure 6-1: Peripheral connections to the main computer elements

Figure 6-2: Connecting to the network

Figure 6-3: Overview of connectivity inside the network

Figure 6-4: Host adapter functions

Figure 6-5: Path limitations through single adapter strategies

Figure 6-6: Controller functions

Figure 6-7: The controllers view of reality

Figure 6-8: The disk drive anatomy

Figure 6-9: Disk arrays

Figure 6-10: The basic RAID architecture for a storage array

Figure 6-11: The RAID level 1 configuration

Figure 6-12: The RAID level 5 configuration

Figure 6-13: The RAID level 4 configuration

Figure 6-14: An overview of the SCSI tape drive

Chapter 7: Connectivity Options

Figure 7-1: A universal computer bus

Figure 7-2: The internal functions of a typical I/O bus

Figure 7-3: Bus operations: arbitration for control

Figure 7-4: The standard TCP/IP layers and functions

Figure 7-5: SCSI configuration single host

Figure 7-6: SCSI configuration multiple hosts

Figure 7-7: Fibre Channel layered architecture

Figure 7-8: The FC point-to-point topology

Figure 7-9: The FC arbitrated loop topology

Figure 7-10: The FC fabric topology

Figure 7-11: FC operations

Figure 7-12: A shared nothing high-speed interconnect

Figure 7-13: A shared I/O high-speed interconnect

Figure 7-14: A shared memory high-speed interconnect

Chapter 8: Data Organizational Methods

Figure 8-1: The components of a file system

Figure 8-2: An enterprise-class file system

Figure 8-3: Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP)

Figure 8-4: The Common Internet File System (CIFS)

Figure 8-5: Direct Access File System (DAFS)

Chapter 9: Putting Storage on the Network: A Detailed Discussion

Figure 9-1: The NAS hardware components

Figure 9-2: The NAS software components

Figure 9-3: NAS file system configurations

Figure 9-4: The departmental NAS configuration

Figure 9-5: The Internet NAS architecture

Figure 9-6: Enterprise NAS configurations

Chapter 10: NAS Hardware Devices

Figure 10-1: The I/O manager components

Figure 10-2: RISC versus CISC

Figure 10-3: NAS appliance-level storage configurations

Figure 10-4: NAS mid-range and enterprise storage configurations

Figure 10-5: The NAS Sfp model

Figure 10-6: The NAS Qfp model

Figure 10-7: The NAS Cfp model

Chapter 11: NAS Software Components

Figure 11-1: Overview of the NAS components

Figure 11-2: What is an RPC?

Figure 11-3: An initial NFS configuration

Figure 11-4: An early NFS implementation

Figure 11-5: Overview of the NAS micro-kernel components

Figure 11-6: A typical micro-kernel

Figure 11-7: An example of an NAS micro-kernel

Figure 11-8: The UNIX hierarchical directory system

Figure 11-9: Mounting a file system

Figure 11-10: Mounting a file directory

Figure 11-11: NAS using RAID level 1

Figure 11-12: NAS using RAID level 5

Figure 11-13: NAS using RAID level 4

Chapter 12: NAS Connectivity Options

Figure 12-1: OSI Layersfrom the physical to the transport

Figure 12-2: Network devices and their corresponding OSI layer

Figure 12-3: A typical network infrastructure

Figure 12-4: The network segment supporting Accounting

Figure 12-5: Network segments within the data center

Figure 12-6: WAN connectivity options

Figure 12-7: NAS deployment using WAN connections

Figure 12-8: TCP/IP considerations for NAS deployment

Figure 12-9: OSI model with layers 4 through 7

Figure 12-10: Network operational aspects of NAS deployment

Figure 12-11: Network workload aspects of NAS deployment

Chapter 13: Architecture Overview

Figure 13-1: SAN components overview

Figure 13-2: FC layers and functions

Figure 13-3: A SAN devices overview and sample read I/O

Figure 13-4: A typical fabric OS micro-kernel

Figure 13-5: Fabric OS micro-kernel components

Figure 13-6: A simple SAN architecture

Figure 13-7: A simple SAN configuration

Figure 13-8: A specialized/advanced SAN configuration

Figure 13-9: An entry-level SAN configuration

Figure 13-10: A mid-range SAN configuration

Figure 13-11: An enterprise SAN configuration

Chapter 14: Hardware Devices

Figure 14-1: Port configurations

Figure 14-2: The name server contains names , addresses, and information on nodes.

Figure 14-3: Extending the switch with an E_Port

Figure 14-4: The basic functions of the FC Host Bus Adapter

Figure 14-5: HBAs critical role in interoperability

Figure 14-6: An FC storage array connected in a loop configuration

Figure 14-7: An FC RAID storage configuration

Figure 14-8: A simple bridge/router configuration

Figure 14-9: Anatomy of the FC Frame

Figure 14-10: Typical flow control using Class 2 operation

Chapter 15: Software Components

Figure 15-1: The basic components of the switchs operating system

Figure 15-2: SAN applications running within the switchs OS

Figure 15-3: The HBA driver functions

Figure 15-4: Storage device segregation through port zoning

Figure 15-5: SAN configuration with zoning and LUN masking

Figure 15-6: SAN configuration using zoning and masking

Figure 15-7: Out-of- band processing

Figure 15-8: ISL functions supporting a simple cascading switch configuration

Figure 15-9: ISL supporting higher performance and failover

Chapter 16: Configuration Options for SANs

Figure 16-1: Viewing the SAN as an entire solution

Figure 16-2: OLTP workloads supported by a core /edge configuration

Figure 16-3: Web and messaging applications supported by a mesh configuration

Figure 16-4: A data warehouse application being supported by a cascading configuration

Figure 16-5: A fully heterogeneous OS SAN-supported environment

Figure 16-6: A data replication strategy and potential SAN solution

Figure 16-7: A future SAN-to-SAN configuration

Figure 16-8: Advanced clustering with shared storage SAN

Figure 16-9: The future: process and storage fabrics with a common interconnect

Chapter 17: Defining the I/O Workload

Figure 17-1: An example banking transaction

Figure 17-2: Organizing workloads for maximum performance

Figure 17-3: Banking configuration example: defining the business application

Figure 17-4: Placing workloads within an infrastructure

Figure 17-5: Guidelines for identifying and defining workloads

Figure 17-6: The workload inventory, categorization, and definition of the Banking Application System

Figure 17-7: User access information for workload analysis

Figure 17-8: Calculating workload requirements for byte transfer rates

Figure 17-9: Workload analysis logical model

Figure 17-10: Workload solutions matrix

Chapter 18: Applying the SAN Solution

Figure 18-1: Cascading SAN configuration

Figure 18-2: Meshed SAN configuration

Figure 18-3: A core/edge SAN configuration

Figure 18-4: An OLTP workload using a core/edge SAN configuration

Figure 18-5: A web Internet transactional workload using a meshed SAN configuration

Figure 18-6: A data warehouse workload using a cascading SAN configuration

Chapter 19: Applying the NAS Solution

Figure 19-1: An appliance/departmental NAS configuration

Figure 19-2: An enterprise NAS configuration

Figure 19-3: A specialized application support NAS configuration

Figure 19-4: Departmental workload using a NAS appliance configuration

Figure 19-5: A web Internet read-only workload using a mid-range NAS configuration

Figure 19-6: A seismic analysis workload using an enterprise-class NAS configuration

Chapter 20: Considerations When Integrating SAN and NAS

Figure 20-1: SAN block I/O versus NAS file I/O

Figure 20-2: NAS I/O local limitations and remote strengths

Figure 20-3: SAN I/O local strengths and remote limitations

Figure 20-4: iSCSI configurations showing remote block I/O operation

Figure 20-5: InfiniBands I/O fabric

Figure 20-6: Rapid I/O: a future processor module interconnects

Figure 20-7: HyperTransport: a future high-speed CPU interconnect

Figure 20-8: A storage network of the future

Chapter 21: Planning Business Continuity

Figure 21-1: Fundamental systems management applied to storage networking

Figure 21-2: Integrating storage networking as a major infrastructure

Chapter 22: Managing Availability

Figure 22-1: A cascading SAN configuration supporting on-demand availability

Figure 22-2: A core/edge configuration supporting a highly available CRM application

Figure 22-3: A redundant mesh SAN configuration supporting a 24/7 application

Figure 22-4: Traditional backup processes and their overhead

Figure 22-5: Storage network backup and recovery

Chapter 23: Maintaining Serviceability

Figure 23-1: SAN configuration management categories

Figure 23-2: Integrating SAN physical and logical categories into a single repository

Figure 23-3: The complexity of NAS external relationships

Figure 23-4: NAS configuration management categories

Figure 23-5: NAS software and logical views with example categories

Chapter 24: Capacity Planning

Figure 24-1: The traditional division of responsibilities within the data center

Figure 24-2: Volume management working with storage arrays

Chapter 25: Security Considerations

Figure 25-1: The defense- in-depth model

Figure 25-2: Configuration errors at the storage switch

Figure 25-3: Encryption protects against storage configuration errors.

Figure 25-4: Key distribution service

Figure 25-5: Soft zoning in SANs

Figure 25-6: Hard zoning in SANs

Figure 25-7: SAN World Wide Name table spoofing

Figure 25-8: Fibre Channel layer 2 and sequence control

Figure 25-9: Fibre Channel frame header attack

Figure 25-10: Man-in-the-Middle attack on SANs

Figure 25-11: Operating system security in storage networks

Appendix A: NAS Case Study: The International Image Processing Company

Figure A-1: IIP systems configuration

Figure A-2: IIP imaging application process

Figure A-3: IIP NAS storage infrastructure

Appendix B: SAN Case Study: The Import Auto Industry

Figure B-1: An overview of the current systems configuration

Figure B-2: Data warehouse/data mart requirements

Figure B-3: SAN storage infrastructure

Appendix C: SAN/NAS Management Case Study: The Southwestern CD Company

Figure C-1: Southwestern CDs Metro Data Area

Figure C-2: Southwestern CDs Systems Configuration