iostat
| The iostat command is another tool for looking at disk throughput. Just like sar, iostat can be given the interval and count arguments. The output for the first interval contains metrics for the entire time Linux has been running. This is probably the most unique feature of iostat compared to other performance commands. The following output, from a system that is mostly idle, is a good example. You can see that the hda device has read about 9158MB (18755572*512/1024/1024) since boot up. The Blk columns are 512-byte blocks. # iostat 5 3 Linux 2.4.21-27.EL (fisher) 04/24/2005 avg-cpu: %user %nice %sys %iowait %idle 0.47 12.72 2.18 1.16 83.47 Device: tps Blk_read/s Blk_wrtn/s Blk_read Blk_wrtn hda 6.61 93.98 238.64 18755572 47627302 hda1 0.00 0.06 0.00 11394 78 hda2 6.60 93.83 238.53 18726682 47604696 hda3 0.01 0.09 0.11 17176 22528 hdb 0.65 66.86 0.22 13344250 44336 hdb1 0.65 66.86 0.22 13344130 44336 avg-cpu: %user %nice %sys %iowait %idle 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 99.80 Device: tps Blk_read/s Blk_wrtn/s Blk_read Blk_wrtn hda 0.40 0.00 20.80 0 104 hda1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 hda2 0.40 0.00 20.80 0 104 hda3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 hdb 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 hdb1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 avg-cpu: %user %nice %sys %iowait %idle 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 Device: tps Blk_read/s Blk_wrtn/s Blk_read Blk_wrtn hda 0.40 0.00 8.00 0 40 hda1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 hda2 0.40 0.00 8.00 0 40 hda3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 hdb 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 hdb1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 With no options, iostat only shows one set of metrics that cover the entire time since boot up. The CPU information contains basically the same fields as top. The iostat CPU output shows the percentage of time the CPU was executing in user mode, executing niced processes, executing in kernel (system) mode, idle with processes waiting for an I/O to complete, and idle with no processes waiting. The CPU line is a summary for all CPUs. The disk information is similar to what sar -d provides. The output contains the number of transfers per second (tps), 512-byte block reads per second (Blk_read/s), 512-byte block writes per second (Blk_wrtn/s), and the total number of 512-byte blocks read (Blk_read) and written (Blk_wrtn). iostat offers several switches to tailor output. Some of the most useful are:
These options can be combined. The output from iostat -tk 5 2 is: # iostat -tk 5 2 Linux 2.4.21-27.EL (fisher) 04/24/2005 Time: 04:34:19 PM avg-cpu: %user %nice %sys %iowait %idle 0.46 12.67 2.17 1.16 83.53 Device: tps kB_read/s kB_wrtn/s kB_read kB_wrtn hda 6.59 46.81 118.90 9377806 23822991 hda1 0.00 0.03 0.00 5697 39 hda2 6.58 46.73 118.85 9363361 23811688 hda3 0.01 0.04 0.06 8588 11264 hdb 0.65 33.30 0.11 6672125 22168 hdb1 0.65 33.30 0.11 6672065 22168 Time: 04:34:24 PM avg-cpu: %user %nice %sys %iowait %idle 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 99.80 Device: tps kB_read/s kB_wrtn/s kB_read kB_wrtn hda 0.40 0.00 10.40 0 52 hda1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 hda2 0.40 0.00 10.40 0 52 hda3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 hdb 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 hdb1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 |
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