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The port numbers on which certain ``standard'' services are offered are defined in the ``Assigned Numbers'' RFC. To enable server and client programs to convert service names to these numbers, at least a part of the list is kept on each host; it is stored in a file called /etc/services. An entry is made up like this:

            service port/protocol   [aliases] 
Here, service specifies the service name, port defines the port the service is offered on, and protocol defines which transport protocol is used. Commonly, this is either udp or tcp. It is possible for a service to be offered for more than one protocol, as well as offering different services on the same port, as long as the protocols are different. The aliases field allows to specify alternative names for the same service.

Usually, you don't have to change the services file that comes along with the network software on your system. Nevertheless, we give a small excerpt from that file below.

            # The services file:            #            # well-known services            echo           7/tcp                 # Echo            echo           7/udp                 #            discard        9/tcp  sink null      # Discard            discard        9/udp  sink null      #            daytime       13/tcp                 # Daytime            daytime       13/udp                 #            chargen       19/tcp  ttytst source  # Character Generator            chargen       19/udp  ttytst source  #            ftp-data      20/tcp                 # File Transfer Protocol (Data)            ftp           21/tcp                 # File Transfer Protocol (Contr            telnet        23/tcp                 # Virtual Terminal Protocol            smtp          25/tcp                 # Simple Mail Transfer Protocol            nntp         119/tcp  readnews       # Network News Transfer Protoco            #             # UNIX services            exec         512/tcp                 # BSD rexecd            biff         512/udp  comsat         # mail notification            login        513/tcp                 # remote login            who          513/udp  whod           # remote who and uptime            shell        514/tcp  cmd            # remote command, no passwd use            syslog       514/udp                 # remote system logging            printer      515/tcp  spooler        # remote print spooling            route        520/udp  router routed  # routing information protocol   
Note that, for example, the echo service is offered on port 7 for both TCP and UDP, and that port 512 is used for two different services, namely the COMSAT daemon (which notifies users of newly arrived mail, see xbiff(1x)), over UDP, and for remote execution (rexec(1)), using TCP.

Similar to the services file, the networking library needs a way to translate protocol names--- for example, those used in the services file--- to protocol numbers understood by the IP layer on other hosts. This is done by looking up the name in the /etc/protocols file. It contains one entry per line, each containing a protocol name, and the associated number. Having to touch this file is even more unlikely than having to meddle with /etc/services. A sample file is given below: # # Internet (IP) protocols # ip 0 IP # internet protocol, pseudo protocol icmp 1 ICMP # internet control message protocol igmp 2 IGMP # internet group multicast protocol tcp 6 TCP # transmission control protocol udp 17 UDP # user datagram protocol raw 255 RAW # RAW IP interface

 
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Next: Remote Procedure Call Up: Various Network Applications Previous: The tcpd access control

Andrew Anderson
Thu Mar 7 23:22:06 EST 1996



The Network Administrators' Guide
Linux Network Administrators Guide (2nd Edition)
ISBN: B00007FYJC
EAN: N/A
Year: 1992
Pages: 296

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