| The following typographical conventions are used in this book: -
- Italic
-
Used to indicate new terms, example URLs, filenames, file extensions, directories, commands and options, Unix utilities, and to highlight comments in examples. For example, a path in the filesystem will appear in the text as /Applications/Utilities . -
- Constant width
-
Used to show functions, variables , keys, attributes, the contents of files, or the output from commands. -
- Constant width bold
-
Used in examples and tables to show commands or other text that should be typed literally by the user . -
- Constant width italic
-
Used in examples and tables to show text that should be replaced with user-supplied values. -
- Menus/Navigation
-
Menus and their options are referred to in the text as File  Open, Edit Copy, etc. Arrows are also used to signify a navigation path when using window options; for example: System Preferences Accounts username Password means that you would launch System Preferences, click the icon for the Accounts preference panel, select the appropriate username , and then click on the Password pane within that panel. -
- Pathnames
-
Pathnames are used to show the location of a file or application in the filesystem. Directories (or folders for Mac and Windows users) are separated by a forward slash. For example, if you're told to "...launch the Terminal application ( /Applications/Utilities )", it means you can find the Terminal application in the Utilities subfolder of the Application folder. -
- $ , #
-
The dollar sign ( $ ) is used in some examples to show the user prompt for the bash shell; the hash mark ( # ) is the prompt for the root user. -
- [RETURN]
-
Used in place of a carriage return.  | These icons signify a tip, suggestion, or a general note. | |
 | These icons indicate a warning or caution. | |
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