Syntax

The following statements are available in PROC INBREED.

• PROC INBREED < options > ;

  • BY variables ;

  • CLASS variable ;

  • GENDER variable ;

  • MATINGS individual-list1 / mate-list <, . . . > ;

  • VAR variables ;

The PROC INBREED statement is required. Items within angle brackets (< >) are optional. The syntax of each statement is described in the following sections.

PROC INBREED Statement

• PROC INBREED < options > ;

You can specify the following options in the PROC INBREED statement.

AVERAGE

A

• produces a table of averages of coefficients for each pedigree of offspring. The AVERAGE option is used together with the GENDER statement to average the inbreeding/covariance coefficients within sex categories.

COVAR

C

• specifies that all coefficients output consist of covariance coefficients rather than inbreeding coefficients.

DATA = SAS-data-set

• names the SAS data set to be used by PROC INBREED. If you omit the DATA= option, the most recently created SAS data set is used.

IND

I

• displays the individuals inbreeding coefficients (diagonal of the inbreeding coefficients matrix) for each pedigree of offspring. If you also specify the COVAR option, the individuals covariance coefficients (diagonal of the covariance coefficients matrix) are displayed.

INDL

• displays individuals coefficients for only the last generation of a multiparous population.

INIT= cov

• specifies the covariance value cov if any of the parents are unknown; a value of 0 is assumed if you do not specify the INIT= option.

MATRIX

M

• displays the inbreeding coefficient matrix for each pedigree of offspring. If you also specify the COVAR option, the covariance matrices are displayed instead of inbreeding coefficients matrices.

MATRIXL

• displays coefficients for only the last generation of a multiparous population.

NOPRINT

• suppresses the display of all output. Note that this option temporarily disables the Output Delivery System (ODS).

• For more information on ODS, see Chapter 14, Using the Output Delivery System.

OUTCOV= SAS-data-set

• names an output data set to contain the inbreeding coefficients. When the COVAR option is also specified, covariance estimates are output to the OUTCOV= data set instead of inbreeding coefficients.

BY Statement

• BY variables ;

You can specify a BY statement with PROC INBREED to obtain separate analyses on observations in groups defined by the BY variables. When a BY statement appears, the procedure expects the input DATA= data set to be sorted in order of the BY variables.

If your input data set is not sorted in ascending order, use one of the following alternatives:

• Use the SORT procedure with a similar BY statement to sort the data.

• Use the BY statement options NOTSORTED or DESCENDING in the BY statement for the INBREED procedure. As a cautionary note, the NOTSORTED option does not mean that the data are unsorted but rather that the data are arranged in groups (according to values of the BY variables), and these groups are not necessarily in alphabetical or increasing numeric order.

• Use the DATASETS procedure (in base SAS software) to create an index on the BY variables.

For more information on the BY statement, see the discussion in SAS Language Reference: Concepts .

CLASS Statement

• CLASS variable ;

To analyze the population within nonoverlapping generations, you must specify the variable that identifies generations in a CLASS statement. Values of the generation variable, called generation numbers , must be integers, but generations are assumed to occur in the order of their input in the input data set rather than in numerical order of the generation numbers. The name of an individual needs to be unique only within its generation.

When the MATRIXL option or the INDL option is specified, each generation requires a unique generation number in order for the specified option to work correctly. If generation numbers are not unique, all the generations with a generation number that is the same as the last generation s are output.

GENDER Statement

• GENDER variable ;

The GENDER statement specifies a variable that indicates the sex of the individuals. Values of the sex variable must be character beginning with ˜M or ˜F , for male or female . The GENDER statement is needed only when you specify the AVERAGE option to average the inbreeding/covariance coefficients within sex categories or when you want to include a gender variable in the OUTCOV= data set.

PROC INBREED makes the following assumptions regarding the gender of individuals:

• The first parent is always assumed to be the male. See the VAR Statement section on page 1975.

• The second parent is always assumed to be the female. See the VAR Statement section on page 1975.

• If the gender of an individual is missing or invalid, this individual is assumed to be a female unless the population is overlapping and this individual appears as the first parent in a later observation.

Any contradictions to these rules are reported in the SAS log.

MATINGS Statement

• MATINGS individual-list1 / mate-list1 <,..., individual-listn / mate-listn > ;

You can specify the MATINGS statement with PROC INBREED to specify selected matings of individuals. Each individual given in individual-list is mated with each individual given in mate-list . You can write multiple mating specifications if you separate them by commas or asterisks . The procedure reports the inbreeding coefficients or covariances for each pair of mates. For example, you can use the following statement to specify the mating of an individual named ˜DAVID with an individual named ˜JANE :

  matings david / jane;  

VAR Statement

• VAR individual parent1 parent2 < covariance > ;

The VAR statement specifies three or four variables: the first variable contains an individual s name, the second variable contains the name of the individual s first parent, and the third variable contains the name of the individual s second parent. An optional fourth variable assigns a known value to the covariance of the individual s first and second parents in the current generation.

The first three variables in the VAR statement can be either numeric or character; however, only the first 12 characters of a character variable are recognized by the procedure. The fourth variable, if specified, must be numeric.

If you omit the VAR statement, then the procedure uses the first three unaddressed variables as the names of the individual and its parents. (Unaddressed variables are those that are not referenced in any other PROC INBREED statement.) If the input data set contains an unaddressed fourth variable, then it becomes the covariance variable.