| Korn shell variable names can begin with an alphabetic (a Z) or underscore character, followed by one or more alphanumeric (a Z, 0?) or underscore characters. Other variable names that contain only digits (0?) or special characters (!, @, #, %, *, ?, $) are reserved for special parameters set directly by the Korn shell. To assign a value to a variable, you can simply name the variable and set it to a value. For example, to assign abc to variable X: $ X=abc The typeset command can also be used to assign values, but unless you are setting attributes, it's a lot more work for nothing. If a value is not given, the variable is set to null. Here, X is reassigned the null value: $ X= This is not the same as being undefined. As we'll see later, accessing the value of an undefined variable may return an error, while accessing the value of a null variable returns the null value. Accessing Variable Values To access the value of a variable, precede the name with the $ character. There can be no space between $ and the variable name. In this example, CBIN is set to /usr/ccs/bin. $ CBIN=/usr/ccs/bin Table 3.1. Assigning Values to Variables| variable= | declare variable and set it to null | | typeset variable= | declare variable and set it to null | | variable=value | assign value to variable | | typeset variable=value | assign value to variable |
Now you can just type $CBIN instead of the long pathname: $ cd $CBIN $ pwd /usr/ccs/bin Here is a new command to go along with this concept: print. It displays its arguments on your terminal, just like echo. $ print Hello world! Hello world! Here we use print to display the value of CBIN: $ print $CBIN /usr/ccs/bin Variable Attributes Korn shell variables can have one or more attributes that specify their internal representation, access or scope, or the way they are displayed. This concept is similar to a data type in other high-level programming languages, except that in the Korn shell it is not as restrictive. Variables can be set to integer type for faster arithmetic operations, read-only so that the value cannot be changed, left/right justified for formatting purposes, and more. To assign a value and/or attribute to a Korn shell variable, use the following format with the typeset command: typeset attribute variable=value or typeset attribute variable Except for readonly, variable attributes can be set before, during, or after assignment. Functionally it makes no difference. Just remember that the attribute has precedence over the value. This means that if you change the attribute after a value has been assigned, the value may be affected. Lowercase ( l) and Uppercase ( u) Attributes These attributes cause the variable values to be changed to lower or uppercase. For example, the lowercase attribute and uppercase value ASPD are assigned to variable MYSYS: $ typeset l MYSYS=ASPD Despite the fact that MYSYS was assigned uppercase ASPD, when accessed, the value is displayed in lowercase: $ print $MYSYS aspd This is because the attribute affects the variable value, regardless of the assignment. Variable attributes can also be changed after assignment. If we wanted to display variable MYSYS in uppercase, we could just reset the attribute: $ typeset u MYSYS $ print $MYSYS ASPD Table 3.2. Assigning Values/Attributes to Variables| typeset ?attribute variable=value | assign attribute and value to variable | | typeset attribute variable | assign attribute to variable | | typeset +attribute variable | remove attribute from variable |
Readonly ( r) Attribute Once the readonly attribute is set, a variable cannot be assigned another value. Here, we use it to set up a restricted PATH: $ typeset r PATH=/usr/rbin If there is an attempt to reset PATH, an error message is generated: $ PATH=$PATH:/usr/bin: /bin/ksh: PATH: is read only We'll come back to this in a few pages. Unlike other variable attributes, once the readonly attribute is set, it cannot be removed. The readonly command can also be used to specify a readonly variable. Integer ( i) Attribute The integer attribute ( i) is used to explicitly declare integer variables. Although it is not necessary to set this attribute when assigning integer values, there are some benefits to it. We'll cover this later in Chapter 6. In the meantime, NUM is set to an integer-type variable and assigned a value: $ typeset i NUM=1 $ print $NUM 1 We could also assign NUM the number of users on the system using command substitution like this: $ typeset i NUM=$(who | wc l) $ print $NUM 3 There is one restriction on integer variables. Once a variable is set to integer type, it can't be assigned a non-integer value: $ typeset i NUM=abc /bin/ksh: NUM: bad number Float ( E, F) Attribute The float attributes ( E, F) are used to declare float variables. The E is used to specify the number of significant digits, while F is used to specify the precision. We'll cover this later in Chapter 6. In the following example, X is set to a float variable and assigned a value using both formats: $ typeset E5 X=123.456 $ print $X 123.46 $ typeset F5 X=123.456 $ print $X 123.45600 The float command can also be used to declare a float variable, but does not allow for specifying the precision. Right ( R) and Left ( L) Justify Attributes The right and left justify attributes cause variable values to be justified within their width and are be used to format data. Here, variables A and B are set to right-justify with a field width of 7 characters. Notice that integer values are used, even though the integer attribute is not set. $ typeset R7 A=10 B=10000 $ print :$A: : 10: $ print :$B: : 10000: If the field width is not large enough for the variable assignment, the value gets truncated. Variable X is assigned a seven-character wide value, but the field width is set to 3, so the first four characters are lost: $ typeset R3 X=ABCDEFG $ print $X EFG If a field width is not given, then it is set with the first variable assignment. Variable Y is assigned a three-character wide value, so the field width is set to 3. $ typeset L Y=ABC $ print $Y ABC Without explicitly resetting the field width, a subsequent assignment would be restricted to a three-character wide value: $ Y=ZYXWVUT $ print $Y ZYX Autoexport ( x) Attribute This is another useful attribute. It allows you to set and export a variable in one command. Instead of $ typeset X=abc $ export X you can do this: $ typeset x X=abc We could use this attribute to add the /lbin directory to the PATH variable and export it all in one command: $ typeset x PATH=$PATH:/lbin Table 3.3. Some Variable Attributes| typeset i var | Set the type of var to be integer | | typeset l var | Set var to lower case | | typeset L var | Left justify var; the field width is specified by the first assignment | | typeset Ln var | Left justify var; set field width to n | | typeset LZn var | Left justify var; set field width to n and strip leading zeros | | typeset r var | Set var to be readonly (same as the readonly command) | | typeset R var | Right justify var; the field width is specified by the first assignment | | typeset Rn var | Right justify var; set field width to n | | typeset RZn var | Right justify var; set field width to n and fill with leading zeros | | typeset t var | Set the user-defined attribute for var. This has no meaning to the Korn shell. | | typeset u var | Set var to upper case | | typeset x var | Automatically export var to the environment (same as the export command) | | typeset Z var | Same as typeset RZ |
Removing Variable Attributes Except for readonly, variable attributes are removed with the typeset +attribute command. Assuming that the integer attribute was set on the NUM variable, we could remove it like this: $ typeset +i NUM and then reassign it a non-integer value: $ NUM=abc Once the readonly attribute is set, it cannot be removed. When we try to do this with the PATH variable that was previously set, we get an error message: $ typeset +r PATH /bin/ksh: PATH: is read only The only way to reassign a readonly variable is to unset it first, then assign a value from scratch. Multiple Attributes Multiple attributes can also be assigned to variables. This command sets the integer and autoexport attributes for TMOUT: $ typeset ix TMOUT=3000 To set and automatically export ORACLE_SID to uppercase prod: $ typeset ux ORACLE_SID=prod $ print $ORACLE_SID PROD Obviously, some attributes like left and right justify are mutually exclusive, so they shouldn't be set together. Checking Variable Attributes Attributes of Korn shell variables are listed using the typeset ?/span> attribute command. For example, to list all the integer type variables and their values: $ typeset i ERRNO=0 MAILCHECK=600 PPID=177 RANDOM=22272 SECONDS=4558 TMOUT=0 To list only the names of variables with a specific attribute, use the typeset + attribute command. More with Variables You can do other things with variables, such as assign them the value of another variable, the output of a command, or even the contents of a file. Here Y is assigned the value of variable X: $ X=$HOME $ Y=$X $ print $Y /home/anatole Variables can be assigned command output using this format: variable=$(command) or variable=`command` The second format is provided for compatibility with the Bourne shell. Here, UCSC is set to its internet ID by assigning the output of the grep and cut commands: $ UCSC=$(grep UCSC /etc/hosts | cut f1 d" ") $ print $UCSC 128.114.129.1 Variables can also be assigned the contents of files like this: variable=$(<file) or variable=`cat file` The first format is equivalent to variable=$(cat file). The second format is much slower, but is provided for compatibility with the Bourne shell. Here, the FSYS variable is set to the contents of the /etc/fstab file: $ FSYS=$(</etc/fstab) $ print $FSYS /dev/roota / /dev/rootg /usr Notice that the entries were displayed all on one line, instead of each on separate lines as in the file. We'll talk about this in the Quoting section later in this chapter. A nameref variable is a synonym for another variable and will always have the same value as its associated variable They are created using the following formats: nameref nameref_variable=variable or typeset ?/span>n nameref_variable=variable For example: $ X=abc $ nameref Y=X $ print $X abc $ print $Y abc Unsetting Variables Variable definitions are removed using the unset command. The TMOUT variable is not being used, so let's unset it: $ unset TMOUT Now to check and see: $ print $TMOUT $ This is not the same as being set to null. As we'll see later in this chapter, variable expansion may be performed differently, depending on whether the variable value is set to null. Unsetting either the base or nameref variable will unset both variables. $ unset Y $ print $X $ print $Y $ | 
