Glossary

Glossary


A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


-A-

Active Directory
The directory service for Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 2000 Server. Active Directory stores information about objects on the network and makes this information available for authorized system administrators and users. It gives network users access to permitted resources anywhere on the network using a single logon process. It also provides system administrators with an intuitive hierarchical view of the network and a single point of administration for all network objects.
Active Directory Service Interfaces (ADSI)
A Component Object Model-based (COM-based) directory service model that allows ADSI-compliant client applications to access a wide variety of distinct directory protocols, including Windows Directory Services, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), and Novell Directory Services (NDS), while using a single, standard set of interfaces. ADSI shields the client application from the implementation and operational details of the underlying data store or protocol.
Active Server Pages (ASP)
A server-side scripting environment used to create dynamic Web pages or to build Web applications. ASP pages are files that contain HTML tags, text, and script commands. ASP pages can call Component Object Model (COM) components to perform tasks, such as connecting to a database or performing a business calculation. With ASP, you can add interactive content to Web pages or build entire Web applications that use HTML pages as the interface to your customers.
ActiveX Data Objects (ADO)
A high-level, language-independent set of object-based data access interfaces optimized for data application. ADO enables client applications to access and manipulate data from a database server through an OLE DB provider.
ActiveX Data Objects (Multidimensional) (ADO MD)
A high-level, language-independent set of object-based data access interfaces optimized for multidimensional data application. Visual Basic and other automation languages use ADO MD as the data access interface to multidimensional data storage. ADO MD is a part of ADO version 2.0 and later.
ANSI X12
EDI standards set by Accredited Standards Committee X12, whose work is approved by the American National Standards Institute.
application integration component (AIC)
A COM object that the BizTalk Server state engine calls to deliver data to an application. If a messaging port is configured in BizTalk Server 2002 to include the use of an AIC for application integration, this component is automatically instantiated and passed the requisite data. The component then determines how to handle communicating this data back to the application. This can be done using private API calls, invoking other COM objects, using database writes, and so on.
Application Programming Interface (API)
In the same way that most applications will have a user interface (often a graphical one), many applications will also present an Application Programming Interface (API) with which other applications can interact. The API consists of the functions, messages, data structures, data types, and statements that programmers can use in creating applications that run under Windows 2000.
ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
asynchronous communication
An interaction between two or more processes in which one process communicates with another and can continue processing independently from the other process.
attribute
A characteristic of a record or field. An attribute can contain several properties.
auditing
Tracking the activities of users by recording selected types of events in the security log of a server or workstation.
authenticated access
A user access option that you can set at the Default Web Site or Application levels in IIS. As opposed to anonymous access, authenticated access requires a user to have a valid account and password to access the site. The three types of authenticated access are Basic authentication, Digest authentication, and Integrated Windows authentication.
authorization
A process that verifies that a user has the correct permissions to access a resource such as a Web page or database, or has the correct privileges to perform a task such as performing backups. Authorization is typically set up by a system administrator, or site developer, and checked and cleared by the computer. The user provides some type of identification, such as a code number or a password, which the computer verifies against its internal records.

-B-

BizTalk Accelerator for HIPAA
An add-on product to Microsoft BizTalk Server 2002 that allows organizations to quickly and easily build HIPAA solutions. BizTalk Accelerator for HIPAA includes several applications that enable health care providers, payers, and clearinghouses (acting on behalf of providers or payers) to exchange, monitor, and control HIPAA-specific transactions. BizTalk Accelerator for HIPAA provides the necessary document specifications, applications, and components to rapidly develop BizTalk Server 2002-based solutions that are HIPAA specific.
BizTalk Accelerator for RosettaNet
An add-on product to Microsoft BizTalk Server 2002 that allows organizations to quickly and easily build RosettaNet solutions. BizTalk Server Accelerator for RosettaNet includes several applications that enable users to develop, administer, and test RosettaNet standards-compliant Partner Interface Processes (PIPs) implemented as BizTalk Server 2002 XLANG schedules.
BizTalk Accelerator for Suppliers (AFS)
An add-on product to Microsoft BizTalk Server 2002 that enables suppliers to connect to both B2B trading partners and line-of-business applications through multiple online channels.
BizTalk Document Tracking
A Web-based user interface (UI) that is used to access all BizTalk Messaging Services tracking information. It can also track XLANG schedule status for BizTalk Orchestration Services.
BizTalk Editor
A tool with which you can create, edit, and manage specifications. With BizTalk Editor you can create a specification based on a specification template, an existing schema, certain types of document instances, or a blank specification.
BizTalk Framework
A platform-neutral e-commerce framework that is based on Extensible Markup Language (XML) schemas and industry standards. The framework enables integration across industries and between business systems, regardless of platform, operating system, or underlying technology. Specifically, it is composed of three things: schema, products, and services.
BizTalk Mapper
A tool with which you can create maps that define the correspondence between the records and fields in one specification and the records and fields in another specification. A map contains an Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) style sheet that is used by BizTalk Server to perform the transformation described in the map.
BizTalk Messaging Management database
A Microsoft SQL Server database that stores the information related to all server configurations, including group and server settings, receive functions, and all messaging configuration information for the objects that are created by using BizTalk Messaging Manager, or by accessing the BizTalk Messaging Configuration object model.
BizTalk Messaging Manager
A graphical user interface (UI) that can be used to configure BizTalk Messaging Services to exchange documents between trading partners and applications of the home organization.
BizTalk Messaging Services
Services that include sending, receiving, parsing, and tracking documents; receipt generation and correlation; and data mapping, integrity, and security.
BizTalk Orchestration Designer
A design tool used to create drawings that describe long-running, loosely coupled, executable business processes. The XLANG schedule drawing is compiled into an XLANG schedule that is used to execute the automated business process.
BizTalk Orchestration Services
Services that include designing, compiling, and running XLANG schedules. Additional services include the ability to create custom COM+ applications to host dedicated XLANG schedule instances, and the persistence of XLANG schedules.
BizTalk Server Administration
A Microsoft Management Console (MMC) interface that is used to administer the BizTalk Server 2002 group of servers and their properties, to monitor receive functions, and to monitor work items in the Microsoft SQL Server queues that are used by the server group.

-C-

CICS or CICS/VS
Acronym for Customer Information Control System or Customer Information Control System/Virtual Storage. An IBM transaction processing program that provides an environment on IBM mainframes in which applications can communicate with terminals or other applications.
Component Object Model (COM)
The object-oriented programming model that defines how objects interact within a single application or between applications. In COM, client software accesses an object through a pointer to an interface, which is a related set of properties and methods.
Component Object Model (COM) component
A binary file containing code for one or more class factories, COM classes, registry-entry mechanisms, loading code, and so on.
COMTI
COM Transaction Integrator (COMTI) is the synchronous COM application integration solution in Microsoft Host Integration Server 2000. COMTI enables integration between mainframe-based transaction programs (TPs) and component-based .NET Enterprise Servers applications. This is necessary when a synchronous or transactional solution is needed while both systems are running at all times.
cookie
Information about a user, such as an identification number, a password, click history, or number of times the user visited a site, stored in a file. A cookie can also store ticket data. Commerce Server supports both persistent and non-persistent cookies. Persistent cookies are stored on the computers of the users. Non-persistent cookies are used to track the activity of authenticated users who visit your site. When the session ends, the non-persistent cookie is deleted.

-D-

data translation
A process that converts data from one format to another format. Data translation occurs within BizTalk Server at run time. The rules that are specified in a map are used to convert data from a source specification format to a destination specification format, as well as to perform any operations or calculations that are required on the data.
delimited flat file
A file that contains one or more records that are represented as a group of fields separated by a delimiter character. The records themselves are also separated by delimiter characters.
destination
The name of the organization for the channel through which a document is processed. The destination is defined in BizTalk Messaging Services.
destination application
A home-organization application that has been designated in a messaging port as the destination for documents.
destination organization
A trading partner organization that has been designated in a messaging port as the destination for documents.
destination specification
The specification in a map that represents the outgoing document. BizTalk Mapper maps from a source specification to a destination specification.
document definition
A set of properties that represents a specific document. Document definition properties include a pointer to a document specification and can include global tracking fields and selection criteria.
document instance
A representation of the actual data that is sent to BizTalk Server. A document instance differs from a specification in that the specification defines the structure of the data, while a document instance is a representation of the specific data contained in a structure.
document standard
The structure that defines a transaction set, such as an X12 850 standard. An implementation guideline can be created from a document standard.
document type
A designation for the type of document on which a specification is based. For example, if a specification is based on 850Schema.xml from the X12 standard, when that specification is opened in BizTalk Editor, 850 appears in the document type field on the Reference tab for the root node.
document type definition (DTD)
A standard definition that specifies which elements and attributes might be present in other elements and attributes and that specifies any constraints on their ordering, frequency, and content.
DRDA
Distributed Relational Data Architecture. A connection protocol for distributed relational database processing that is used by IBM relational database products. The DRDA protocol comprises protocols for communication between an application and a remote database, and communication between databases. The DRDA protocol provides the connections for remote and distributed processing. The DRDA protocol is built on the Distributed Data Management Architecture.

-E-

EDIFACT
Electronic Data Interchange For Administration, Commerce, and Transport. The international EDI standard as developed through the United Nations. This standard is commonly used in Europe, as well as Japan and other Asian countries/regions. Also known as UN/EDIFACT.
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
A set of standards used to control the transfer of documents, such as purchase orders and invoices, between computers.
The transfer of data between different companies using networks, such as the Internet.
Ethernet
An IEEE 802.3 standard for contention networks. Ethernet uses a bus or star topology and relies on the form of access known as Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) to regulate communication line traffic. Network nodes are linked by coaxial cable, by fiber-optic cable, or by twisted-pair wiring. Data is transmitted in variable-length frames containing delivery and control information and up to 1,500 bytes of data. The Ethernet standard provides for baseband transmission at 10 megabits per second.
Extensible (XML) Structure Definitions (XSD)
A schema language. The XSD language is the one most recently recommended by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) for defining Extensible Markup Language (XML) structures.
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
A specification developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) that enables designers to create customized tags beyond the capabilities of standard HTML. While HTML uses only predefined tags to describe elements within the page, XML enables tags to be defined by the developer of the page. Tags for virtually any data item, such as a product or an amount due, can be used for specific applications. This enables Web pages to function as database records.
Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL)
A style sheet format for Extensible Markup Language (XML) documents. XSL is used to define the display of XML in the same way that cascading style sheets (CSS) are used to define the display of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). BizTalk Server uses XSL as the translation language between two specifications.
extranet
An extension of a corporate intranet using World Wide Web technology to facilitate communication with the suppliers and customers of a corporation. An extranet allows customers and suppliers to gain limited access to the intranet of a company in order to enhance the speed of communications and the efficiency of business relationships.

-F-

file transfer
The process of sending and receiving data files to and from computers.
firewall
A security checkpoint that separates an intranet from the Internet (or Internet groups). Only specific data may pass through a firewall.

-G-

globally unique identifier (GUID)
A 128-bit number that is guaranteed to be globally unique. Traditionally, GUIDs are created by running the Guidgen.exe command line program. The Guidgen.exe program never produces the same number twice, no matter how many times it is run or how many different computers it runs on. In Commerce Server, the GenID object can be used to generate GUIDs.

-H-

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
The client/server protocol used to transmit and receive all data over the World Wide Web. When you type a URL into your browser, you are actually sending an HTTP request to a Web server for a page of information.

-I-

IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. An organization that maintains the standards for the 802.x protocols used in communications on local area networks.
Internet domain name
The name used for hosting a site on the Internet. An Internet domain name is a combination of a second-level domain name (such as "Microsoft") and a top-level domain name (such as "com" or "net"), separated by a period. Before establishing a commerce site on the Internet, a business must first apply for and register a second-level domain name with an authorized Domain Name System (DNS) registration authority. This name must meet the requirements for external DNS naming, and must not already be registered or in use. To register the name, a business must obtain (or have an Internet Service Provider (ISP) obtain on its behalf) at least one Internet Protocol (IP) address valid for use on the Internet and the IP addresses of at least two currently active DNS servers on the Internet. Also called an Internet address, domain name, and URL.
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
A public provider of remote connections to the Internet. An ISP is a company that enables remote users to access the Internet by providing dial-up connections or installing leased lines. An ISP may host commerce sites for client companies, hosting several sites on a single server or server cluster. The ISP may provide the infrastructure and perform administration tasks common to all sites, while allowing clients to perform some site administration tasks from their remote computers.
intranet
A network designed for information processing within a company or organization. Its uses include such services as document distribution, software distribution, access to databases, and training. An intranet is so called because it usually employs applications associated with the Internet, such as Web pages, Web browsers, File Transfer Protocol (FTP) sites, e-mail, newsgroups, and mailing lists, in this case accessible only to those within the company or organization.

-L-

LAN
Local area network. A high-speed communication system consisting of hardware (computers and peripherals) and software (programs and data files) that are interconnected by cable in a way that allows these resources to be shared. The connected devices are located within a limited geographic area such as a building or campus.

-M-

MAC address

Media access control address. A 12-digit hexadecimal address used by the media access control layer of an 802.2 connection. The MAC address corresponds to the VTAM MACADDR= parameter and to the Remote Network Address parameter for an 802.2 connection with Host Integration Server 2000.
Meta data
Data used to describe other data. For example, data type is a piece of meta data that further describes a property.
Message-Oriented Middleware (MOM)
Message-Oriented Middleware is a set of products that connects applications running on different systems by sending and receiving application data as messages. Examples are RPC, CPI-C and message queuing. The Microsoft solution is MSMQ.
Microsoft Operations Manager (MOM)
An open, highly scalable, enterprise operations management and monitoring application in Microsoft Windows 2000 that enables centralized, dynamic monitoring and automated problem resolution of the events generated by users, application software, servers, and desktops.
MOM uses rules to monitor and generate a response to various events. This response can range from a user notification to an automated resolution of the problem.
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)
A standard that extends the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) to permit data, such as video, sound, and binary files to be transmitted by Internet e-mail without having to be translated into ASCII format first.

-P-

pipeline
A software infrastructure that defines and links together one or more stages of a business process, running them in sequence to complete a specific task. Each stage of a pipeline contains one or more pipeline components (COM objects) that can be configured to work with the unique requirements of the site.
pipeline component
The Component Object Model (COM) server object that implements the required pipeline component interfaces. Each component performs operations on some part of an OrderForm object or Dictionary object before sending it to the next component or stage in the pipeline.
proxy server
A firewall component that manages Internet traffic to and from a local area network (LAN) and can provide other features, such as document caching and access control. A proxy server can improve performance by caching and directly supplying frequently requested data, such as a popular Web page, and can filter and discard requests that the owner does not consider appropriate, such as requests for unauthorized access to proprietary files.

-S-

selection criteria
A name-value pair designated in a document definition. The name-value pairs are used to uniquely identify a document definition for inbound EDI interchanges, based on values found in the functional group header, and to insert values in the functional group header for outbound EDI interchanges.
service
A program, routine, or process that performs a specific system function to support other programs, particularly at a low (close to the hardware) level. When services are provided over a network, they can be published in Active Directory, facilitating service-centric administration and usage. Services have a set of common administrative functions. For example, a service can be started, stopped, paused, or resumed; its start parameters can be modified; and it can be administered using command line utilities and scripts. Commerce Server includes the following resources that are also services: Direct Mailer, Predictor, and List Manager.
SNA
Acronym for Systems Network Architecture. A widely used communications framework developed by IBM to define network functions and establish standards for enabling computers to exchange and process data.
source application
A home-organization application that has been designated in a channel as the source of documents.
source organization
A trading partner organization that has been designated in a channel as the source of documents.

-T-

TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. The transport protocol in use by many academic, defense, scientific, and commercial organizations to provide communication across wide area networks (WANs). TCP/IP provides communication across interconnected networks that include a variety of different operating systems.
three-tier architecture
An architecture that divides a networked application into three logical areas: the user interface layer (also called the top tier), the business logic layer (also called the middle tier), and the database layer (also called the bottom tier or back end). Layers can have one or more components. For example, there can be one or more user interfaces in the top tier. Also, each user interface can communicate with multiple applications in the middle tier at the same time, and the applications in the middle tier can use multiple databases at a time. Components in a tier can run on a computer that is separate from the other tiers, communicating with the other components over a network.
TP
Transaction program. An application program that uses Advanced Program-to-Program Communications (APPC) to exchange data with another TP on a peer-to-peer basis.
trace file
A file containing detailed records of internal activities on the SNA network, including calls made to APIs, the activities of APIs, and the activities of communication links and internal flows.
For a computer running Host Integration Server 2000 or Windows 2000 or Windows NT-based client, trace files are created when SNA tracing is turned on with the Host Integration Server 2000 Trace Options (snatrace ) utility.
tracing
The action of tracking the activities of APIs, communication links, and internal flows, including the calls made to APIs. Tracing stores a history of activity in trace files.
trading partner
An external organization with which your home organization exchanges electronic data. The exchange of data among trading partners is governed by the agreements, pipelines, and distribution lists that are created between your organization and the trading partners.
transaction
A discrete activity within a computer system, such as an entry of a customer order or an update of an inventory item, that consists of a group of operations that succeed or fail collectively. That is, if one operation fails, the entire transaction is rolled back, and the effects of any operations that took place before the failure are undone. Transactions are usually associated with database management, order-entry, and other online systems. In BizTalk Orchestration Designer, transactions are represented as a collection of actions that are grouped within a Transaction shape.

-U-

Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
Identifies points of content on the Internet. The content can be a page of text, a video or sound clip, an image, or a program. The most common form of URI is the Web page address, also known as the Uniform Resource Locator (URL). A URI usually includes the file name for the resource, the name of the computer the resource resides on, and the protocol used to access it. For example, http://www.microsoft.com/sql/techinfo/security/password.htm.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
The address of a file (resource) accessible on the Internet. The type of resource depends on the Internet application protocol. For example, for the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) used on the World Wide Web, the resource can be an HTML page, an image file, a program such as a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) application or Java applet, or any other file supported by HTTP. The URL contains the name of the protocol required to access the resource, a domain name that identifies a specific computer on the Internet, and a hierarchical description of a file location on the computer.

-W-

WAN
Wide area network. A high-speed communication system, consisting of hardware (computers and peripherals) and software (programs and files), that provides communications services and allows resources to be shared over a larger geographic area than that served by a LAN. Contrast with LAN.
Web server
In general use, a computer equipped with the server software that uses Internet protocols such as HTTP to respond to Web client requests on a Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) network.
In Commerce Server, a Web server is a physical server computer running Internet Information Services (IIS) 5.0; it inherits properties from the IIS Web Site. A Web server appears under an application in the Commerce Server Manager console. One commerce application can use multiple Web servers that serve different types of content for the application.
Web site
In general use, a collection of files and applications accessed through a Web address, covering a specific theme or subject, and managed by a particular person or organization. A Web site resides on servers connected to the Web network and provides content that is available to worldwide users 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Web sites typically use HTML to format and present information and to provide navigational facilities that enable users to move within the site and around the Web. From an Internet Information Services (IIS) 5.0 administration standpoint, Web Site specifically means a virtual server (such as the Default Web Site). A virtual server is a virtual computer that resides on an HTTP server but appears to the user as a separate HTTP server. Several virtual servers can reside on one computer, each one capable of running its own programs and each one with individualized access to input and peripheral devices. Each virtual server has its own Internet domain name and Internet Protocol (IP) address

-X-

X.25
The CCITT standard used for communication over a packet-switching network. X.25 uses the protocol called Qualified Logical Link Control (QLLC).
XLANG language
A language that describes the logical sequencing of business processes, as well as the implementation of the business process by using various implementation technologies. The XLANG language is expressed in XML.
XML schema
The definition of the structure of an XML file. A schema contains property information as it pertains to the records and fields within the structure.
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Microsoft Corporation - Microsoft. Net Server Solutions for the Enterprise
Microsoft .NET Server Solutions for the Enterprise
ISBN: 0735615691
EAN: 2147483647
Year: 2002
Pages: 483

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