An End-to-End Scenario: Creating a Schema and Mapping It into a Word Document

This section examines an end-to-end scenario that puts together the schema-creation capabilities of Visual Studio and the schema-mapping capabilities of Word. When you take a schema and apply it in Word using the XML Structure task pane, you enable the exporting and importing of XML data in the document. We are going to create a Word document that can be used to record a customer's book order. The document will support the import and export of XML that conforms to our book-order schema. The document will look like Figure 22.8.

Figure 22.8. A Word document for processing a book order.

Listing 22.1 shows the XML that this document will be able to import and export.

Listing 22.1. XML File Generated from Book-Order Document

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> <Order xmlns=" http://dotnet4office.com/bookorder.xsd ">      <CustomerName>John Doe</CustomerName>      <Date>2005-09-30</Date>      <Book>           <Title>Windows Forms Programming in C#</Title>           <ISBN>0-321-11620-8</ISBN>           <Publisher>Addison-Wesley</Publisher>           <Price>49.99</Price>      </Book>      <Book>           <Title>Effective C#</Title>           <ISBN>0-321-24566-0</ISBN>           <Publisher>Addison-Wesley</Publisher>           <Price>39.99</Price>      </Book>      <Book>           <Title>The C# Programming Language</Title>           <ISBN>0-321-15491-6</ISBN>           <Publisher>Addison Wesley</Publisher>           <Price>29.99</Price>      </Book>      <Subtotal>119.97</Subtotal>      <Tax>10.80</Tax>      <Total>130.77</Total> </Order>

Creating the Schema Using Visual Studio

To create our schema using Visual Studio, follow these steps:

1.	Start Visual Studio 2005.
2.	Create a new XSD file by choosing File > New > File or by pressing Ctrl+N.
3.	Choose XML Schema from the list of Visual Studio installed templates; then click the Open button. The Schema design view appears.
4.	Drag an element object off the toolbox onto the design surface.
5.	Type Order, and press the Enter key.
6.	In the * row, type CustomerName, and press Enter.
7.	In the * row, type Date, and press the Tab key; then type date for the data type, and press Enter.
8.	In the * row, type Subtotal, and press Tab; then type float for the data type, and press Enter.
9.	In the * row, type Tax, and press Tab; then type float for the data type, and press Enter.
10.	In the * row, type Total, and press Tab; then type float for the data type, and press Enter.
11.	Right-click the Order Element box, and choose New Element from the Add menu.
12.	Type Book, and press Enter.
13.	In the * row of the newly created Book element, type Title, and press Enter.

14.	In the * row of the newly created Book element, type ISBN, and press Enter.
15.	In the * row of the newly created Book element, type Publisher, and press Enter.
16.	In the * row of the newly created Book element, type Price, and press the Tab key; then type float for the data type, and press Enter. Now we need to specify that multiple books can be included in an order.
17.	Click the Book row in the Order Element box, and show the Properties window by choosing Properties Window from the View menu.
18.	For the property maxOccurs, type unbounded; for the property minOccurs, type 1. We also need to change the targetNamespace for the XML schema. Visual Studio defaults the namespace to be http://tempuri.org/XMLSchema.xsd. This needs to be changed to some other namespace name because if you create multiple schemas with this namespace and try to attach them to Word, Word will display an error, because it expects the namespace from each attached schema to be unique. We will change it to http://dotnet4office.com/bookorder.xsd.
19.	Display the Properties window, if it is not already visible, by choosing Properties Window from the View window. In the properties for the schema, you will see a row that says targetNamespace.
20.	Change the targetNamespace from http://tempuri.org/XMLSchema.xsd to http://dotnet4office.com/bookorder.xsd.
21.	Now choose the Save As command from the File menu to display the Save File As dialog box; drop down the Save As Type combo box, and pick XML Schema Files (*.xsd); for the filename, type BookOrder.xsd; and save to a convenient place, such as the desktop.

Figure 22.9 shows the final schema as displayed by Visual Studio.

Figure 22.9. The book-order schema in Visual Studio.

Listing 22.2 shows the generated XSD file. Note that the sequence of Book elements in an Order element is a sequence with a minimum (minOccurs) of one Book element and a maximum (maxOccurs) of unbounded Book elements. This will allow our schema to represent one or more Books in an Order. Also, having a sequence where maxOccurs is greater than 1 or unbounded will allow Word to know that it can represent the Books in an Order using a Word table.

Listing 22.2. Book-Order XSD Schema File

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <xs:schema targetNamespace="http://dotnet4office.com/bookorder.xsd" elementFormDefault="qualified" xmlns="http://dotnet4office.com/bookorder.xsd" xmlns:mstns="http://dotnet4office.com/bookorder.xsd" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">     <xs:element name="Order">         <xs:complexType>             <xs:sequence>                 <xs:element name="CustomerName"                  type="xs:string" />                 <xs:element name="Date" type="xs:date" />                 <xs:element name="Book"                  maxOccurs="unbounded" minOccurs="1">                     <xs:complexType>                         <xs:sequence>                             <xs:element name="Title"                              type="xs:string" />                             <xs:element name="ISBN"                              type="xs:string" />                             <xs:element                              name="Publisher"                              type="xs:string" />                             <xs:element name="Price"                              type="xs:float" />                         </xs:sequence>                     </xs:complexType>                 </xs:element>                 <xs:element name="Subtotal" type="xs:float" />                 <xs:element name="Tax" type="xs:float" />                 <xs:element name="Total" type="xs:float" />             </xs:sequence>         </xs:complexType>     </xs:element> </xs:schema>

An additional point to notice about our schema file is that it is element-centric; we use XML elements and do not use XML attributes at all in our schema. Although Word supports the mapping of XML attributes, it does so in a way that makes it difficult for the end user to edit the attributes. The user must show the XML tags in the document, right-click an XML tag, and use the Attributes dialog box (shown in Figure 22.10) to edit attributes. In this example, we have mapped a book-order schema where Title, ISBN, and Publisher are attributes rather than elements. These attributes will not show directly in the document, so it usually is best to avoid having attributes in schemas you are going to use with Word and instead use only elements.

Figure 22.10. Word's attribute-editing dialog box.

Adding a Schema to the Word Document

Now that we have created a schema, let's add it to a Word document. Launch Word, and create a new, empty document. Bring up the Word XML Structure task pane, as described in the first section of this chapter. You should see the XML Structure task pane with no schema as yet associated with the document in the task pane. To add an XML schema to the document, click the Templates and Add-Ins hyperlink in the XML Structure task pane. Then click the Add Schema button, shown in Figure 22.3 earlier in this chapter, to add your book-order schema to the document. Give your schema the friendly name or alias BookOrder in the Schema Settings dialog box, shown in Figure 22.4 earlier in this chapter. Then close the Templates and Add-Ins dialog box by clicking the OK button. The XML Structure task pane should look like Figure 22.7 earlier in this chapter.

The XML Options Dialog Box and Mixed Content

Before we start to construct the document shown in Figure 22.8, we need to consider briefly one additional dialog box: XML Options. At the bottom of the XML Structure task pane is an XML Options hyperlink. Click this hyperlink to bring up the XML Options dialog box. Alternatively, you can click the XML Options button in the Templates and Add-Ins dialog box. Figure 22.11 shows the XML Options dialog box.

Figure 22.11. The XML Options dialog box. Ignore Mixed Content should be checked.

For the purpose of this end-to-end scenario, we need to make sure that the Ignore Mixed Content check box is checked. Checking this box will allow us to intersperse text that is not part of our customer-order schema with text that is. Mixed content allows us to have a structure similar to that shown in Listing 22.3, where arbitrary text (in bold) is mixed with the tagged XML-data text.

Listing 22.3. Book-Order XML with Mixed Content in Bold

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> <Order xmlns=" http://dotnet4office.com/bookorder.xsd ">      Customer Name: <CustomerName>John Doe</CustomerName>      Date: <Date>2005-09-30</Date>      Books that were ordered:      <Book>           <Title>Windows Forms Programming in C#</Title>           <ISBN>0-321-11620-8</ISBN>           <Publisher>Addison-Wesley</Publisher>           <Price>49.99</Price>      </Book>      <Book>           <Title>Effective C#</Title>           <ISBN>0-321-24566-0</ISBN>           <Publisher>Addison-Wesley</Publisher>           <Price>39.99</Price>      </Book>      <Book>           <Title>The C# Programming Language</Title>           <ISBN>0-321-15491-6</ISBN>           <Publisher>Addison Wesley</Publisher>           <Price>29.99</Price>      </Book> Subtotal: <Subtotal>119.97</Subtotal>      Tax: <Tax>10.80</Tax>      Total: <Total>130.77</Total> </Order>

Creating a Document with Mapped XML Structure

To begin, let's construct a document with some text in it but no schema mapping. Create a document that looks like the one shown in Figure 22.12. Create a place to put a customer name, date, subtotal, tax, and total. Create a single table with four columns and two rows, where we will put a book with a title, ISBN, publisher, and price.

Figure 22.12. A Word document with no schema mapping.

Now we can begin mapping our schema by inserting tags into the document. The experience of mapping schema into a Word document is quite different from mapping a schema into an Excel document. If you have ever edited an HTML page in a text editor, you will find that mapping a schema into a Word document feels somewhat similar to the way HTML tags are used to mark up text in an HTML page.

Make the XML Structure task pane visible, and verify that the Show XML Tags in the Document check box is checked in the task pane. This will allow you to see the XML tags that Word is inserting into the document. Click anywhere in the Word document. Then, in the bottom half of the XML structure task pane, you will see an element list that is identified with the text "Choose an element to apply to your current selection." In that list is only one element: Order. Order is the root element of our schema, so it must be mapped first.

Click Order in the element list. The dialog box shown in Figure 22.13 will appear. For this example, we will choose Apply to Entire Document. It is possible to map multiple schemas into one document, but it is not possible to export valid XML from such a document. VSTO also does not support the mapping of multiple schemas into one document, so we will avoid constructing such a document.

Figure 22.13. The Apply to Entire Document dialog box.

After you click the Apply to Entire Document button, the Word document looks like Figure 22.14. You can see that an Order tag has been applied to the entire document. This will give you an idea of where we are going; effectively, we are going to make the Word document look something like Listing 22.3 earlier in this chapter.

Figure 22.14. The Word document with an Order tag applied to the entire document.

The Order element has six child elements: CustomerName, Date, Book (which is a repeating element), Subtotal, Tax, and Total. Let's map these elements now. Select the text John Doe in the document. In the XML Structure pane, click CustomerName in the element list, as shown in Figure 22.15. If CustomerName does not appear in the element list along with the other child elements of Order, toggle the List Only Child Elements of Current Element check box until it appears.

Figure 22.15. The element list shows child elements of Order.

Select the text 2005-09-30, and click the Date element in the element list. Select the text 29.99, and click the Subtotal element in the element list. Select the text 1.00, and click the Tax element in the element list. Select the text 30.99, and click the Total element in the element list. If you make a mistake and tag some text with the wrong element tag, right-click the element tag and choose the Remove Tag menu option.

Figure 22.16 shows the document with the entire schema mapped except for the Book subelements. Note the pink squiggly line along the side of the document. This is Word's schema-validation feature, telling us that the mapped document has not yet been constructed in a way that conforms to the book-order schema. This is because we have not yet mapped the Book subelements. You can right-click the squiggly line to get the error that is occurring that will prevent Word from exporting valid XML from this mapping.

Figure 22.16. Mappings for all elements of the book-order schema except for Book subelements.

We are going to map our repeating Book element into a table. If we map a Book element into a row of the table, Word will be smart about this, and when rows are added to the table, Word will automatically tag the newly inserted row as a new Book element with all related tags.

First, select the entire row with the book The C# Programming Language in it by clicking in the start of the row and dragging across the row. It is important that you do not select beyond the edge of the rowthat you select only the current row, as shown in Figure 22.17.

Figure 22.17. Selecting the entire row but not beyond the entire row.

With the entire row selected, click the Book element in the element list. Figure 22.18 shows the resulting tagged row.

Figure 22.18. Tagging an entire row as a Book element.

Now we need to tag the column values to mark them with the child elements of the Book element. The Book element has four child elements: Title, ISBN, Publisher, and Price. Once again, if the elements do not appear in the element list, toggle the List Only Child Elements of Current Element check box to make the elements appear. Select the text The C# Programming Language, and click the Title element in the element list. Select the text 0-321-15491-6, and click the ISBN element in the element list. Select the text Addison Wesley, and click the Publisher element in the element list. Finally, select the text 29.99, and click the Price element in the element list. Figure 22.19 shows the resulting tagged row.

Figure 22.19. Completed tagging for a row in a table that represents a Book element.

Now let's verify that we have set up the table in a way that Word will automatically tag new rows as Book elements. Click somewhere in the table. From the Table menu, choose Insert and then choose Rows Below from the Insert submenu. As shown in Figure 22.20, Word automatically adds tags to the new row.

Figure 22.20. Word automatically tags new rows in the table with the Book element tags.

Now fill out the remainder of the table to make it look like Figure 22.8 earlier in this chapter. After you have filled out the table, you can hide the XML tags by unchecking the Show XML Tags in the Document check box in the XML Structure pane or by pressing the keyboard accelerator Ctrl+Shift+X. Typically, when you deploy a document such as this to end users, you will not want to have the XML tags showing in the document. The only complication this causes occurs when a tag is empty; it is very hard for the user of your document to type text in the right place. To solve this issue, use the XML Options dialog box, and check the Show Placeholder Text for All Empty Elements check box. Figure 22.21 shows the final document with XML tags showing.

Figure 22.21. The final Word document with tags showing.

Also, note that the XML structure task pane shows the elements that have been mapped into the document in a tree view, as shown in Figure 22.22. You can right-click the elements in this tree view, and a menu appears that allows you to unmap a particular element or edit attributes associated with a particular element.