A

\a escape, in regular expressions, 468

\A meta-character, in regular expressions, 475

Aborted state, Thread object, 358

AbortRequested state, Thread object, 358

abstract classes, 51–52, 56–57

abstract methods, 51

Accept method, sockets, 283, 288–289

access control, 273, 348–351. See also CAS (code access security)

access violation (AV), 12

accessibility of assembly, 25

accessibility of types, 25–26, 45

AccessViolationException exception, 210

ACEs (Access Control Entries), 349

ACID properties of transactions, 535

ACLs (Access Control Lists), 348–351, 374

action functions, 252–253

Action<T> delegate, 238, 252–253

activation frame, 126

activation, reflection, 496

Active Server Pages (ASP), 4

add instruction, IL, 84–85, 91, 550

AddMemoryPressure method, GC class, 203–204

ADO.NET, 5, 540–541

allocation of memory, 115–120

ALS (AppDomain-Local Storage), 397

alternations, in regular expressions, 474–475

always-sorted dictionaries, 241

ambient transactions, 536

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) encoding, 320

and instruction, IL, 91, 550

anonymous delegates, 63–64

anonymous methods, 527–529

AOP (Aspect Oriented Programming), 440

apartments, COM, 390–391, 402

APIs (application program interfaces)

builder APIs, 529–532

info APIs

assembly information, 498–500

definition of, 496, 498

example using, 509–511

generics, 507–509

handles for, 511–514

method information, 503–505

module information, 498–500

properties, 507

tokens for, 496, 511–514

type information, 500–502

type instances, constructing, 505–506

reflection APIs, 496–497

Windows APIs, history of, 3–4

XML APIs, 5

APM (asynchronous programming model), 385–387, 526–527

AppDomain-Local Storage (ALS), 397

AppDomains (application domains)

creating, 392

definition of, 392

events exposed by, 394

isolation between, 354–355

isolation of, 394–397

loading code into, 393

marshaling, 393

unloading, 393

Append method, StringBuilder class, 202

AppendFormat method, StringBuilder class, 202

application program interfaces. See APIs

APTCA (System.Security.AllowPartiallyTrustedCallers Attribute), 332–333

arglist instruction, IL, 550

ArgumentException exception, 210–211

ArgumentNullException exception, 211

ArgumentOutOfRangeException exception, 211

arguments of methods, 30, 89–90

arithmetic operations, IL, 91

ArithmeticException exception, 210

arrays

binary search for, 224

cloning, 221–222

collections interoperability, 221

constructing, 216

converting elements of, 224

copying elements of, 222–223

definition of, 215–216

dynamic access of, 223–224

fixed arrays, 225

IL, 99

jagged arrays, 218–220

length of, 216

multidimensional arrays, 217–220

rank (number of dimensions), 216, 219

rectangular arrays, 217–218

reversing order of, 225

single-dimensional (vectors), 216–217, 225

sorting, 225

as keyword, C#, 98

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) encoding, 320

ASP (Active Server Pages), 4

Aspect Oriented Programming (AOP), 440

ASP.NET

definition of, 5

history of, 4

memory leaks and, 408

AsReadOnly method, lists, 237

assembly

bootstrapper in, 136

definition of, 5, 133–134

delay signing, 143

disassembling into IL, 83

format of, 133

friend assemblies, 145–146

identity of, 137–138

info APIs for, 498–500

loading for execution

binding, 146, 147–150

debugging load process, 149

domain neutrality, 152–154

dynamic assembly loading, 156–160

load contexts for, 150–151

loading process, 146

loading the CLR, 154–155

mapping, 146

probing with Fusion, 146, 148–149

static assembly loading, 155–156

type forwarding, 160–162

metadata in

assembly identity, 137–138

definition of, 135, 136–137

manifest and, 138–141

signing assembly, 141–143

strong name, 141

modules in

definition of, 134–135

info APIs for, 498–500

platform information, 499–500

private/public key pair for, 142

reflection-emit assemblies, 160, 529–532

reflection-only assembly, 499

resources in, 143–144

shared assemblies, 144–145

signing, 141–143

strong name of, 133, 135, 141–143, 339

unloading, 151

assembly accessibility, 25

.assembly directive, IL, 83

assembly manifest, 135, 138–141

AssemblyDef section, assembly metadata, 136, 141

AssemblyRef section, assembly metadata, 136, 155

asserts

in CAS, 344–346

configuring, 462

for tracing, 446–449

associative arrays. See dictionaries

asterisk (*), in regular expressions, 470

asynchronous delegates, 526–527

asynchronous exception, 364

asynchronous I/O

I/O Completion Ports for, 273–374

with streams, 261–264

asynchronous programming model (APM), 385–387, 526–527

atomicity of transactions, 535

attack vector, 329

attributes, custom, 64–65, 496, 514–519

authentication

HTTP, 295

simple, 347–348

SMTP, 297

AV (access violation), 12