CC Programmer s Reference, Third Edition

Herbert Schildt

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C/C++ Programmer’s Reference, Third Edition

Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of publisher, with the exception that the program listings may be entered, stored, and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.

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ISBN 0-07-222722-2

Publisher: Brandon A. Nordin

Vice President & Associate Publisher: Scott Rogers

Acquisitions Editor: Lisa McClain

Project Editor: Laura Stone

Acquisitions Coordinator: Athena Honore

Technical Editor: Greg Guntle

Copy Editor: Dennis Weaver

Proofreaders: Linda Medoff, Paul Medoff

Indexer: Sheryl Schildt

Composition: Apollo Publishing Services, George Toma Charbak

Illustrators: Michael Mueller, Lyssa Wald

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About the Author

Herbert Schildt is a leading authority on C and C++ and was a member of the ANSI/ISO committees that standardized C and C++. His books have sold more than 3 million copies worldwide and have been translated into all major foreign languages. He is the author of C: The Complete Reference, C++: The Complete Reference, C++: A Beginner’s Guide, C++ from the Ground Up, and many other best-sellers, including C#: The Complete Reference and Java 2: The Complete Reference. Schildt holds a Master’s degree in computer science from the University of Illinois.