Recipe 4.9. Getting a Value from a DictionaryCredit: Andy McKay ProblemYou need to obtain a value from a dictionary, without having to handle an exception if the key you seek is not in the dictionary. SolutionThat's what the get method of dictionaries is for. Say you have a dictionary such as d = {'key':'value',}. To get the value corresponding to key in d in an exception-safe way, code: print d.get('key', 'not found') If you need to remove the entry after you have obtained the value, call d.pop (which does a get-and-remove) instead of d.get (which just reads d and never changes it). DiscussionWant to get a value for a key from a dictionary, without getting an exception if the key does not exist in the dictionary? Use the simple and useful get method of the dictionary. If you try to get a value with the indexing syntax d[x], and the value of x is not a key in dictionary d, your attempt raises a KeyError exception. This is often okay. If you expected the value of x to be a key in d, an exception is just the right way to inform you that you're mistaken (i.e., that you need to debug your program). However, you often need to be more tentative about it: as far as you know, the value of x may or may not be a key in d. In this case, don't start messing with in tests, such as: if 'key' in d: print d['key'] else: print 'not found' or try/except statements, such as: try: print d['key'] except KeyError: print 'not found' Instead, use the get method, as shown in the "Solution". If you call d.get(x), no exception is thrown: you get d[x] if x is a key in d, and if it's not, you get None (which you can check for or propagate). If None is not what you want to get when x is not a key of d, call d.get(x, somethingelse) instead. In this case, if x is not a key, you will get the value of somethingelse. get is a simple, useful mechanism that is well explained in the Python documentation, but a surprising number of people don't know about it. Another similar method is pop, which is mostly like get, except that, if the key was in the dictionary, pop also removes it. Just one caveat: get and pop are not exactly parallel. d.pop(x) does raise KeyError if x is not a key in d; to get exactly the same effect as d.get(x), plus the entry removal, call d.pop(x,None) instead. See AlsoRecipe 4.10; the Library Reference and Python in a Nutshell sections on mapping types. |