Chapter 1

1:
A:	The primary purpose of a local-area network is to allow resource sharing. The resources may be devices, applications, or information. Examples of shared resources are files, databases, e-mail, modems, and printers.
2:
A:	A protocol is an agreed-upon set of rules. In data communications, the rules usually govern a procedure or a format.
3:
A:	A Media Access Control protocol defines how a given LAN medium is shared, how LAN devices connected to the medium are identified, and how frames transmitted onto the medium are formatted.
4:
A:	A frame is a digital "envelope" that provides the information necessary for the delivery of data across a data link. Typical components of a frame are identifiers (addresses) of the source and destination devices on the data link, an indicator of the type of data enclosed in the frame, and error-checking information.
5:
A:	A feature common to all frame types is a format for identifying devices on the data link.
6:
A:	A Media Access Control address or identifier is a means by which individual devices connected to a data link are uniquely identified for the purpose of delivering data.
7:
A:	An address specifies a location. A MAC address is not a true address because it is permanently associated with the interface of a specific device and moves whenever the device moves. A MAC identifies the device, not the location of the device.
8:
A:	The three sources of signal degradation on a data link are attenuation, interference, and distortion. Attenuation is a function of the resistance of the medium. Interference is a function of noise entering the medium. Distortion is a function of the reactive characteristics of the medium, which react differently to different frequency components of the signal.
9:
A:	A repeater is a device that extends the useful range of a physical medium by reading a degraded signal and producing a "clean" copy of the signal.
10:
A:	A bridge is a device that increases the capacity of a LAN. A bridge divides the data link into segments, forwarding only traffic that is generated on one segment and is destined for another segment. By controlling and limiting the traffic on a data link, more devices may be attached to the LAN.
11:
A:	A transparent bridge "listens promiscuously" on each of its ports. That is, it examines all frames on all media to which it is attached. It records the source MAC identifiers of the frames, and the ports on which it learns the identifiers, in a bridging table. It can then refer to the table when deciding whether to filter or forward a frame. The bridge is transparent because it performs this learning function independently of the devices that originate the frames. The end devices themselves have no knowledge of the bridge.
12:
A:	Three fundamental differences between local-area and wide-area networks are: LANs are limited to a small geographic area, such as a single building or small campus. WANs cover a large geographic area, from citywide to worldwide. LANs usually consist entirely of privately owned components. Some components of a WAN, such as a packet switching network or point-to-point serial links, are usually leased from a service provider. A LAN provides high bandwidth at a relatively cheap price. The bandwidth across a WAN is significantly more expensive.
13:
A:	A broadcast MAC identifier, when used as the destination address of a frame, signifies that the data is for all devices attached to the data link. In binary, the broadcast MAC identifier is all ones. In hex, it is ffff.ffff.ffff.
14:
A:	The primary similarity between a bridge and a router is that both devices increase the number of hosts that may be interconnected into a common communications network. The difference is that a bridge works by interconnecting separate segments of a single network, whereas a router interconnects separate networks.
15:
A:	A packet is the means by which data is transported from one network to another. The similarity between a frame and a packet is that they both encapsulate data and provide an addressing scheme for delivering the data. The difference between a frame and a packet is that the frame delivers data between two devices sharing a common data link, whereas a packet delivers data across a logical pathway , or route, spanning multiple data links.
16:
A:	Neither the source nor the destination address of a packet changes as it progresses from the source of the packet to the destination.
17:
A:	Network addresses are the addresses used in packets. Each network address has a network part, which identifies a particular data link, and a host or node part, which identifies a specific device on the data link identified by the network part.
18:
A:	A packet identifies a device from the perspective of the entire internetwork. A frame identifies a device from the perspective of a single data link. Because the connection between two devices across an internetwork is a logical path, a network address is a logical address. Because the connection between two devices across a data link is a physical path , a data link identifier is a physical address.