Calculator

The Calculator is a quick and dirty onscreen version of two traditional pocket calculators: a standard no-brainer calculator and a more complex scientific calculator used by statisticians, engineers, computer programmers, and business professionals. They are good for adding up your lunch bill, a list of inventory items, or the mortgage payment on your office building. But neither calculator sports a running tape that you can use to backtrack through your calculations.

To run the Calculator, choose Start, All Programs, Accessories, Calculator. A reasonable facsimile of a hand-held calculator then appears on your screen, as shown in Figure 5.6. You can switch between modes by choosing View, Standard or View, Scientific. The program always remembers which type was used last and comes up in that mode.

Figure 5.6. The Scientific Calculator is the often-unseen mode that the Windows Calculator can appear in. Many additional functions appear in this mode.

TIP

To quickly see a little help about any Calculator button, right-click the button, and choose What's This?

TIP

To add a series of numbers or to find their mean, use the statistical functions on the Scientific Calculator. This way, you can see all the numbers in a list before you perform the calculation instead of having to enter them one at a time. And don't let the idea of statistics make you nervous; the technique is very simple.

Most of the operations on the Standard Calculator are self-explanatory, but a couple of themsquare roots and percentagesare just a bit tricky. Check the Help file for more information. Table 5.4 provides a quick reference chart of keyboard shortcuts.

Table 5.4. Keyboard Shortcuts for the Calculator

Button	Key	Button	Key	Button	Key
%	%	cos	o	MR	Ctrl+R
(	(	Dat	Ins	MS	Ctrl+M
)	)	Dec	F6	n!	!
*	*	Deg	F2	Not	~
+	+	dms	m	Oct	F7
+/-	F9	Dword	F2	Or	|
-	-	Qword	F12	PI	p
.	. or ,	Exp	x	Rad	F3
/	/	F-E	v	s	Ctrl+D
0 to 9	0 to	Grad	F4	sin	s
1/x	r	Hex	F5	SQRT	@
=	= or Enter	Hypo	h	Sta	Ctrl+S
A to F	A to F	Int	;	Sum	Ctrl+T
And	&	Inv	I	tan	t
Ave	Ctrl+A	In	n	Word	F3
Bin	F8	log	l	Xor	^
Byte	F4	LSH	<	x^2	@
Back	Backspace	M+	Ctrl+P	x^3	#
C	Esc	MC	Ctrl+L	x^y	y
CE	Del	Mod	%

Copying Your Results to and from Other Documents

You can prepare a complex equation in a text editor such as Notepad and then copy it to the Calculator for execution. For example, you can enter the following in Notepad:

 ((2+8)+16)/14= 

or

 (2+(8+16))/14= 

Mind your parentheses, and make sure to include the equal sign, or click = on the calculator after you paste in the equation; otherwise, the result will not appear. You can omit the parentheses if you use extra equal signs, like this:

 2+8=+16=/14= 

Some special characters can be included in your equations to activate various Calculator functions, as shown in Table 5.5.

Table 5.5. Special Calculator Functions

Special Character	Function
:e	If the Calculator is set to the decimal system, this sequence indicates that the following digits are the exponent of a number expressed in scientific notation; for example, 1.01:e100 appears in the Calculator as 1.01e+100.
:p	Adds the number currently displayed to the number in memory.
:c	Clears the Calculator's memory.
\	Places the number currently displayed into the Statistics box, which must already be open.
:m	Stores the number currently displayed in the Calculator's memory.
:q	Clears the Calculator.
:r	Displays the number stored in the Calculator's memory.

TIP

You can copy information to and from the Calculator using the Windows Clipboard. Just use the standard Windows Copy and Paste commands.

Power Calculator

If you're really into calculators, you might want to download the Power Calculator, which is free from Microsoft. It's part of the Windows XP PowerToys. You can download it from

http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/downloads/powertoys/default.mspx

With this PowerToy, you can graph and evaluate functions as well as perform many different types of conversions such as length, mass, time, velocity, and temperature. Figure 5.7 shows the calculator.

Figure 5.7. Power Calculator is a tool in the Windows XP Power Toys, a free download.

page 883 in Chapter 23 for more information about installing the PowerToys.