Conventions Used in This Book

The following typographic conventions are used in this book:

• Code lines, commands, and programming-related language appears in a monospace typeface.

• Placeholders in syntax descriptions appear in an italic monospace typeface.

• The icon is used before a line of code that signifies to readers that the author meant for the continued code to appear on the same line.

Notes show how you can further explore the topic in question, or provide additional information about a particular topic being described.

Tips highlight shortcuts, convenient techniques, or tools that can make a task easier.

Sidebars

A large number of sidebar topics add value without distracting from the main flow.

Cautions alert you to common pitfalls you should avoid.

In addition, this book contains the following special elements.