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Troubleshooting IP Routing Protocols (CCIE Professional Development Series)

ISBN: 1587050196
EAN: 2147483647

Year: 2002
Pages: 260

Authors: Zaheer Aziz, Johnson Liu, Abe Martey, Faraz Shamim

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• Troubleshooting IP Routing Protocols (CCIE Professional Development)
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• About the Authors
• About the Technical Reviewers
• Acknowledgments
• Preface
• Introduction
• Who Should Read This Book?
• How This Book Is Organized
• Icons Used in This Book
• Command Syntax Conventions
• Chapter 1. Understanding IP Routing
• IP Addressing Concepts
• Static and Dynamic Routes
• Dynamic Routing
• Routing Protocol Administrative Distance
• Fast Forwarding in Routers
• Summary
• Review Questions
• References
• Chapter 2. Understanding Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
• Metric
• Timers
• Split Horizon
• Split Horizon with Poison Reverse
• RIP-1 Packet Format
• RIP Behavior
• Why RIP Doesn t Support Discontiguous Networks
• Why RIP Doesn t Support Variable-Length Subnet Masking
• Default Routes and RIP
• Protocol Extension to RIP
• Compatibility Issues
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Further Reading
• Chapter 3. Troubleshooting RIP
• Flowcharts to Solve Common RIP Problems
• Troubleshooting RIP Routes Installation
• Problem: RIP Routes Not in the Routing Table
• Problem: RIP Is Not Installing All Possible Equal-Cost Paths-Cause: maximum-path Command Restricts RIP from Installing More Than One Path
• Troubleshooting RIP Routes Advertisement
• Problem: Sender Is Not Advertising RIP Routes
• Problem: Subnetted Routes Missing from the Routing Table of R2-Cause: Autosummarization Feature Is Enabled
• Troubleshooting Routes Summarization in RIP
• Problem: RIP-2 Routing Table Is Huge- Cause: Autosummarization Is Off
• Problem: RIP-2 Routing Table Is Huge- Cause: ip summary-address Is Not Used
• Troubleshooting RIP Redistribution Problems
• Troubleshooting Dial-on-Demand Routing Issues in RIP
• Problem: RIP Broadcast Is Keeping the ISDN Link Up-Cause: RIP Broadcasts Have Not Been Denied in the Interesting Traffic Definition
• Problem: RIP Updates Are Not Going Across the Dialer Interface-Cause: Missing broadcast Keyword in a dialer map Statement
• Troubleshooting Routes Flapping Problem in RIP
• Chapter 4. Understanding Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
• Metrics
• Timers
• Split Horizon
• Split Horizon with Poison Reverse
• IGRP Packet Format
• IGRP Behavior
• Default Route and IGRP
• Unequal-Cost Load Balancing in IGRP
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Chapter 5. Troubleshooting IGRP
• Flowcharts to Solve Common IGRP Problems
• Troubleshooting IGRP Route Installation
• Problem: IGRP Routes Not in the Routing Table
• Problem: IGRP Is Not Installing All Possible Equal-Cost Paths-Cause: maximum-paths Restricts IGRP to a Maximum of Four Paths by Default
• Troubleshooting IGRP Routes Advertisement
• Problem: Sender Is Not Advertising IGRP Routes
• Problem: Candidate Default Is Not Being Advertised-Cause: ip default-network Command Is Missing
• Troubleshooting IGRP Redistribution Problems
• Problem: Redistributed Routes Are Not Getting Installed in the Routing Table-Cause: Metric Is Not Defined During Redistribution into IGRP
• Troubleshooting Dial-on-Demand Routing (DDR) Issues in IGRP
• Problem: IGRP Broadcast Is Keeping the ISDN Link Up-Cause: IGRP Broadcasts Have Not Been Denied in the Interesting Traffic Definition
• Problem: IGRP Updates Are Not Going Across the Dialer Interface-Cause: Missing Broadcast Keyword in a dialer map Statement
• Troubleshooting Route Flapping Problem in IGRP
• Problem: IGRP Routes Are Flapping-Cause: Packet Drops on Sender s or Receiver s Interface
• Troubleshooting Variance Problem
• Problem: IGRP Not Using Unequal-Cost Path for Load Balancing-Cause: variance Command Is Missing or Misconfigured
• Chapter 6. Understanding Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
• Metrics
• EIGRP Neighbor Relationships
• The Diffusing Update Algorithm
• DUAL Finite-State Machine
• EIGRP Reliable Transport Protocol
• EIGRP Packet Format
• EIGRP Behavior
• EIGRP Summarization
• EIGRP Query Process
• Default Routes and EIGRP
• Unequal-Cost Load Balancing in EIGRP
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Chapter 7. Troubleshooting EIGRP
• Troubleshooting EIGRP Neighbor Relationships
• Troubleshooting EIGRP Route Advertisement
• Troubleshooting EIGRP Route Installation
• Troubleshooting EIGRP Route Flapping
• Troubleshooting EIGRP Route Summarization
• Troubleshooting EIGRP Redistribution Problems
• Troubleshooting EIGRP Dial Backup Problem
• EIGRP Error Messages
• Summary
• Chapter 8. Understanding Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
• OSPF Packet Details
• OSPF LSA Details
• OSPF Areas
• OSPF Media Types
• OSPF Adjacencies
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Chapter 9. Troubleshooting OSPF
• Flowcharts to Solve Common OSPF Problems
• Troubleshooting OSPF Neighbor Relationships
• Problem: OSPF Neighbor List Is Empty
• Problem: OSPF Neighbor Stuck in INIT
• Problem: OSPF Neighbor Stuck in 2-WAY-Cause: Priority 0 Is Configured on All Routers
• Problem: OSPF Neighbor Stuck in EXSTARTEXCHANGE
• Problem: OSPF Neighbor Stuck in LOADING
• Troubleshooting OSPF Route Advertisement
• Problem: OSPF Neighbor Is Not Advertising Routes
• Problem: OSPF Neighbor (ABR) Not Advertising the Summary Route
• Problem: OSPF Neighbor Is Not Advertising External Routes
• Problem: OSPF Neighbor Not Advertising Default Routes
• Troubleshooting OSPF Route Installation
• Problem: OSPF Not Installing Any Routes in the Routing Table
• Problem: OSPF Not Installing External Routes in the Routing Table
• Troubleshooting Redistribution Problems in OSPF
• Problem: OSPF Neighbor Is Not Advertising External Routes
• Troubleshooting Route Summarization in OSPF
• Problem: Router Is Not Summarizing Interarea Routes-Cause: area range Command Is Not Configured on ABR
• Problem: Router Is Not Summarizing External Routes-Cause: summary-address Command Is Not Configured on ASBR
• Troubleshooting CPUHOG Problems
• Problem: CPUHOG Messages During Adjacency Formation-Cause: Router Is Not Running Packet-Pacing Code
• Problem: CPUHOG Messages During LSA Refresh Period-Cause: Router Is Not Running LSA Group-Pacing Code
• Troubleshooting Dial-on-Demand Routing Issues in OSPF
• Problem: OSPF Hellos Are Bringing Up the Link-Cause: OSPF Hellos Are Permitted as Interesting Traffic
• Problem: Demand Circuit Keeps Bringing Up the Link
• Troubleshooting SPF Calculation and Route Flapping
• SPF Running Constantly-Cause: Interface Flap Within the Network
• SPF Running Constantly-Cause: Neighbor Flap Within the Network
• SPF Running Constantly-Cause: Duplicate Router ID
• Common OSPF Error Messages
• Unknown routing protocol Error Message
• OSPF: Could not allocate router id Error Message
• OSPF-4-BADLSATYPE: Invalid lsa: Bad LSA type Type 6 Error Message
• OSPF-4-ERRRCV Error Message
• Chapter 10. Understanding Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS)
• IS-IS Protocol Overview
• IS-IS Protocol Concepts
• IS-IS Link-State Database
• Configuring IS-IS for IP Routing
• Summary
• Additional IS-IS Packet Information
• Review Questions
• Further Reading
• Chapter 11. Troubleshooting IS-IS
• Troubleshooting IS-IS Adjacency Problems
• Troubleshooting IS-IS Routing Update Problems
• IS-IS Errors
• CLNS ping and traceroute
• Case Study: ISDN Configuration Problem
• IS-IS Troubleshooting Command Summary
• Summary
• Chapter 12. Understanding Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)
• Fundamentals of IGMP Version 1, IGMP Version 2, and Reverse Path Forwarding
• PIM Dense Mode
• PIM Sparse Mode
• IGMP and PIM Packet Format
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Chapter 13. Troubleshooting PIM
• Troubleshooting IGMP Joins
• Troubleshooting PIM Dense Mode
• Troubleshooting PIM Sparse Mode
• Summary
• Chapter 14. Understanding Border Gateway Protocol Version 4 (BGP-4)
• BGP-4 Protocol Specification and Functionality
• Neighbor Relationships
• Advertising Routes
• Receiving Routes
• Policy Control
• Scaling IBGP in Large Networks-Route Reflectors and Confederations
• Best-Path Calculation
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Chapter 15. Troubleshooting BGP
• Flowcharts to Solve Common BGP Problems
• show and debug Commands for BGP-Related Troubleshooting
• Troubleshooting BGP Neighbor Relationships
• Problem: Directly Connected External BGP Neighbors Not Initializing
• Problem: Nondirectly Connected External BGP Neighbors Not Coming Up
• Problem: Internal BGP Neighbors Not Coming Up
• Problem: BGP Neighbors (External and Internal) Not Coming Up-Cause: Interface Access List Blocking BGP Packets
• Troubleshooting BGP Route Advertisement Origination and Receiving
• Problem: BGP Route Not Getting Originated
• BGP Route Not Getting Originated-Cause: BGP Is Autosummarizing to ClassfulNetwork Boundary
• Problem in PropagatingOriginating BGP Route to IBGPEBGP Neighbors-Cause: Misconfigured Filters
• Problem in Propagating BGP Route to IBGP Neighbor but Not to EBGP Neighbor-Cause: BGP Route Was from Another IBGP Speaker
• Problem in Propagating IBGP Route to IBGPEBGP Neighbor-Cause: IBGP Route Was Not Synchronized
• Troubleshooting BGP Route Not Installing in Routing Table
• Problem: IBGP-Learned Route Not Getting Installed in IP Routing Table
• IBGP-Learned Route Not Getting Installed in IP Routing Table-Cause: IBGP Next Hop Not Reachable
• Problem: EBGP-Learned Route Not Getting Installed in IP Routing Table
• Troubleshooting BGP Route-Reflection Issues
• Problem: Configuration Mistakes-Cause: Failed to Configure IBGP Neighbor as a Route-Reflector Client
• Problem: Route-Reflector Client Stores an Extra BGP Update-Cause: Client-to-Client Reflection
• Problem: Convergence Time Improvement for RR and Clients-Cause: Use of Peer Groups
• Problem: Loss of Redundancy Between Route Reflectors and Route-Reflector Client-Cause: Cluster List Check in RR Drops Redundant Route from Other RR
• Troubleshooting Outbound IP Traffic Flow Issues Because of BGP Policies
• Problem: Multiple Exit Points Exist but Traffic Goes Out Through One or Few Exit Routers-Cause: BGP Policy Definition Causes Traffic to Exit from One Place
• Problem: Traffic Takes a Different Interface from What Shows in Routing Table-Cause: Next Hop of the Route Is Reachable Through Another Path
• Problem: Multiple BGP Connections to the Same BGP Neighbor AS, but Traffic Goes Out Through Only One Connection-Cause: BGP Neighbor Is Influencing Outbound Traffic by Sending MED or Prepended AS_PATH
• Problem: Asymmetrical Routing Occurs and Causes a Problem Especially When NAT and Time-Sensitive Applications Are Used-Cause: Outbound and Inbound Advertisement
• Troubleshooting Load-Balancing Scenarios in Small BGP Networks
• Problem: Load Balancing and Managing Outbound Traffic from a Single Router When Dual Homed to Same ISP-Cause: BGP Installs Only One Best Path in the Routing Table
• Problem: Load Balancing and Managing Outbound Traffic in an IBGP Network-Cause: By Default, IBGP in Cisco IOS Software Allows Only a Single Path to Get Installed in the Routing Table Even Though Multiple Equal BGP Paths Exist
• Troubleshooting Inbound IP Traffic Flow Issues Because of BGP Policies
• Troubleshooting BGP Best-Path Calculation Issues
• Problem: Path with Lowest RID Is Not Chosen as Best
• Problem: Lowest MED Not Selected as Best Path
• Troubleshooting BGP Filtering
• Problem: Standard Access List Fails to Capture Subnets
• Problem: Extended Access Lists Fails to Capture the Correct Masked Route
• Problem: AS_PATH Filtering Using Regular Expressions
• Summary
• Appendix Answers to Review Questions
• Chapter 1
• Chapter 2
• Chapter 4
• Chapter 6
• Chapter 8
• Chapter 10
• Chapter 12
• Chapter 14
• index
• index_SYMBOL
• index_A
• index_B
• index_C
• index_D
• index_E
• index_F
• index_G
• index_H
• index_I
• index_J
• index_L
• index_M
• index_N
• index_O
• index_P
• index_Q
• index_R
• index_S
• index_T
• index_U