7.4 The TextMenuTuttle class

As with the previous tuttle interfaces this class, which extends the Applet class, has the responsibility, in its init() method, of configuring itself, creating an instance of the TextTuttle class, creating an instance of the TextMenuTuttleInterface class to control the tuttle, creating a feedback area and then placing the interface into a well defined initial state so that, on its conclusion, the interface becomes visible to the user. The implmentation of the class, as far as the end of its constructor, is as follows.

0001  // Filename TextMenuTuttle.java. 0002  // Supplies a main application text menu   0003  // interface the TextTuttle class. 0004  // 0005  // Written for Java Interface book chapter 7. 0006  // Fintan Culwin, v 0.2, August 1997. 0007   0008  package TextMenuTuttle; 0009   0010  import java.awt.*; 0011  import java.applet.*; 0012  import java.awt.event.*; 0013   0014  import Tuttles.TextTuttle; 0015  import TextMenuTuttle.TextMenuTuttleInterface; 0016   0017  public class TextMenuTuttle extends    Applet 0018                              implements KeyListener {    0019   0020  private TextTuttle               theTuttle;  0021  private TextMenuTuttleInterface  theInterface; 0022 0023  private Panel                    feedbackPanel; 0024  private Label                    feedbackLabel; 0026   0027   0028     public void init() {  0029         0030     Panel tuttlePanel;    0031            0032        this.setLayout( new BorderLayout()); 0033        this.setFont( new Font( "TimesRoman", Font.BOLD, 14)); 0034        this.setBackground( Color.white); 0035   0036        tuttlePanel = new Panel();    0037        theTuttle   = new TextTuttle( this, 400, 400); 0038        tuttlePanel.add( theTuttle); 0039                 0040        theInterface  = new TextMenuTuttleInterface( this); 0041          0042        feedbackPanel = new Panel();      0043        feedbackLabel = new Label(); 0044        feedbackPanel.add( feedbackLabel); 0045         0046        this.add( feedbackPanel, "North"); 0047        this.add( tuttlePanel,   "Center"); 0048        this.add( theInterface,  "South"); 0049         0050        this.feedback(); 0051        theInterface.setMenuState( TextMenuTuttleInterface.TOP_LEVEL_MENU); 0052     } // End init.   

The majority of this constructor is largely comparable to the corresponding constructors from the previous tuttle interfaces. The significant differences are that an instance of the TextMenuTuttleInterface, called theInterface, is constructed on line 0040 and subsequently added to the applet Panel in its "South" location on line 0048. It has its state set to TOP_LEVEL_MENU, on line 0051, before the method concludes. This will ensure that the interface, when first visible to the user, is something like that shown in Figure 7.2.

The identity of this instance of the TextMenuTuttle class is passed to theInterface as it is constructed and, in order for this to be allowed, the TextMenuTuttle class has to implement the KeyListener interface, as stated on line 0019. The KeyListener interface requires the class to supply keyTyped(), keyPressed() and keyReleased() methods which will be called as appropriate when the user interacts with the keyboard. A KeyEvent instance will be passed as an argument to these methods which contains, amongst other things, an attribute called keyChar indicating which key on the keyboard was pressed. This class is only concerned with processing KeyTyped events and the implementation of the three KeyListener methods is as follows.

0057     public void keyTyped( KeyEvent event) {    0058   0059     char pressed  = event.getKeyChar(); 0060     int  newMenu  = TextMenuTuttleInterface.TOP_LEVEL_MENU; 0061      0062        switch ( theInterface.menuStateIs()) { 0063         0064        case TextMenuTuttleInterface.TOP_LEVEL_MENU:   0065           newMenu = topLevelMenu( pressed); 0066           break; 0067               0068        case TextMenuTuttleInterface.MOVE_MENU:      0069           newMenu = moveMenu( pressed); 0070           break; 0071        0072        case TextMenuTuttleInterface.MOVE_FORWARD_MENU:  0073           newMenu = moveForwardMenu( pressed); 0074           break;   0075               ----        // Other cases omitted. 0116        case TextMenuTuttleInterface.EXIT_MENU: 0117           newMenu = exitMenu( pressed);                      0118           break;  0119                                                                         0120        } // End switch menuState. 0121            0122       theInterface.setMenuState( newMenu);       0123       this.feedback(); 0124     } // End keyTyped. 0125   0126     public void keyPressed(  KeyEvent event ) {}  // End keyPressed. 0127     public void keyReleased( KeyEvent event ) {}  // End keyReleased.

The keyTyped() method commences, on line 0059, by retrieving the identity of the key typed from the KeyEvent event and storing it in the local character variable pressed. A second local variable called newMenu of type int is declared on line 0060. This variable will be used to represent the menu which should be displayed after this KeyEvent has been processed and is initialised to a default value indicating that the TOP_LEVEL_MENU should be shown.

The major part of the method, between lines 0062 and 0120, is a switch structure containing a branch for every possible menu state; its selector expression is a call of the theInterface's menuStateIs() method. Each branch calls a private method, with a systematic name, to deal with the key pressed. For example if the application has just been started then it will be in the TOP_LEVEL_MENU state, as described above. If the user presses and releases the 't' key on the keyboard a keyEvent containing 'm' will be constructed and passed as the event argument to the keyTyped() method. The switch selector on line 0062 will identify the TOP_LEVEL_MENU state causing the branch on line 0065 to be taken, calling the topLevelMenu() method and passing as an argument the keyCharacter extracted from the event on line 0059. The topLevelMenu() method will process this character and return the identity of the menu state which the interface is to transit to. All other possible states have associated methods each of which takes as an argument the identity of the key pressed and returns the manifest value of the newMenu to be displayed; examples of these methods will be given below.

Following the end of the switch structure in the keyTyped() method, the setMenuState() method of theInterface is called passing as an argument the newMenu to be displayed. The final action of the keyTyped method is to update the feedback Panel shown at the top of the interface. The other two required methods of the KeyListener interface, keyPressed() and keyReleased() need not do anything are declared as dummy methods on lines 0126 and 0127 in order to satisfy the requirements of the KeyListener interface which this class implements.

The topLevelMenu() method, called from keyTyped() whenever the interface is in its TOP_MENU_STATE, is implemented as follows. It consists of a switch statement, containing a branch for each possible combination of key presses which the menu is to respond to. Each branch sets the value of the local variable newMenuState to indicate the appropriate menu state which the interface is to transit to. On line 0171 this value is returned from the method and, if none of the branches have been activated, will contain its default value TOP_LEVEL_MENU. The returned value will be used by the keyTyped() method to set the state of the menu. The effect is that if the user presses one of the expected keys then the interface will transit to the appropriate state otherwise it will remain in the TOP_LEVEL_MENU state.

0131     private int topLevelMenu( char pressed) {  0132      0133     int newMenuState = TextMenuTuttleInterface.TOP_LEVEL_MENU;  0134      0135        switch( pressed) {  0136        case 'M': 0137        case 'm':          0138           newMenuState = TextMenuTuttleInterface.MOVE_MENU;  0139           break; 0140   0141        case 'T': 0142        case 't': 0143           newMenuState = TextMenuTuttleInterface.TURN_MENU; 0144           break;            0145   ---         // Other cases omitted.  0166        case 'E': 0167        case 'e': 0168           newMenuState = TextMenuTuttleInterface.EXIT_MENU; 0169           break;            0170        } // End switch. 0171        return newMenuState; 0172     } // End topLevelMenu

Following the example above which assumed that the user pressed 'm': this will cause the branch on line 0143 to be followed causing this method to return the value TURN_MENU on line 0171. As explained above this will result in the interface presenting the user with the text menu shown at the top of Figure 7.3. The next time the user uses the keyboard the keyPressed() method will result in a call of the moveMenu() method whose implementation is as follows.

0175     private int moveMenu( char pressed) {  0176      0177     int newMenuState = TextMenuTuttleInterface.MOVE_MENU; 0178   0179        switch( pressed) {  0180        case KeyEvent.VK_ESCAPE: 0181           newMenuState = TextMenuTuttleInterface.TOP_LEVEL_MENU;  0182           break; 0183   0184        case 'F': 0185        case 'f':  0186           newMenuState = TextMenuTuttleInterface.MOVE_FORWARD_MENU;  0187           break;       0188         0189        case 'B': 0190        case 'b':  0191           newMenuState = TextMenuTuttleInterface.MOVE_BACKWARD_MENU;  0192           break; 0193        } // End switch.    0194        return newMenuState; 0195     } // End moveMenu.

The implementation of this method is directly comparable to the implementation of the topLevelMenu() method above. It will respond to presses of the <ESCAPE> key by transiting back to the TOP_LEVEL_MENU state, the 'f' or 'F' key to the MOVE_FORWARD_MENU state and the 'b' or 'B' key to the MOVE_BACKWARD_MENU state, any other key will leave the interface in the MOVE_MENU state. The identity of the <ESCAPE> key is established, on line 0180, by using the manifest value VK_ESCAPE (Virtual Key Escape) supplied by the KeyEvent class. Assuming that the user presses the 'f' or 'F' key the interface will appear as shown at the bottom of figure 7.3 and the next KeyEvent generated will cause the KeyTyped() method to call the moveForwardMenu() method, implemented as follows.

0198     private int moveForwardMenu( char pressed) {  0199      0200     int newMenuState = TextMenuTuttleInterface.MOVE_FORWARD_MENU; 0201   0202        switch( pressed) {  0203        case KeyEvent.VK_ESCAPE: 0204           newMenuState = TextMenuTuttleInterface.MOVE_MENU;  0205           break; 0206   0207        case '5':                0208           theTuttle.doCommand("fd 5"); 0209           break; 0210               0211        case '1': 0212           theTuttle.doCommand("fd 10");  0213           break; 0214               0215        case '2': 0216           theTuttle.doCommand("fd 25");   0217           break;             0218        } // End switch. 0219        return newMenuState; 0220     } // End moveForwardMenu.   

In this method pressing the <ESCAPE> key effects a transit back to the MOVE_MENU state and other key presses will leave the interface in the MOVE_FORWARD_MENU state. However pressing the '5', '1' or '2' key will cause the theTuttle doCommand() method to be called, passing as an argument a suitable command string. So if the user presses the '1' key the tuttle will move forward 10 steps. As the keyPressed() method concludes by calling the feedback() method, whose implementation does not differ from those presented in previous chapters, the new status of the tuttle will be reported at the top of the interface. The menu system will remain in the MOVE_FORWARD_MENU state until the <ESCAPE> key is pressed, allowing the user to rapidly move the tuttle in its current direction.

A consideration of the three methods described, and the corresponding moveBackwardAction() will show that the behavior of the interface is as described in the STD from Figure 7.4. The remaining parts of the TextMenuTuttle class are essentially identical with a specific method for each of the possible menu states, whose implementations are comparable to those presented above. The only significant difference is in the exitMenu() method, as follows, where pressing the 'y' or 'Y' key will cause the applet to terminate.

0512   private int exitMenu( char pressed) {  0513    0514   int newMenuState = theInterface.HELP_MENU; 0515    0516      switch( pressed) {  0517      case KeyEvent.VK_ESCAPE: 0518         newMenuState = theInterface.TOP_LEVEL_MENU; 0519         break; 0520 0521      case 'Y': 0522      case 'y':          0523         System.exit( 0); 0524         break;                  0525       0526      case 'N': 0527      case 'n': 0528         newMenuState = theInterface.TOP_LEVEL_MENU; 0529         break;           0530      } // End switch.  0531           0532      return newMenuState; 0533   } // End exitMenu.

The operation of this system provides a demonstration of the correct implementation of the TextTuttle class which will be further demonstrated by the CommandLineTuttle class. Details of how to obtain the parts of the source code which have been omitted from this part of the chapter are contained in Appendix B.

 


TextMenuTuttle.java

TextMenuTuttle


7.5 The CommandLineTuttle interface

7.3 The TextMenuTuttleInterface




A Java GUI programmer's primer
Java GUI Programmers Primer, A
ISBN: 0139088490
EAN: 2147483647
Year: 1998
Pages: 85
Authors: Fintan Culwin

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