6.7. Patterns and Actions

6.7.1 Patterns

Awk patterns control what actions awk will take on a line of input. A pattern consists of a regular expression, an expression resulting in a true or false condition, or a combination of these. The default action is to print each line where the expression results in a true condition. When reading a pattern expression, there is an implied if statement. When an if is implied, there can be no curly braces surrounding it. When the if is explicit, it becomes an action statement and the syntax is different. (See "Conditional Statements" on page 227.)

Example 6.19.

 %  cat employees   Tom Jones       4424     5/12/66     543354   Mary Adams      5346     11/4/63     28765   Sally Chang     1654     7/22/54     650000   Billy Black     1683     9/23/44     336500  (The Command Line) 1  nawk '/Tom/' employees   Tom Jones      4424      5/12/66      543354  2  nawk ' < 4000' employees   Sally Chang      1654      7/22/54      650000   Billy Black      1683      9/23/44      336500  

EXPLANATION

1. If the pattern Tom is matched in the input file, the record is printed. The default action is to print the line if no explicit action is specified. This is equivalent to

     nawk ' 
     nawk '$0 ~ /Tom/{print $0}' employees  
    ~ /Tom/{print 
     nawk '$0 ~ /Tom/{print $0}' employees  
    }' employees  

   
   

2. If the third field is less than 4000 , the record is printed.

6.7.2 Actions

Actions are statements enclosed within curly braces and separated by semicolons. ^[2] If a pattern precedes an action, the pattern dictates when the action will be performed. Actions can be simple statements or complex groups of statements. Statements are separated by semicolons, or by a newline if placed on their own line.

^[2] On some versions of awk , actions must be separated by semicolons or newlines, and the statements within the curly braces also must be separated by semicolons or newlines. SVR4's nawk requires the use of semicolons or newlines to separate statements within an action, but does not require the use of semicolons to separate actions; for example, the two actions that follow do not need a semicolon: nawk '/Tom/{print "hi Tom"};{x=5}' file

FORMAT

 { action } 

Example 6.20.

 { print ,  } 

EXPLANATION

The action is to print fields 1 and 2.

Patterns can be associated with actions. Remember, actions are statements enclosed in curly braces. A pattern controls the action from the first open curly brace to the first closing curly brace. If an action follows a pattern, the first opening curly brace must be on the same line as the pattern. Patterns are never enclosed in curly braces.

FORMAT

 pattern{ action statement; action statement; etc. }      or pattern{      action statement      action statement } 

Example 6.21.

 %  nawk '/Tom/{print "Hello there, "  }' employees   Hello there, Tom  

EXPLANATION

If the record contains the pattern Tom , the string Hello there, Tom will print.

A pattern with no action displays all lines matching the pattern. String-matching patterns contain regular expressions enclosed in forward slashes .