Index_P

P

Pace production line, 206, 208

Packaging, as cause of product failures, 291

Paired comparisons, 141, 586 “587

Paper pencil assembly, 60

Parallel reliability block diagrams, 323 “325

Parameter design, 371

in DFSS (design for six sigma), 715

in DOE (design of experiments), 441 “447

in improving reliability, 336 “337

Parameter Design approach, 31 “32

Parametric variations, 178

Pareto, Vilfredo, 585

Pareto analysis, 44, 132 “133, 484

Pareto voting, 585 “586

Partial derivatives, 649

Partnering, 9 “11

buyer/supplier relationship in, 11 “12

checklists of, 21 “23

in DFSS (design for six sigma), 13

expanded, 12 “14, 23 “25

implementing, 14 “19

improving, 20 “21

principles of, 11

process managers, 15 “17

reevaluating , 17

success indicators, 21

typical questionnaire for, 18

Partnering for Total Quality assessment process, 21

Parts, 205

defective, 278

inclusion of wrong, 214

missing, 214

non-rigid, 522

in product design, 205

Parts/component feeding systems, 207

Part worths, 89 “94

PASS (production accelerated stress screen), 310 “312

PAT (profit after tax), 693 “694

Patents, 147, 667

Path transmissions, 535, 538

Payback period method, 612, 708

PDGS-FAST system, 178

P diagrams, 299

in DFSS (design for six sigma), 715, 719

in FMEA (failure modes and effects analysis), 258 “260

and team systems, 26

PDS (product design specifications), 717

P/E (price/earnings) ratio, 698

Peacemakers, in team systems, 25

Penalty functions, 185

Penetrant dye tests, 530

Pension liabilities, 667

Perceived quality, 113

Perception, 113

Perfect products, 194 “196

Performance, 112

vs. importance, 131

index of, 558 “559

needs, 229

parameters, 292

product-based view, 113

quality of, 69, 70

reviews of, 19

Performance evaluation review technique (PERT), 604

Period costs, 704

Periodic actions, 549

Periodicals, 145

Perishable tooling, 363

Personal computers, 195

Personnel

in business assessments, 139

as measure of quality cost, 499

PERT (performance evaluation review technique), 604

PFIS (plant floor information system), 363

Philip Morris, 99

Phosphate-based liquid, 89 “94

Phosphate-free liquid, 89 “94

Phosphate-free powder, 89 “94

Physical assets, 681 “682

depreciation of, 684

inventories as, 682 “683

operating leverage, 682

PIMS (Profit Impact of Marketing Strategies), 157

in benchmarking, 119

objectives and benefits of, 312

par report, 130

Pin joint clearance, 181

Planning matrix, 725

Plans up form (forecasting), 710

Plant administration, 504

Plant and equipment, 136, 701

Plant engineering, as measure of quality cost, 494 “495

Plant floor information system (PFIS), 363

Plant reports , 480

Plasticity, 177, 181

Plug gages, 527

Plus-minus dimensioning, 523

Pneumatic gaging, 527

Point elements, 176

Poisson distribution, 316, 509 “510, 636 “640

Poisson process, 635 “636

Poka Yoke method, 208, 274, 275, 721

Portfolio analysis, 610

Positioning sensors, 218

Positive feedback, 35

Potential design verification tests, 258

Power supplies , 358

Practice gaps, 158

Predictive maintenance, 363

Pre-feasibility analysis, 38

Preference structure, 89

Preferred stocks, 669, 697

Preliminary design review, 466

Prentice Hall Almanac of Business and Industrial Statistics , 157

Prepaid costs, 704

Pre-planning matrix, 65

Preservation of knowledge, 74

Pressure, 527

Preventers, 216 “217

Prevention costs, 482, 488

Preventive maintenance, 350, 363

Price/earnings (P/E) ratio, 698

Price-volume variance analysis, 707

Pricing, 119

and ROI (return on investment), 119

in theory of firm, 661

Primary reference standards, 525

Prime costs, 704

Principal, 685

Priorities, in FMEA (failure modes and effects analysis), 230

Prioritization matrix, 139 “140

Proactive systems, in mistake proofing, 216

Probability density function, 618, 628

Probability distribution, 313, 636

Probability of configuration, 637 “638

Probability of failure, 618 “620

Probability of reliability, 621

Probability paper, 485

Probability ratio sequential testing (PRST), 363

Probes, 219

Process average

shifts in, 1 “2

short- vs. long- term standard variation in, 4 “5

Process benchmarking, 122 “123

Process characteristics (CTP), 510

Process Control Methods (book), 6

Process controls, 249, 268, 276

Process customers, 229

Process engineers , 269

Processes, 363

costs of, 571 “572

dominance factors, 273

internal, 53

parameters of, 255

in partnering, 25

planning with project management, 607 “608

in project management, 601 “602

quality management in, 23

random vs. identifiable causes in, 133

short- vs. long-term variation in, 4 “5

and six sigma, 1 “2

special characteristics for, 257

standard deviation, 4 “5

static vs. dynamic, 1 “2

Process facilitators, in trade-off studies, 473

Process flow diagrams, 61 “64, 234, 259

Process FMEA, 224 “225;

see also FMEA (failure modes and effects analysis)

calculating RPN (risk priority number) in, 275

describing failure causes in, 272

describing failure effects in, 271 “272

describing failure modes in, 270 “271

describing process functions in, 269 “270

detection table, 253

estimating detection of failure in, 274 “275

estimating frequency of occurrence of failure in, 273

estimating severity of failures in, 273

failure modes, 242 “244

forming teams for, 269

identifying manufacturing process controls in, 273 “274

linkages to design FMEA and control plans, 258 “260

objectives of, 268

occurrence rating, 250

recommending corrective actions in, 275 “277

requirements for, 268 “269

severity rating, 247

special characteristics for, 257

timing, 268

Process functions, 269 “270

Process gaps, 158

Processing mistakes, 213 “214

Processing omissions, 214

Process performance (C _pk ), 2, 402 “403

Process plans, 72, 201

Process quality, 23, 25

Process redesign, 511 “512

Procrustes (Greek mythology), 29 “30

Procurement, 10

Producers, 53

Producers' risk, 313

Product assurance, as measure of quality cost, 499

Product-based view, 113

Product characteristic deployment matrix, 72

Product control, as measure of quality cost, 499 “500

Product costs, 704

Product demand, and competition, 662

Product design and development, 194

basic vs. secondary processes in, 204

benefits of DFM/DFA (design for manufacturability/assembly) on, 189

case studies, 195 “196

as cause of product failures, 291

and costs of engineering changes, 297 “298

crash program approach to, 195

and customer satisfaction, 113 “114

effects of DFM/DFA (design for manufacturability/assembly) on, 204

factors affecting manufacturing process, 197

focus of, 205

forming and sizing operations in, 204

functions of, 264

fundamentals of, 204

map guide to, 197

as measure in TOC (theory of constraints), 462

minimum performance requirements in, 198

perfect product approach to, 196

primary process in, 204

and product life cycle, 297 “298

as product plan, 196 “198

QFD (quality function deployment) in, 79 “80, 86 “88

reducing cost of, 189

reducing risks in, 267

reducing time for, 158

reliability in, 296 “297

secondary process, 204

sequential approach to, 191

simultaneous approach to, 191

six sigma philosophy, 5 “7

special characteristics for, 257

steps in, 295 “296

Taguchi's approach to, 371

TDP (technology deployment process) in, 298 “300

Product design specifications (PDS), 717

Product failures, 288, 290

Product flow diagrams, 56 “61

Production, 364

costs of, 704

establishing conditions for, 725 “726

mass production, 726

as measure of quality cost, 500

requirements in, 87 “88

and team systems, 26

Production accelerated stress screen (PASS), 310 “312

Productivity, 459 “460

effects of customs and traditions on, 582

effects of habits on, 582

in theory of firm, 661

Product launching, 189

Product liability, 189, 491

Product life cycle, 133

and cost of engineering changes, 297 “298

as a factor in product design, 194

and failure rate, 293 “295

maturity period, 699 “700

and product design, 297 “298

stages of, 699 “700

Product plans, 194, 196 “198

Product quality, 112 “117

eight dimensions of, 112 “113

perception of, 117 “119

and return on investment, 119

Product quality deployment, 73

Product recall, 491

Product reliability. see reliability

Products, 364

characteristics of, 255

defects, 291

durability life, 289

environmental conditions profile, 289 “290

expected customer life, 289

function diagrams for, 56 “61

functions of, 264

life cycles of, 133

minimum performance requirements, 198

with multiple characteristics, 2 “3

nonconforming , 3

non-price reasons in buying, 114

reliability numbers , 290

reliability of, 288

and sales forecasting, 710

Professional associations, 145, 147

Profilometers, 527

Profitability ratios, 693 “695

Profit after tax (PAT), 693 “694

Profit and loss statements, 667 “668

Profit before tax, 693

Profit/equity ratio, 708 “709

Profit Impact of Marketing Strategies. see PIMS

Profit/investment ratio, 708 “709

Profits, 570

analysis of, 704 “707

in annual reports, 671

and axiomatic design, 545

calculating, 668 “669

vs. cash, 678

in cash flow analysis, 701

direction of, 671

maximizing, 661 “662

as part of transactions, 672

planning, 710 “712

and productivity, 459 “460

rating, 695 “696

and ROI (return on investment), 459 “460

in theory of firm, 661 “662

Program management, as measure of quality cost, 500

Progressive-stress testing, 306

Project decision analysis, 612 “613

Project management, 599 “601, 604

decision analysis, 612 “613

in DFSS (design for six sigma), 605 “609

generic seven-step approach to, 603 “605

goal setting in, 608

key integrative processes in, 602

processes in, 601 “602

and quality, 603

in six sigma, 605 “609

succeeding in, 613 “615

value in implementation process, 607 “608

Projects, 599 “601

completing, 605

describing, 603 “604

justification and prioritization of, 610 “613

planning, 604

planning team for, 604

risk factors, 612 “613

scopes of, 565 “567

selecting, 597 “598

starting, 605

Proprietary information, in expanded partnering, 17

Prospectus, 146

Prototype programs, 296

Proximity detectors, 219

PRST (probability ratio sequential testing), 363

Publications, as measure of quality cost, 500

Public bids, 147

Pugh concept selection, 230 “231

in design FMEA, 267 “268

in DFSS (design for six sigma), 715

in process FMEA, 275 “276

Pulse echo tests, 530

Purchasing

conformance elements in, 505

as measure of quality cost, 501

nonconformance elements in, 505

non-price reasons in, 114

Purchasing agents , 54

Purchasing performance benchmarks, 157

Purchasing power, 54