Conventions Used in This Book

This book uses the following typographical conventions:

Italic

Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, pathnames, and directories.

Constant width

Indicates commands, options, switches, variables, attributes, functions, user and group names, the contents of files, and the output from commands.

Constant width bold

In code examples, shows commands or other text that should be typed literally by the user.

Constant width italic

Shows text that should be replaced with user-supplied values.

Color

The second color is used to indicate a cross-reference within the text.

This icon signifies a tip, suggestion, or general note.

This icon indicates a warning or caution.

The thermometer icons, found next to each hack, indicate the relative complexity of the hack:

beginner

moderate

expert