| In a demand paging system, instead of loading all of a program's text and data at the time the program is dispatched, the system waits for a page to fault and then loads only the required page. This means that at any specific point only a small portion of a process's pages need be resident in physical memory. All first references to a page result in a page fault, but if a system has ample memory then eventually all of a process's pages will be mapped to physical pages and performance will be optimal. If the demand for pages exceeds the system's configured or available memory, then pages will have to be paged out before others may be paged in. The HP-UX paging system is responsible for loading pages when they are first requested and monitoring and maintaining a reasonable supply of free pages. If the amount of free memory drops below tunable system thresholds, the paging system must identify pages to be paged out. Page-ins will always occur; at least as long as new programs are dispatched, but significant numbers of page-outs indicate memory pressure has increased and overall system performance will begin to diminish. This is not necessarily bad; it is just a case of cause and effect that the system administrator must understand. When a page fault occurs, the kernel must be able to identify the location of the requested page and take corrective action. As we saw in Chapter 6, "Managing Memory," in our discussion of the dbd, each noncore resident page is typed. The paging system understands the various types and how to recover them. Let's look at the types in detail. Faulting in a Page from Front Store A requested page may be part of a process's text image or an initialized data page. If so, the appropriate page is found in the program file, and it is loaded to a free page frame. In addition to scheduling the page-in, the kernel must update the hash, region, pfdat, and pfn_to_virt table entries as well. The routine handles read-ahead page requests as well; the p_pagein in the pregion is adjusted according to whether the file is being accessed in a random or sequential manner, which is determined by monitoring the address of faulting pages. Each time a fault is handled for a region, its p_nextfault is set to the next sequential page address following the one that caused the current fault (the current faulting page number plus p_pagein). When the next fault for this pregion occurs, the faulting page address is compared to this value. If it matches, we are performing sequential reads, in which case p_pagein is multiplied by 2 (the value is limit-checked against the kernel's maxpagein_size, default is 64). If p_strength is less than 100 and we have detected a sequential operation, it is incremented. This gives us a sense of how sequential our access is. If the next fault is not sequential, p_pagein is divided by 2 (limit-checked against minpagein_size, defaults to 1), and the p_strength is decremented unless it is currently equal to 100. From the above description we can see that p_strength may vary between 100 (defined as PURELY_RANDOM) and +100 (defined as PURELY_SEQUENTIAL), and p_pagein may vary by powers of two between 1 and 64. Faulting in a Page from Back Store (Swap) A page may currently reside in swap. Before the page is scheduled for a page-in, the system first calls vm_no_io_required() to check the phash in case the page was swapped but never reallocated. If this is the case, the page is still in memory and all the kernel has to do is update the tables no actual page-in is required. This is called a soft page fault. If the fault is not soft, then a page-in is scheduled and the four tables are updated as in the previous case. Faulting in a Zero-Fill Page If the page requested is a uninitialized data page, the kernel simply has to find a free page, fill it with zeros, and update the four tables. Uninitialized data pages are also known as block store by symbol (BSS) pages and constitute the majority of a process's private data area. Faulting in a No-Fill Page In addition to these three types of pages, the kernel may be asked to fault in a no-fill page. This is similar to the BSS page fault except that we don't fill the page with zeros. The page will still contain whatever residue was left behind by its previous owner. For this reason, this option is available only for pages being allocated for kernel use and, in particular, only for use as uarea pages. The uarea is not visible to the process, only to the kernel so residue data is not subject to examination by a user thread. Digging a Memory Hole The final type is a page called a memory hole, used for linkage to sparse memory-mapped files. When a read is scheduled against one of these pages, a requestor receives a 0 or null value; when a write is attempted, the semantics of the zero-fill page are followed. | 