Index_A

A

ABI (application binary interface), 184

absolute coordinate pointing devices, 396

abstract concept of number, 10

abstraction, numeric, 10

accelerated graphics port (AGP), 341, 386

access

16-bit bus data, 140

aligned data, 166

in byte-addressable memory, word, 138

CPU memory, 157

direct memory, 334

FORTRAN array, 178

latency (of a cache), 301

Linux port, 345

low-level disk, 375

memory, and the system clock, 151

output port that supports read/write, 331

RISC CPU memory, 144, 157

three-dimensional column-major array, 178

Windows port, 345

accesses on non-80 —86 processors, 143

accessing

array elements, 159

data with 16-bit bus, 140

double words in memory, 142

elements of an array, 173

elements of multidimensional arrays, 177, 179

pointer variables , 159

a word in byte-addressable memory, 138

a word on a 32-bit processor, 143

words at arbitrary memory addresses, 140

words at odd addresses, 141

accumulation of error in a floating-point computation, 68

acknowledge line, 350

activation records, 320

active

high logic, 217

low logic, 217

ADA programming language, 5

adapter, SCSI host, 370

add

instruction, 230, 232

instruction (Y86), 269, 274

add opcode, 80 —86, 281

adders, half and full, 215

adding

four 256-MB memory modules to a system, 217

an integer to a pointer, 165

integer values to a pointer, 166

addition

with pointers, integer, 165

rules for binary, 40

addition and subtraction, floating-point, 81

addition circuits, 214

addition or subtraction with a scaled format, 36

address

accessing words at odd, 141

bus, I/O, 134-38

effective, 159

physical, 309

record base, 183

space, I/O, 137, 312, 335

translating virtual to physical, 310

virtual, 309

words stored at odd, 141

addressable memory, 135

double word storage in byte, 138

maximum, 135

storing words in byte, 138

word access in byte, 138

addressing

capabilities, 80 —86, 136

mode

direct, 271

direct memory, 158

indexed, 166

indexed versus scaled, 160

indirect, 158, 271

reg values, 285

scaled indexed, 160, 284-87

short displacements for indexed, 159

words and dwords in memory, 138

addressing mode (Y86), 270

direct, 270-71

indexed, 270-71

indirect, 270-71

advanced technology attachment (ATA), 373

aggregate data types, 169

AGP (accelerated graphics port), 314, 341

AIF files, 401

algebra

computers and, 212

theorems of Boolean, 192-93

algebraic manipulation of Boolean expressions, 198

algorithm, hardware implementation of, 212

aliases, 188

aligned data access, 166

aligning fields of a record, 184

allocating objects in contiguous memory, 166

allocation

best-fit memory, 323

dynamic memory, 164, 321

first-fit memory, 323

granularity of memory, 326

heap section, 321

memory, 164, 321

operating system and memory, 325

operator, 321

pointers and dynamic memory, 164

tables, file, 378

alphabetic characters

comparing, 126

grouping, 124

lowercase, 105

alternate

byte layout in a double word, 144

encodings for instructions, 292

ALU (arithmetic logical unit), 239

AMD —86-64 processors, 135

anonymous variables, 164, 321

APIs, device-control, 347

application binary interface (ABI), 184

applications, 3D gaming, 33

approximation of real numbers , 66

Arabic number system, 11

arbitrary addresses in memory, 140

arbitrated loop, SCSI, 369

architecture, 134

computer, 134

CPU, 225

Harvard, 248

ISA (industry standard), 338

ISA (instruction set), 259-60

VLIW, 255

von Neumann, 134

arithmetic

binary and hexadecimal, 39

financial transactions and fixed-point, 35

floating-point, 33, 65, 66

exceptions in, 79

IEEE rounding, 84

limitations of, 65

hexadecimal, 39

limited-precision, 67

and logical instructions (Y86), 266, 269

logical units, 239

pointer, 164

shift right operation, 53

array, 169

access, 159

column-major, 178

FORTRAN, 178

accessing elements of, 173

multidimensional, 177, 179

adding padding bytes before, 172

alignment in memory, 172

base address, 169

bounds checking, 171

column-major ordering, 175, 178

data, 173

declarations, 169

C/C++, 170

HLA, 170

multidimensional, 179

element, 169

accessing, 159

ordering, row-major, 175

organization, 169

index, 169, 171

bounds checking, 171

operator, 169

initializers, 170

layout in memory, 169

memory consumption, 172

multidimensional, 174-80

one-dimensional, 173

organization, 169

packed data, 173

padding bytes in, 172

Pascal declarations, 171, 179

representation in memory, 172

row-major ordering, 175

storage, 173

two-dimensional, 176

array in memory

declaring, 169

representing, 172

ASCII character set, 104

codes, 104-5

numeric digits, 105-6

punctuation symbols, 105

uppercase characters, 105

assembler directive, struct, 182

assembly language bitwise instructions, 80 —86, 48

associative Boolean operations, 193

associative cache

four-way set, 304

fully, 304

n-way set, 304

one-way set, 303

two-way set, 304-5

associative operators

left, 194

right, 194

associativity, 192

asynchronous I/O, 387

AT attachment with packet interface, 373

ATA (advanced technology attachment), 373

ATAPI, 373

audio

CD-quality, 401

devices, programming, 403

file formats, 401

input under USB, 395

output under USB, 395

recorders , digital, 401

sampling, 401

storage requirements on disk, 401

automatic variables, 170

autorepeat (keyboard), 348

AX (Y86 register), 275