Index_P | SAS/STAT 9.1 Users Guide, Volumes 1-7

P

P-P plots

REG procedure, 3917, 3953

p -value adjustments

Bonferroni (MULTTEST), 2939, 2956

bootstrap (MULTTEST), 2938, 2939, 2957, 2968

false discovery rate (MULTTEST), 2959

Fisher combination (MULTTEST), 2959

Hochberg (MULTTEST), 2959

Hommel (MULTTEST), 2959

MULTTEST procedure, 2935, 2956

permutation (MULTTEST), 2942, 2957, 2975

Sidak (MULTTEST), 2942, 2956, 2972

p -value computation

MODECLUS procedure, 2877

painting line-printer plots

REG procedure, 3889

paired comparisons, 4775, 4793

paired proportions ,

See McNemar's test

paired t test, 4782

power and sample size (POWER), 3448, 3455, 3518, 3519

paired-difference t test, 4775,

paired t test

pairwise comparisons

GLM procedure, 1807

panels

INBREED procedure, 1982, 1989

parameter constraints

MIXED procedure, 2707, 2773

parameter estimates

covariance matrix (CATMOD), 842

example (REG), 3877

NLMIXED procedure, 3106

PHREG procedure, 3220, 3222, 3223, 3269

REG procedure, 3919

TPHREG procedure, 4486, 4487

parameter rescaling

NLMIXED procedure, 3098

parameter simulation

MI procedure, 2564

parameter specification

NLMIXED procedure, 3078

Parameterization

SURVEYLOGISTIC procedure, 4270

parameterization

CATMOD, 845

mixed model (MIXED), 2743

MIXED procedure, 2743

of models (GLM), 1787

parametric discriminant analysis, 1157

Pareto charts , 23

parsimax method, 1291, 1317, 1318

partial canonical correlation, 752

partial correlation

CANCORR procedure, 761, 762, 764

principal components , 3612

partial correlations

multivariate analysis of variance, 1824

power and sample size (POWER), 3426, 3429, 3502, 3503, 3556

partial least squares, 3367, 3380

partial likelihood

PHREG procedure, 3215, 3216, 3240, 3241, 3243

partial listing

product-limit estimate (LIFETEST), 2165

partial regression leverage plots

REG procedure, 3901

partially balanced square lattice

LATTICE procedure, 2069

partitions

MDS procedure, 2477, 2488

passive observations

PRINQUAL procedure, 3674

TRANSREG procedure, 4605

path diagram (CALIS)

exogenous variables , 664

factor analysis model, 599, 600

structural model example, 555, 600

PCL destination

ODS Graphics, 326, 335

PDF,

See probability density function

PDF destination

ODS Graphics, 326, 335

PDF output

examples, ODS Graphics, 360

ODS Graphics, 338

Pearson chi-square test, 1469, 1471, 3712, 3759

power and sample size (POWER), 3457, 3462, 3524

Pearson correlation coefficient, 1474, 1479

Pearson correlation statistics

power and sample size (POWER), 3426, 3502, 3503, 3556

Pearson Residual

MIXED procedure, 2704

Pearson residuals

GENMOD procedure, 1670

LOGISTIC procedure, 2360

Pearson's chi-square

GENMOD procedure, 1637, 1656, 1657

LOGISTIC procedure, 2308, 2316, 2354

PROBIT procedure, 3742, 3745, 3760

pedigree analysis

example (INBREED), 1987, 1989

INBREED procedure, 1967, 1968

penalized least squares, TPSPLINE procedure, 4497, 4498, 4518

permutation

adjustment (MULTTEST), 2942, 2957

generating with PLAN procedure, 3358

permutation (MULTTEST)

p -value adjustments, 2942, 2957, 2975

permutation test

NPAR1WAY procedure, 3157, 3166

Peto test

MULTTEST procedure, 2946, 2952, 2972

Peto-Peto test for homogeneity

LIFETEST procedure, 2150, 2168

Peto-Peto-Prentice,

See Peto-Peto test for homogeneity

pharmaceutical stability

example (MIXED), 2810

pharmakokinetics example

NLMIXED procedure, 3107

phenogram, 4743

phi coefficient, 1469, 1474

phi-squared coefficient

DISTANCE procedure, 1273

PHREG procedure

Andersen-Gill model, 3216, 3243, 3253

baseline hazard function, 3216

BASELINE statistics, 3224, 3225

branch and bound algorithm, 3265, 3279

Breslow likelihood, 3228

case weight, 3239

case-control studies, 3217, 3228, 3280

conditional logistic regression, 3217, 3283

continuous time scale, 3216, 3228, 3284

counting process, 3241

covariance matrix, 3222, 3233, 3245

Cox regression analysis, 3215, 3219

cumulative baseline hazard function, 3257

cumulative martingale residuals, 3223, 3266, 3271

DATA step statements, 3220, 3221, 3236, 3288

descriptive statistics, 3223

DFBETA statistics, 3234

discrete logistic model, 3216, 3228, 3283

disk space, 3222

displayed output, 3268

Efron likelihood, 3228

event times, 3215, 3218

exact likelihood, 3228

fractional frequencies, 3227

global influence, 3234, 3260

global null hypothesis, 3218, 3246, 3269

hazard function, 3215, 3240

hazards ratio, 3218, 3247

hazards ratio confidence interval, 3233

iteration history, 3233, 3269

Lee-Wei-Amato model, 3251, 3314

left truncation time, 3229, 3263

likelihood displacement, 3234, 3260

likelihood ratio test, 3246, 3269

linear hypotheses, 3217, 3238, 3247

linear predictor , 3225, 3233, 3235, 3302, 3303

local influence, 3234, 3260

log-rank test, 3219

Mantel-Haenszel test, 3219

mean function, 3224, 3226, 3244, 3245, 3253, 3255

missing values, 3228, 3236, 3286

missing values as strata, 3237

model assessment, 3223, 3265, 3271, 3318

model selection, 3216, 3229, 3230, 3264

ODS graph names , 3271

ODS table names, 3270

offset variable, 3229

output ODS graphics table names, 3271

OUTPUT statistics, 3234, 3235

parameter estimates, 3220, 3222, 3223, 3269

partial likelihood, 3215, 3216, 3240, 3241, 3243

Prentice-Williams-Peterson model, 3255

programming statements, 3220-3222, 3235, 3236, 3288

proportional hazards model, 3215, 3220, 3228

rate function, 3243, 3253

rate/mean model, 3243, 3253

recurrent events, 3216, 3224-3226, 3243

residual chi-square, 3231

residuals, 3234, 3235, 3257-3260, 3302

response variable, 3218, 3283

risk set, 3220, 3240, 3241, 3288

risk weights, 3229

score test, 3229, 3231, 3246, 3269, 3274, 3276

selection methods , 3216, 3229, 3264

singularity criterion, 3232

standard error, 3233, 3235, 3269

standard error ratio, 3269

standardized score process, 3267, 3271

step halving, 3245

strata variables, 3237

stratified analysis, 3216, 3237

survival distribution function, 3239

survival times, 3215, 3281, 3283

survivorfunction, 3215, 3225, 3235, 3239, 3240, 3261, 3299

ties, 3216, 3219, 3228, 3241, 3268

time-dependent covariates, 3216, 3220, 3222, 3224, 3233, 3236

Wald test, 3238, 3246, 3247, 3269, 3284

Wei-Lin-Weissfeld model, 3248

piecewise polynomial splines

TRANSREG procedure, 4561, 4614

Pillai's trace, 437, 1759, 1828

Pitman's test

NPAR1WAY procedure, 3157, 3166

PLAN procedure

combinations, 3358

compared to other procedures, 3335

factor, selecting levels for, 3339, 3340

generalized cyclic incomplete block design, 3357

hierarchical design, 3353

incomplete block design, 3354, 3357

input data sets, 3339, 3343

introductory example, 3336

Latin square design, 3356

nested design, 3353

ODS table names, 3352

output data sets, 3339, 3343, 3346, 3347

permutations , 3358

random number generators, 3339

randomizing designs, 3347, 3351

specifying factor structures, 3348

split-plot design, 3352

treatments , specifying, 3345

using interactively, 3346

%PLOT macro

DISCRIM procedure, 1182

plot options

ODS Graphics, 324

%PLOTIT macro, 808

CORRESP procedure, 1070, 1118, 1128

DISCRIM procedure, 1200

MDS procedure, 2474

PRINCOMP procedure, 3615, 3617, 3625

PRINQUAL procedure, 3678, 3687

TRANSREG procedure, 4617, 4717, 4718

plots

examples (REG), 3948

high-resolution (REG), 3840

keywords (REG), 3841

likelihood (MIXED), 2801

line printer (REG), 3848, 3882

MDS procedure, 2474

of configuration (MDS), 2504, 2505

of dimension coefficients (MDS), 2504, 2506

of linear fit (MDS), 2503

options (REG), 3843, 3844

power and sample size (GLMPOWER), 1930, 1936, 1942

power and sample size (POWER), 3412, 3420, 3421, 3483, 3566

plots, ODS Graphics

box plots, 355

contour plots, 324, 360

Cook's D plots, 353

diagnostics panels, 322, 379

fit plots, 322, 354

histograms, 358

Q-Q plots, 361, 363, 368, 370, 372, 373, 375, 377-379

residual plots, 322

scatter plots, 343, 351

surface plots, 324, 360

plotting samples from univariate distributions

MODECLUS procedure, 2889

PLS procedure

algorithms, 3375

centering, 3386

compared to other procedures, 3367

components, 3367

computation method, 3375

cross validation, 3368, 3384

cross validation method, 3374

examples, 3388

factors, 3367

factors, selecting the number of, 3370

introductory example, 3368

latent variables, 3367

latent vectors, 3367

missing values, 3376

ODS table names, 3388

outlier detection, 3398

output data sets, 3379

output keywords, 3379

partial least squares regression, 3367, 3380

predicting new observations, 3373

principal components regression, 3367, 3381

reduced rank regression, 3367, 3381

scaling, 3386

SIMPLS method, 3380

test set validation, 3384, 3400

point models

TRANSREG procedure, 4605

Poisson distribution

GENMOD procedure, 1652

NLMIXED procedure, 3078

Poisson regression

GENMOD procedure, 1613, 1616

Poisson-normal example

NLMIXED procedure, 3124

POLY Parameterization

SURVEYLOGISTIC procedure, 4271

polychoric correlation coefficient, 1460, 1474, 1482

polynomial effects

GENMOD procedure, 1660

MIXED procedure, 2743

model parameterization (GLM), 1787

specifying (GLM), 1784

polynomial model

GLMMOD procedure, 1909

POLYNOMIAL Parameterization

SURVEYLOGISTIC procedure, 4271

polynomial regression

REG procedure, 3804

polynomial-spline basis

TRANSREG procedure, 4561, 4614

pooled stratum

SURVEYREG procedure, 4389

pooled within-cluster covariance matrix

definition, 388

population

profile (CATMOD), 820

total (SURVEYLOGISTIC), 4252, 4280

total (SURVEYMEANS), 4326, 4334

total (SURVEYREG), 4374, 4382

population (INBREED)

monoecious, 1985

multiparous, 1973, 1977

nonoverlapping, 1974

overlapping, 1968, 1969, 1979

population clusters

risks of estimating (MODECLUS), 2877

population profile, 73

population total

SURVEYFREQ procedure, 4194, 4204

posterior probability

DISCRIM procedure, 1200

error rate estimation (DISCRIM), 1165

PostScript

graphics image files, 358

PostScript output

ODS Graphics, 338

power

overview of power concepts (POWER), 3488

See GLMPOWER procedure, 1929

See POWER procedure, 3411

power curves,

See plots

Power distance coefficient

DISTANCE procedure, 1272

POWER procedure

AB/BA crossover designs, 3549

actual alpha, 3496

actual power, 3419, 3494, 3496

actual prob(width), 3496

analysis of variance, 3438, 3442, 3443, 3513, 3536

analysis statements, 3420-3506

binomial proportion tests, 3429, 3432, 3504-3506, 3541

bioequivalence, 3510, 3511, 3520, 3521, 3530, 3531, 3549

ceiling sample size, 3419, 3496

compared to other procedures, 1930, 3412

computational methods, 3498

computational resources, 3498

confidence intervals for means, 3432, 3438, 3448, 3456, 3463, 3473, 3512, 3522, 3532, 3563

contrasts, analysis of variance, 3438, 3439, 3442, 3513, 3536

correlated proportions, 3443, 3447, 3448, 3516, 3517

correlation, 3426, 3502, 3503, 3556

crossover designs, 3549

displayed output, 3496

effect size, 3485

equivalence tests, 3432, 3438, 3448, 3456, 3463, 3472, 3510, 3511, 3520, 3521, 3530, 3531, 3549

Fisher's exact test, 3457, 3463, 3525

Fisher's z test for correlation, 3426, 3429, 3502, 3556

fractional sample size, 3419, 3496

Gehan test, 3473, 3482, 3533

grouped- name -lists, 3490

grouped-number-lists, 3490

introductory example, 3412

keyword-lists, 3490

likelihood-ratio chi-square test, 3457, 3463, 3525

log-rank test for comparing survival curves, 3473, 3481, 3533, 3561

lognormal data, 3434, 3437, 3438, 3450, 3455, 3456, 3465, 3472, 3509, 3511, 3519, 3521, 3529, 3531, 3552

McNemar's test, 3443, 3447, 3448, 3516, 3517

name-lists, 3490

nominal power, 3419, 3494, 3496

noninferiority, 3552

notation for formulas, 3498

number-lists, 3490

odds ratio, 3457, 3462, 3523, 3524

ODS table names, 3497

one-sample t test, 3412, 3432, 3437, 3508, 3509

one-wayANOVA,3438, 3442, 3443, 3513, 3536

overview of power concepts, 3488

paired proportions, 3443, 3447, 3448, 3516, 3517

paired t test, 3448, 3455, 3518, 3519

partialcorrelation, 3426, 3429, 3502, 3503, 3556

Pearson chi-square test, 3457, 3462, 3524

Pearson correlation, 3426, 3429, 3502, 3503, 3556

plots, 3412, 3420, 3421, 3483, 3566

regression, 3421, 3425, 3500, 3556

relative risk, 3457, 3462, 3523, 3524

sample size adjustment, 3494

summary of analyses, 3488

summary of statements, 3420

survival analysis, 3473, 3481, 3533

t test for correlation, 3426, 3429, 3503

t tests, 3432, 3437, 3448, 3455, 3463, 3471, 3508, 3509, 3518, 3526, 3529, 3566

Tarone-Ware test, 3473, 3483, 3533

two-sample t test, 3415, 3463, 3471, 3472, 3526, 3527, 3529, 3566

value lists, 3490

z test, 3429, 3432, 3505, 3506

power semivariogram model

KRIGE2D procedure, 2049

power-of-the-mean model

MIXED procedure, 2718

PPC convergence measure, 3030

pplot plots

annotating, 2102

axes, color , 2102

font, specifying, 2103

reference lines, options, 2103-2105, 2107

PPS, 161

PPS sampling

SURVEYSELECT procedure, 4463

PPS sampling, with replacement

SURVEYSELECT procedure, 4451

PPS sampling, without replacement

SURVEYSELECT procedure, 4449

PPS sequential sampling

SURVEYSELECT procedure, 4452

PPS systematic sampling

SURVEYSELECT procedure, 4451

precision

NLMIXED procedure, 3101

precision, confidence intervals, 3488

predicted means

MIXED procedure, 2704

predicted model matrix

CALIS procedure, 643, 644, 663

displaying (CALIS), 683

singular (CALIS), 680

predicted population margins

GLM procedure, 1753

predicted probabilities

LOGISTIC procedure, 2350

predicted probability plots

annotating, 3750

axes, color, 3750

font, specifying, 3750

options summarized by function, 3748

reference lines, options, 3750-3752, 3754

threshold lines, options, 3753

predicted residual sum of squares

RSREG procedure, 4042

predicted value confidence intervals

MIXED procedure, 2692

predicted values

example (MIXED), 2796

LIFEREG procedure, 2114

mixed model (MIXED), 2687

MIXED procedure, 2703

NLIN procedure, 3014

REG procedure, 3876, 3879

response functions (CATMOD), 845

prediction

example (REG), 3924

NLMIXED procedure, 3079, 3102

predictive mean matching method

MI procedure, 2542

predpplot

PROBIT procedure, 3746

preference mapping

TRANSREG procedure, 4593, 4717

preference models

TRANSREG procedure, 4586

prefixname

LINEQS statement (CALIS), 602

MATRIX statement (CALIS), 594

RAM statement (CALIS), 598

STD statement (CALIS), 603

preliminary clusters

definition (CLUSTER), 978

using in CLUSTER procedure, 969

Prentice-Williams-Peterson model

PHREG procedure, 3255

presentations

examples, ODS Graphics, 356

PRESS residual

MIXED Procedure, 2766

PRESS statistic, 1774

MIXED Procedure, 2766

RSREG procedure, 4042

prevalence test

MULTTEST procedure, 2952, 2972

primary sampling unit (PSUs), 165

primary sampling units (PSUs)

SURVEYLOGISTIC procedure, 4281

SURVEYMEANS procedure, 4335

SURVEYREG procedure, 4383

principal component analysis, 1291

compared with common factor analysis, 1293

PRINQUAL procedure, 3668

with FACTOR procedure, 1295

principal components,