42 - Complementary Alternative Medicine
Tierney, Lawrence M., McPhee, Stephen J., Papadakis, Maxine A.
Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment, 45th Edition
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C
C3
in bullous pemphigoid 127
in herpes (pemphigoid) gestationis 127
in IgA nephropathy 917
in immune complex disease 795
laboratory reference range for 1737
in pemphigus 126
C3 nephritic factor, in membranoproliferative glomerulonephropathy 916 925
C3b
in autoimmune hemolytic anemia 495
in cold agglutinin disease 496
C4
in immune complex disease 795
laboratory reference range for 1737
C5A, in familial Mediterranean fever 563
C282Y mutation See also HFE gene
in hemochromatosis 676 677
hepatocellular carcinoma and 682
in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 667
Ccr See Creatinine clearance
c-erbB-2 See HER-2/neu oncogene
c-kit receptor, in gastrointestinal stromal tumors 599
imatinib treatment and 1669
c-myc gene, in Burkitt's lymphoma 512 1641
C-octanoic acid breath test, in nausea and vomiting 538
C-peptide
in factitious hypoglycemia 1238
laboratory reference range for 1736
C-reactive protein
in atherosclerosis/coronary heart disease 340
laboratory reference range for 1736
C-urea breath testing See Urea breath testing
c-v wave 314
13C/14C-xylose test, in bacterial overgrowth 605
Ca See Calcium
CA 15-3. in breast cancer 710
response to chemotherapy evaluated by 1686–1687
CA 19-9
in pancreatic and periampullary carcinoma 700
response to chemotherapy evaluated by 1687
CA 27-29, in breast cancer 710
response to chemotherapy evaluated by 1686–1687
CA 125, in ovarian tumors 743 746
response to chemotherapy evaluated by 1686
as screening tool 743 1656 1687
vaccine development and 1700
Cabergoline
for growth hormone secreting tumors 1111
for hyperprolactinemia 1115
CABG See Coronary artery bypass grafting
Cachectin See Tumor necrosis factor
Cachexia
diabetic neuropathic 1223–1224
in heart disease 314
CAD (coronary artery disease) See Coronary heart disease
Cadmium, tubulointerstitial disease caused by 926
Caf au lait spots 143
Caf coronary 294
Cafergot, for migraine headache 975
Caffeine 1089–1090
breast feeding and 786
fibrocystic breast condition and 703
overdose/toxicity of 1089–1090 1636–1637
Caffeinism 1089–1090
cagA gene, in Helicobacter pylori gastritis 584 597
CAGE screening test 17 18
Calabar swellings, in loiasis 1526 1527
Calan See Verapamil
Calcaneofibular ligament, ankle sprains involving 826
Calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3)
for hypoparathyroidism/tetany 1148
laboratory reference range for 1743
Calcimar See Calcitonin
Calcimimetic agents See Cinacalcet
Calcinosis, cardiac 413
Calciphylaxis 1151 1151–1152
Calcitonin
for cancer-related hypercalcemia 1691
laboratory reference range for 1736
in thyroid cancer 1119 1124–1125 1129
Calcitonin (nasal calcitonin-salmon)
for osteoporosis 1157
for Paget's disease of bone 1162
Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
for hypoparathyroidism/tetany 1148 1149
laboratory reference range for 1743
Calcium 876–877 1259
deficiency of in osteomalacia/rickets 1159 1259
dietary/supplementary 1259
for acute tubular necrosis 904
bisphosphonate therapy and 1157
for calcium channel blocker overdose 1621
in cancer prevention 1648 1651
colorectal cancer and 638 1279
high-calcium diet and 1279
hypercalcemia caused by 879 1152
for hyperkalemia 876 877
for hypermagnesemia 884
for hyperphosphatemia 883
for hypocalcemia/hypoparathyroidism/tetany 878 1148 1149
milk-alkali syndrome and 879
for osteoporosis prevention/management 761 1157 1279
during pregnancy/lactation 766
requirements for
dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for 1256
in nutritional support 1282
urinary stone formation and 944 945
disorders of concentration/metabolism of 876–880
genetic disorders associated with 874
in renal failure 911 1150
intracellular, in hypertension 422
laboratory reference ranges (normal values) for 866 876–877 1736
serum levels of
albumin levels and 877 1146
in hypercalcemia/hyperparathyroidism 879 1151
in hypocalcemia/hypoparathyroidism 878 1147
magnesium serum levels and 883
in pancreatitis 694–695
parathyroid hormone affecting 877 1146
in urinary stones 943
Calcium acetate See Calcium, dietary/supplementary
Calcium carbonate See Calcium, dietary/supplementary
Calcium channel blocking drugs
for acute coronary syndromes 353–354
aldosterone secretion affected by 1173
for angina 349 353
for arrhythmias 368 370
atrial fibrillation 376
paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia 373
for bipolar disease 1078
in cardiac failure 395
for cardiomyopathy 403
for hypertension 435–437 436
during pregnancy 416–417 779
regimen for use of 437–439 440
for intracranial aneurysm 997
for myocardial infarction 361 365 435
overdose/toxicity of 436 437 1621
for pulmonary hypertension 411
Calcium chloride See Calcium, dietary/supplementary
Calcium citrate See Calcium, dietary/supplementary
Calcium disodium edetate (EDTA), for lead poisoning 1627
Calcium gluconate See also Calcium, dietary/supplementary
for calcium channel blocker overdose 1621
for hydrofluoric acid burns 1597 1617
for hypocalcemia/hypoparathyroidism/tetany 878 1148
for pancreatitis 696
Calcium load test, in urinary stone disease 944 944
Calcium nephrolithiasis 943 944 945–946
hypercalcemia/hyperparathyroidism and 944 1150 1150–1151
hypoparathyroidism treatment and 1149
Calcium polycarbophil 543
P.1767
Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease (pseudogout) 812 814
Calcium-sensing protein/receptor 877 878 1147
mutations of
in autosomal dominant hypocalcemia with hypercalciuria 1147 1148
in familial benign hypocalciuric hypercalcemia 1152
Calculus formation See specific type or structure or organ affected
Calderol See Calcifediol
Calendar method of contraception 757
Calf vein thrombosis 472
California encephalitis 1371–1373
California flea rickettsiosis 1392
Callosities, of feet or toes 129
in diabetes/vascular disorders 1223
Caloric stimulation, in coma or stupor 1018
Calorie restriction, in obesity management 1099 1268–1269
Calpain-10, in type 2 diabetes 1196
Calymmatobacterium (Donovania) granulomatis 1433
CAM See Complementary/alternative medicine
Campath-1H See Alemtuzumab
Camphor/menthol preparations 89
Campylobacter 1428–1429 1552
fetus 1428 1429
gastroenteritis caused by 545 1299 1300 1301 1302 1428–1429 1556
Guillain-Barr syndrome and 1027
jejuni 1301 1302 1428 1552
Campylobacter-like organisms 1429
Canasa See Mesalamine
Canavan disease, screening for 764
Cancer 1639–1702
autoimmune suppression in 1644
autologous HPC transplants for 803
carcinoid syndrome and 272 611 1692
cognitive disorders/delirium caused by 1091
complications of 1689–1695
early detection/screening tests for 14–16 15 1654–1656
in elderly 55
genetic markers and 1643
effusions associated with 1692–1694
emergencies associated with 1689–1692
environmental carcinogens and 1644
etiology of 1639–1646
familial/hereditary predisposition to 1642–1643
prevention and 1656–1657
fever/FUO and 1286 1287
genetic mutations associated with 1641 1642–1643 1643–1644
prevention and 1656–1657
screening/testing for 1643
HIV infection/AIDS and 1328–1329 1334 1336 1644
hormone replacement therapy and 1645
hypercalcemia associated with 267 879 1152 1153 1690–1691 1695 1696
hypercoagulability and 531–532
hyperuricemia associated with 1691–1692
allopurinol for 1677 1691 1692
incidence/risk/mortality of 1639–1640 1640
infectious carcinogens and 1644
infectious complications of 1289 1555 1694–1695
lipid abnormalities associated with 1244
long term care of survivors and 1688–1689
metastatic See Metastatic disease neurologic complications of metastatic 1002
nonmetastatic 1004–1005
neuropathies associated with 1005 1026 1595–1598 1696
oral contraceptive use and 753
paraneoplastic syndromes and 1695–1698 1696–1697
pericarditis associated with 408
pleural effusions in (malignant pleural effusions) 267 301 301 302 1692–1694
prevention of 14–16 15 1646–1657
chemoprevention and 1648–1654
genetic/hereditary risk factors and 1643
lifestyle modifications and 1646–1648
radiation exposure and 1601
rheumatic manifestations of 862–863
secondary to chemotherapy or radiation therapy 1601 1644–1645 1660
smoking/smoking cessation and 5 1646–1647
spinal cord compression and 1003 1689–1690
staging of 1657–1658
surgery/imaging in 1658–1659
syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) and 267 868 868 1696
therapeutic carcinogens and 1644–1645
treatment of 1658–1686
alternative/complementary 1702
evaluation of tumor response to 1686–1689
novel approaches to 1698–1702 1698
surgery and radiation therapy in 1658–1660
systemic 1660–1686 1663–1665 1672–1678
urate nephropathy associated with 1691–1692
Cancer-related checkup 15
Cancer susceptibility genes 1642–1643 1643–1644
cancer prevention and 1643 1656–1657
screening/testing for 1643
Cancer vaccines 1700
Cancidas See Caspofungin
Cancuas See Caspofungin
Candesartan 433 434
Candida (candidiasis) 1536–1537
albicans 1536
disseminated 1537
endocarditis in 1537
esophageal 570 1536
in HIV infection/AIDS 1322 1326 1336
gastritis in 585
hepatic/hepatosplenic 1537
in HIV infection/AIDS 203 216–217 1322 1325–1326 1326 1336 1536
krusei 1291 1537
mucocutaneous/mucosal 120–121 1536
nail infection and 121 145
oral (thrush) 203
in HIV infection/AIDS 203 216–217 1322 1325–1326 1347
osteomyelitis caused by 859
parapsilosis 1537
prevention of 1291 1347
resistant strains of 1537
tinea cruris differentiated from 102
tropicalis 1537
in urine 935 1536–1537
vulvovaginal 121 732 1536
in diabetes mellitus 1198 1198 1226
in HIV infection/AIDS 1329 1336 1347
Candidal funguria (candiduria) 935 1536–1537
Candins 1585
Canker sore (aphthous ulcer) 204
in HIV infection/AIDS 1326
Cannabinoids, for nausea and vomiting 540
Cannabis sativa (marijuana) 1088
for nausea and vomiting 540
Cantharellus (gastrointestinal-irritant type) mushroom poisoning 1629 1630
CAPD See Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
Capecitabine 1665–1666 1673
Capillary angiomas, in Sturge-Weber syndrome 1006
Caplan's syndrome 296
Capoten See Captopril
Capreomycin, for tuberculosis 1575
Capsule imaging/endoscopy
in Crohn's disease 623
in gastrointestinal bleeding 556 558
Captopril 434
in diabetics 1203–1205 1222
for hypertensive urgencies/emergencies 444 445
nutrients affected by 1260
Captopril renography, in renal artery stenosis 914
Car accidents See Automobile accidents
Car driving, by patients with syncope/ventricular tachycardia/aborted sudden death 385
Carac See Fluorouracil
Carbamate poisoning 1631–1632
Carbamazepine 984
for bipolar disease 1077–1078
monitoring concentrations of 1733
for neuropathic pain 79
overdose/toxicity of 984 1077 1615 1619
hemodialysis for 1613 1619
for seizures 983 984
Carbapenems 1568–1569
Carbaryl poisoning 1631–1632
Carbidopa/levodopa
for parkinsonism 1008–1009
with entacapone 1009 1010
Carbohydrate deficient transferrin, alcohol use/abuse and 1085
Carbohydrates
dietary 1257–1258
coronary heart disease and 340
in diabetic diet 1205
digestion of 601
requirements for 1257–1258 1257
dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for 1257
in porphyria 1025 1703–1704
nonabsorbable, for constipation 544
P.1768
Carbon dioxide
increased production of, respiratory failure caused by 307
laboratory reference range (normal values) for 1736
partial pressure of See PaCO2; PCO2
Carbon dioxide laser therapy
for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 735
for condylomata acuminata 128–129 733
for wart removal 128–129
Carbon dioxide narcosis, in respiratory acidosis 893
Carbon monoxide, diffusing capacity for (DLCO) See Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide poisoning 1611 1615 1621
dyspnea in 22 23
headache and 32
smoke inhalation and 293 1621
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
adverse ocular effects of 178
for glaucoma/intraocular hypertension 161 173
renal tubular acidosis caused by 889
Carboplatin 1672
toxicity of 1672 1684
Carboxyhemoglobin levels
in carbon monoxide poisoning 1621
laboratory reference range for 1736
in smoke inhalation 293 1596
Carboxypeptidase G2, for methotrexate toxicity 1684
Carbuncles 138–139 1406
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
arcitumomab for imaging cancer with increased levels of 1658
in breast cancer 710
in colorectal cancer 638
vaccine development and 1700
dendritic cells loaded with, in cancer treatment 1700
laboratory reference range for 1736
response to chemotherapy evaluated by 1686
in thyroid cancer 1125
Carcinogens, in cancer etiology 1644–1645
Carcinoid heart disease 413–414 611
Carcinoid syndrome 272 611 1692
Carcinoid tumors
bronchial 272
carcinoid syndrome caused by 272 611 1692
chemotherapy for 1665
gastric 599
intestinal 611–612
in multiple endocrine neoplasia 1150
pancreatic 1178
paraneoplastic syndromes associated with 1696–1697
pernicious anemia gastritis and 585
Carcinoma in situ
of bladder 967
of breast 713 716 716
of cervix 736 736 737
of vulva 739
Carcinomatosis
lymphangitic 273
peritoneal 562
Carcinomatous meningitis (leptomeningeal metastases) 1001 1690
Card agglutination test (CATT), in African trypanosomiasis 1464
Cardene See Nicardipine
Cardiac arrhythmias See Arrhythmias
Cardiac asthma 227
Cardiac calcinosis 413
Cardiac catheterization 317–318
in acute coronary syndromes 354 354
in cardiac failure 390
in cardiomyopathy 401 403
in constrictive pericarditis 410
in cor pulmonale 412
interventional (therapeutic) 318
postinfarction 365
Cardiac cirrhosis 670
Cardiac dysrhythmias See Arrhythmias
Cardiac failure See Congestive heart (cardiac) failure
Cardiac glycosides See Digitalis/digitalis glycosides
Cardiac index (CI)
in myocardial infarction 357
in shock 479
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging 317 346
Cardiac multislice computed tomography 317
Cardiac murmurs See Heart murmurs
Cardiac output
in heart failure 386
in near drowning victim 1603
in obstructive shock 477
PEEP affecting, in ARDS 310
during pregnancy 416
prerenal azotemia and 902
in shock liver 680
Cardiac risk assessment, preoperative 36–41 36 37 38 39
Cardiac risk index 36 37 415
Cardiac rupture 414
Cardiac-specific markers (cardiac enzymes)
in cardiac trauma 414
in infectious myocarditis 399
in myocardial infarction 356
Cardiac tamponade See Tamponade
Cardiac transplantation, for heart failure 396
Cardiac trauma 414
Cardiac tumors 413
Cardiac valves See Prosthetic heart valves; Valve replacement; Valvular heart disease
Cardiobacterium hominis, endocarditis caused by 1415
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema 386 389 397–398
Cardiogenic shock 357 357 363 477 478 479 480
Cardiogenic syncope 313 385
Cardiomegaly
in cardiac failure 390
in hypothyroidism (myxedema heart) 1132
Cardiomyopathy 400–405 401
anthracycline-induced 1685
catecholamine-induced, in pheochromocytoma 1176
in diabetes mellitus 1225
dilated 400–402 401
coxsackieviruses causing 1390
secondary mitral regurgitation and 331
heart failure and 387 400–401 402
in hyperthyroidism 1137 1142
hypertrophic 401 402–404
heart murmurs in 403
interventions affecting 329 403
sudden death and 403 418
of pregnancy (peripartum cardiomyopathy) 417 778
restrictive 401 404–405
constrictive pericarditis differentiated from 404 410
in systemic disease 413 414
Cardiomyoplasty, for heart failure 396
Cardiomyotomy, Heller, for achalasia 580
Cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing 224–225
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
in drowning 1602
in hypothermia 1590
orders regarding in end-of-life care 70 71
survival to hospital discharge after 70 71
Cardiovascular disorders See also under Cardiac; Coronary; Myocardial and Heart disease; Stroke
bupropion for smoking cessation in patient with 11
in Chagas' disease 399 1465 1466 1467
cocaine abuse and 347 355 400 1089
coenzyme Q10 for 1721 1722
cognitive disorders/delirium caused by 1091
COX-2 inhibitors causing 74 587 591 830–831
in diabetes mellitus 1225
aspirin chemoprevention and 1205 1225
glycemic control and 1202 1203 1203–1205 1225
estrogen replacement therapy and 341 761 1187 1188
homocysteine/hyperhomocysteinemia in 10–11 341 1706–1707
hypertensive 424–425 441
in hyperthyroidism 1137 1141–1142
in hypothyroidism 1132
immobility/bed rest and 59
in Lyme disease 408 1458 1461 1461
nicotine replacement therapy in patient with 9 10
pregnancy and 416–417 778–779 778
prevention of 5–12 340–342
exercise/activity and 12 341
hyperhomocysteinemia prevention and 10–11 341 1707
lipid disorder prevention/management and 8–10 341
cholesterol screening and 1244–1247 1245–1246
in women and elderly 1246 1247
smoking cessation and 5–8 6–7 8 9 10 11 339
radiation causing 1600
in renal failure 909–910
screening for
in athletes 417–418
cholesterol/lipid 1244–1247 1245–1246
syphilis and 1443 1444 1448 1450 1557
Cardiovascular system, thiamin deficiency affecting 1272–1273
Cardioversion
electrical
for atrial fibrillation 375–376 377
rate control compared with 376–377
for atrial flutter 378
for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia 373
for ventricular arrhythmias/tachycardia 379
pharmacologic See Rate control
transesophageal echo-guided, for atrial fibrillation 376
Cardioverter defibrillator, implantable See Implantable cardioverter defibrillator
Carditis, rheumatic 405 406
Cardizem See Diltiazem
Cardura See Doxazosin
P.1769
Caregiver issues, in care of elderly 54
dementia and 57
Carey-Coombs murmur, in rheumatic carditis 405
Carisoprodol, overdose/toxicity of 1624
Carmol 90
Carmustine (BCNU) 1672
Carney complex 413 1100 1110 1167
Carnitine, for lower extremity occlusive disease 454
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency 1102
Caroli's disease 692
b-Carotene/carotenoids 1276
in cancer prevention 1276 1650–1651
skin discoloration caused by 1100
Carotenodermia 1100
Carotid angioplasty 457
Carotid artery
aneurysms of 458
dissection of 458
occlusive disease of (carotid stenosis/insufficiency) 456–458
amaurosis fugax caused by 166
asymptomatic 457
headache associated with 978
postoperative complications associated with 44
stroke/transient ischemic attacks caused by 456–458 989 991 992
Carotid body tumors 458
Carotid bruits 456
Carotid endarterectomy/thromboendarterectomy 457
prophylactic 457
amaurosis fugax and 166
preoperative 44
for transient ischemic attacks and stroke 457 990
Carotid pulse
in carotid artery occlusive disease 456
in heart disease
cardiac failure 389
cardiomyopathy 403
Carotid sinus hypersensitivity, syncope in 384
Carotid sinus massage/pressure
for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia 373
in syncope evaluation 384
Carotid stenting 457
Carpal compression test 821
Carpal spasm See Trousseau's sign
Carpal tunnel syndrome 821–822
in acromegaly 1110 1111
Raynaud's phenomenon and 465
Carrier (genetic)
for fragile X mental retardation 1705
for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency 492
for sickle cell disease 494 494
for thalassemia 484 485
Carrier state (infection)
for cryptosporidiosis 1476
in giardiasis 1479
for group B streptococcal infection 780
in hepatitis B 654 659
for meningococcal meningitis 1421
staphylococcal 1405
furunculosis/carbuncles and 138 1406
mupirocin for elimination of 1577
in trench fever 1433
in typhoid fever 1426
Carteolol
for glaucoma/intraocular hypertension 161 173
for systemic hypertension 431
Cartia See Diltiazem
Cartrol See Carteolol
Carvedilol 431
Cascara 543 544
Caspofungin 1548 1550 1585
for aspergillosis 1544–1545 1585
for candidiasis 1537 1585
cost of 1561
therapy adjustments in renal or hepatic failure and 1558
CaSR See Calcium-sensing receptors
Castleman's disease 1362
Castor bean (Ricinus communis), ricin toxicity and 1622
Castor oil 544
Castration See also Orchiectomy
for breast cancer in male 727
Casts, urinary See Urinary casts
“Cat” (methcathinone) 1618
Cat bites 1296
cat scratch fever transmitted by 1433
Cat feces
cutaneous larva migrans transmitted by 1519
toxocariasis (visceral larva migrans) transmitted by 1534
toxoplasmosis transmitted by 1498 1500
Cat fleas See Fleas
Cat hookworm, cutaneous larva migrans caused by 1519
Cat-scratch disease 1433–1434
Cataflam See Diclofenac
Catamenial asthma 227
Catamenial pneumothorax 303
Cataplexy, in narcolepsy 1080
Catapres See Clonidine
Cataract 163
diabetic 1221
hypoparathyroidism and 1147 1148
Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome 837
Catatonic schizophrenia 1057
Catatonic syndrome (catatonia) 1058
Catcher's mitt hand 822
Catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors, for parkinsonism 1009–1010
Catecholamines
factors affecting 1175 1175
in pheochromocytoma 1174 1175
cardiomyopathy caused by 1176
Caterpillars, skin lesions caused by 136
Cathartics
abuse of in bulimia nervosa 1271 1272
nutrients affected by 1260
for poisoning/drug overdose 1612
Catheter ablation techniques See Radiofrequency ablation techniques
Catheterization
bladder/urinary See Bladder catheterization
cardiac See Cardiac catheterization
Catheters
infected, septic phlebitis and 473
nosocomial infections and 1292–1293
for parenteral nutritional support 1281
complications associated with 1284
Cation exchange resins, for hyperkalemia 876
CATT (card agglutination test), in African trypanosomiasis 1464
Cauda equina injury 1021
Cauda equina tumor, back pain caused by 817 818
Cauliflower ear 181
Caustic/corrosive agents 1617
acids 1617 1617
alkalies 1617–1618 1617
decontamination for injury caused by 1610–1611
esophageal injury caused by 571–572 1617 1617–1618
eye injury caused by 172 1611 1617 1618
Cauterization, for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 735
Cavernous hemangioma, of liver 683
Cavernous sinus thrombosis, sinusitis and 196
CC-5013 See Lenalidomide
CCNU See Lomustine
CCPD See Continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis
Ccr See Creatinine clearance
CCR5, in HIV infection/AIDS 1320
CD markers
in gastrointestinal stromal tumors 599
in hematologic neoplasia
acute leukemia 508
chronic lymphocytic leukemia 510
hairy cell leukemia 512
CD2, in acute lymphoblastic leukemia 508
CD3, monoclonal antibody against (muromonab-CD3) 804
CD4/CD8 cell ratio
in burn injury 1596
in sarcoidosis 279
CD4 T cells
in HIV infection/AIDS 1317 1320
absolute count 1317 1329–1330 1330
antiretroviral therapy initiation/monitoring and 1334–1336 1339
CMV retinitis and 168 1360
neurosyphilis and 1452
opportunistic infection/course of disease and 1321 1321 1346 1347
oral lesions and 216 1325
percentage of 1330 1330
pneumocystis pneumonia and 1321 1321 1323 1346 1541
HTLV infection of 1376
laboratory reference range for 1736
CD5
in acute lymphoblastic leukemia 508
in chronic lymphocytic leukemia 510
CD7, in acute lymphoblastic leukemia 508
CD8 T cells
in common variable immunodeficiency 796
HTLV infection of 1376
CD10, in acute lymphoblastic leukemia 508
CD11c, in hairy cell leukemia 512
CD19
in acute lymphoblastic leukemia 508
in chronic lymphocytic leukemia 510
in MALToma 598
CD20
antibodies against See Ibritumomab tiuxetan; Rituximab
in MALToma 598
CD22, in hairy cell leukemia 512
CD25, denileukin diftitox affecting cells expressing, in cancer chemotherapy 1668
CD33, antibody against See Gemtuzumab ozogamicin
CD34, in gastrointestinal stromal tumors 599
CD38, in chronic lymphocytic leukemia 510
CD52, antibody against See Alemtuzumab
CD55 deficiency, in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 491
CD59 deficiency, in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 491
CD117, in gastrointestinal stromal tumors 599 612
P.1770
CdA See Cladribine
CEA See Carcinoembryonic antigen
CEA-Scan 1658
Ceclor See Cefaclor
Cecum, dilation of, in colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie's syndrome) 608 609
Cefaclor 1566 1567
cost of 1562
Cefadroxil 1566 1566
for endocarditis prophylaxis 1418
Cefamandole 1566
Cefazolin 1566 1567
cost of 1561
for endocarditis prophylaxis 1419
for surgical site infection prophylaxis 47
Cefdinir 1567 1568
Cefditoren 1566 1567 1568
cost of 1562
Cefepime 1565 1566 1567 1568
cost of 1561
Cefixime 1567 1567–1568
Cefizox See Ceftizoxime
Cefmetazole 1566 1567
Cefonicid 1566
Cefoperazone 1566
Ceforanide 1566
Cefotaxime 1566 1567
for Lyme disease 1461
Cefotetan 1566 1567
for anaerobic intra-abdominal infections 1435
for surgical site infection prophylaxis 47
Cefoxitin 1566 1567
cost of 1561
for surgical site infection prophylaxis 47
Cefpodoxime proxetil 1566 1567 1568
cost of 1562
Cefprozil 1566 1567
cost of 1562
Ceftazidime 1566 1567 1568
cost of 1561
Ceftibuten 1566 1567 1568
Ceftin See Cefuroxime
Ceftizoxime 1566
cost of 1561
Ceftriaxone 1566 1567 1568
for anaerobic intra-abdominal infections 1435
cost of 1561
for endocarditis prophylaxis 1417 1418 1419
for Lyme disease 1461 1461
for syphilis 1446 1451–1452
for urinary tract infection 939
Cefuroxime 1566 1567
cost of 1561 1562
for Lyme disease 1461 1461
Cefzil See Cefprozil
Celebrex See Celecoxib
Celecoxib 74 75 587 830
in cancer prevention 1650 1700
cardiovascular complications of 587 1650
for pain management 74 75
peptic ulcers/peptic ulcer prevention and 587 830
for rheumatoid arthritis 830
Celexa See Citalopram
Celiac artery, occlusive lesions/stenosis of, intestinal ischemia and 459
Celiac axis compression syndrome 459
Celiac disease/celiac sprue (gluten enteropathy) 601–603
dermatitis herpetiformis and 113 602
HLA in 112–113 801
lymphoma associated with 603 611
Cell death, programmed (apoptosis), P53
regulation of, cancer etiology and 1641
Cell-mediated autoimmunity 798
Cell-mediated (delayed/type IV) hypersensitivity reactions See Hypersensitivity reactions
Cell-mediated (cellular) immunity
infections associated with defects in 1289
tests for, in nutritional assessment 1263
Cell surface antigens, immune cell See also under CD
Cell wall-deficient (L) forms, penicillin resistance and 1560
Cellophane tape test
for enterobiasis/pinworm infection diagnosis 1521
for T saginata diagnosis 1509
Cellular adoptive therapy, with IL-2 activated killer cells 805
Cellulitis 124–125 1556
anaerobic 1435
of auricle 181
in chronic venous insufficiency 474
deep venous thrombosis differentiated from 125
nonclostridial crepitant 1435
orbital 170–171
peritonsillar 206
sublingual/submaxillary space (Ludwig's angina) 207
superficial (erysipelas) 124 1401 1556
synergistic necrotizing 1435
tinea pedis and 103 125
vibrios causing 1428
Cellulose phosphate, for absorptive hypercalciuria 945
Cenesthetic hallucinations, in schizophrenia/psychotic disorders 1058
Cenestin See Estrogens, synthetic
Centor criteria, for streptococcal pharyngitis 205 1400 1401
Central alveolar hypoventilation 305
Central cord syndrome 1021
Central nervous system See also Nervous system; Neurologic disorders
infections of See also Encephalitis; Meningitis
anaerobic 1434–1435
otitis media causing 186
primary angiitis of 851
Central neurogenic hyperventilation, in coma or stupor 305 1018
Central pontine myelinolysis, hyponatremia treatment and 870
Central retinal artery occlusion 166
Central retinal vein occlusion 165–166
Central sleep apnea 305
Central vein nutritional support (total parenteral nutrition/hyperalimentation) 1281
acidosis caused by 887 890 1284
in burn injury 1598
complications of 1284–1285 1284
in Crohn's disease 625
hepatic steatosis caused by 668
in HIV infection/AIDS 1322
in pancreatitis 696
patient monitoring during 1285
solutions for 1283 1284 1284
Central venous pressure
jugular venous pulsations in evaluation of 314
in myocardial infarction 356
in pulmonary disorders 222
in shock 479
Centruroides stings 1636
Cephalexin 1566 1566
cost of 1562
for endocarditis prophylaxis 1418
for impetigo 113 1401
for urinary tract infection 939
Cephalosporins 1565–1568 1565 1566
allergy to 1568
penicillin allergy cross-reactivity and 1316
resistance to 1565
toxicity of 1568
Cephapirin 1566
Cephradine 1566 1566
Cercariae/metacercariae
angiostrongyliasis transmitted by 1516–1517 1517
clonorchiasis/opisthorchiasis transmitted by 1506
fascioliasis transmitted by 1505
fasciolopsiasis transmitted by 1504
paragonimiasis transmitted by 1507
schistosomiasis transmitted by 1501
Cercarial dermatitis, in schistosomiasis 1502
Cerclage, for incompetent cervix 769
Cerebellar arteriovenous malformations 998
Cerebellar artery obstruction, stroke caused by 993
Cerebellar degeneration, paraneoplastic 1005 1696 1698
Cerebellar hemorrhage 995
Cerebellar tonsils, herniation of, space-occupying tumors causing 1001
Cerebellar tumors 1001
hemangioblastoma 1000
paraneoplastic syndromes associated with 1696–1697
Cerebral aneurysm See Intracranial aneurysm
Cerebral angiography/arteriography See also Neuroimaging
in brain death determination 1019
Cerebral arteriovenous malformations 997–998
Cerebral artery occlusion, in stroke 991 991–993
Cerebral contusions/lacerations 1020
Cerebral decompression sickness 1603
Cerebral hemorrhage See Intracerebral hemorrhage
Cerebral infarction/ischemia 991–994 992
hypertension and 425
stupor and coma caused by 1018–1019
Cerebral injury 1019–1020 1020
in near drowning victim 1603
Cerebral ischemia See Cerebral infarction; Transient ischemic attacks
Cerebral lymphoma, primary, in HIV infection/AIDS 1000 1003 1324 1328
Cerebral malaria 1487 1497
Cerebral metastases 1002
Cerebral paragonimiasis 1507
Cerebral toxoplasmosis, in HIV infection/AIDS 1003 1324 1335 1499
prophylaxis of 1333 1347
Cerebritis, lupus 836
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis
in African trypanosomiasis 1464
in anthrax 1412
in CNS infections 1293 1294
in coccidioidomycosis 1539–1540
in cryptococcosis 1543
in cysticercosis 1511
P.1771
in eosinophilic meningoencephalitis (angiostrongyliasis) 1517
in Guillain-Barr syndrome 1027
in herpes simplex encephalitis/meningitis 1351
in intracranial aneurysm 996
in Kawasaki syndrome 1399
in leptomeningeal metastases (carcinomatous meningitis) 1002
in listeriosis 1414
in Lyme disease 1460
in lymphocytic choriomeningitis 1373
in meningococcal meningitis 1421
in multiple sclerosis 1015
in paragonimiasis 1507
in pneumococcal meningitis 1405
in poliomyelitis 1366–1367
in spinal cord tumors 1003
in syphilis 1446 1449 1451 1452
in HIV infection/AIDS 1332 1452
in tick-borne encephalitis 1380
in toxoplasmosis 1499–1500
in tuberculous meningitis 1438
Cerebrospinal fluid leakage, in head injury 1020
Cerebrovascular accident See Stroke
Cerebrovascular disorders
estrogen replacement therapy and 761 1188
headache in 32 978
hypertensive 425
neurologic complications of cancer and 1004
occlusive 456–458
homocysteine in 1706–1707
oral contraceptive use and 753
Ceruloplasmin
laboratory reference range for 1736
in Wilson's disease 678
Cerumen impaction 181
hearing loss and 180
Ceruminous gland adenoma 183
Cervical cap 756
Cervical carcinoma See Cervix (uterine), cancer of
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN/dysplasia of cervix) 734–736 734
DES exposure and 733
in HIV infection/AIDS 1329
HPV tests in screening for 1655
oral contraceptive use and 753
Cervical lymph nodes, normal 215
Cervical lymphadenopathy, reactive 215
Cervical mucus, evaluation of
in infertility workup 749
in symptothermal natural family planning 756–757
Cervical rib syndrome 816 1031
Cervical spine/disk disease 1030–1031
arthritic/degenerative 816 1031
chest pain in 344
herniation/protrusion 815–816 1030–1031 1032–1033
vertigo and 192
Cervical spondylosis 816 1031
Cervical strain 815
Cervical vertigo 191–192
Cervical warts See Venereal (genital) warts
Cervicitis 733
chlamydial 1441
gonococcal 1432
infertility and 749
painful intercourse and 748
postgonococcal 1432
Cervicofacial actinomycosis 1436
Cervix (uterine)
biopsy of
in abnormal premenopausal bleeding 728
in cervical cancer 736
in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 735
cancer of 736–737 736 1664
HIV infection/AIDS 735 1329
HPV infection and 735 736 1644
screening tests for 1655
oral contraceptive use and 753
Pap smears in screening for 15 16 734 735 1655
in elderly 16 55
preinvasive (carcinoma in situ) 736 736 737
cauterization of, for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 735
conization of, for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia/cervical cancer 735 736
dysplasia (CIN) of 734–736 734
incompetent 768
cerclage/activity restriction for 769
polyps of 733
Cesarean section
antibiotic prophylaxis for 47
for cardiac patient 417 778
for prevention of herpes genitalis transmission to fetus/newborn 779
for prevention of HIV transmission to fetus/newborn 776
Cestode infections 1508–1515
Cetirizine 789
adverse ocular effects of 178
Cetuximab 1667 1677 1698
CF See Counting fingers
CFTR See Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein
CH50 (complement)
in immune complex disease 795
laboratory reference range for 1737
Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis) 1465–1467
achalasia and 580
myocarditis in 399 1466
Chagoma 1466
Chalazion 154
Chancre
syphilitic 1443 1446 1448
anal 645 1448
trypanosomal 1463
Chancroid 1433
CHAOS See Syndrome X
Chaotic (multifocal) atrial tachycardia 378
Charas 1088
Charcoal, activated, for poisoning/drug overdose 1612
repeat-dose 1613
Charcot joint (neurogenic arthropathy) 862
in diabetes mellitus 862 1223
in tabes dorsalis 862 1451
Charcot-Leyden crystals
in paragonimiasis 1507
in trichuriasis/whipworm 1534
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 1024
Charcot's triad 687 688
Cheilitis, angular, in HIV infection/AIDS 1326
Chelation therapy See also specific type
adverse ocular effects of 179
for arsenic poisoning 1620
for heavy metal poisoning 1611
for hemochromatosis/iron poisoning/overload 677 1625–1626
in thalassemia 486
for lead poisoning 1627
for mercury poisoning 1627
for Wilson's disease 678
Chemical carcinogens 1644
Chemical injury
acids causing 1617 1617
alkalies causing 1617–1618 1617
of esophagus 571–572 1617 1617–1618
of eye (conjunctivitis/keratitis) 172 1611 1617 1618
of lung 297 1617
aspiration and 294 295
drug-induced 298 298
smoke inhalation and 294 1596
Chemical warfare agents See also Bioterrorism
nerve agents 1621–1622
ricin 1622
“Chemo” toxicity/abuse 1627
Chemodectomas (carotid body tumors) 458
Chemokine receptors, in HIV infection/AIDS 1320
Chemoprevention/chemoprophylaxis 3
antibiotic/antimicrobial See Antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis
for cancer 1648–1654
breast cancer and 706 1651–1652 1652
colorectal cancer and 638 1279 1650
for cardiovascular disease 12 341
Chemoradiation therapy 1659–1660
for bladder cancer 968
for esophageal cancer 578 578–579
for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma 212 213
Chemoreceptor trigger zone 80–81 538 539
Chemosclerosis, for malignant effusions 1693
Chemosis, in allergic eye disease 157
Chemotherapy (cancer) 1660–1679 1663–1665 1672–1678
adjuvant 1661 1679–1680
adverse ocular effects of 179
breast feeding and 786
cancer types responsive to 1662 1663–1665
dosages of agents used in 1672–1678
modification of 1680–1687 1681
dose-dense/dose-intense 1661 1662
dosing schedules and 1662
evaluation of response to 1686–1689
high dose See High dose chemotherapy
for hypercalcemia 1691
hyperuricemia associated with 1691–1692
infections in neutropenic patients and 1289 1555 1694–1695
leukemia caused by 508 1644–1645 1660
local/regional administration and 1662
nausea and vomiting caused by 539 1682–1683
acupuncture for 1728–1729
neoadjuvant 1661
new/novel agents used in 1661–1679 1676–1677 1698–1702 1698
with radiation therapy See Chemoradiation therapy
renal failure and 904
resistance and 1660–1661
secondary malignancy and 508 1644–1645 1660
P.1772
supportive agents/care and 1671 1677–1678 1688–1689
with surgery 1661
toxicity of agents used in 1672–1678 1680–1686 1681
Chenodeoxycholic acid, for cholelithiasis/gallstones 686
Chen's sign 319
Chest auscultation 221
in heart disease 315
myocardial infarction 356
Chest examination
in heart disease, myocardial infarction 356
in pulmonary disorders 221
Chest pain 312 581–582
in achalasia 579
in acute coronary syndromes 352
in angina 312 343
alteration in before myocardial infarction 355–356
coronary vasospasm causing 347
Prinzmetal's (variant) 347
in aortic dissection 312 344 451
in aortic regurgitation 335
in cardiomyopathy 403
in cervical/thoracic spine disease 344 581
dyspnea and 23
in esophageal disorders 344
gastroesophageal reflux disease 566 581
infectious esophagitis 570
motility disorders 344 580 581–582
pill-induced esophagitis 571
ischemic 312
in myocardial infarction 312 356
management of 360
noncardiac 344 581–582
in pericarditis 407
pleuritic (pleuritis) 299
in thoracic actinomycosis 1436
in pneumothorax 303 344
psychologic causes of 581
respirophasic, in pulmonary embolism 281 282 344
in thoracic outlet syndrome 344 467
visceral sensitivity causing 581
Chest pain observation units 352
Chest percussion (diagnostic) 221
Chest percussion (therapeutic)
in bronchiectasis 244
in COPD 242
in cystic fibrosis 245
Chest tube drainage (tube thoracostomy)
for empyema 302
for hemothorax 302–303
for parapneumonic effusion 302 1404
for pneumothorax 304
Chest wall
breast cancer recurrence in 725
disorders of, chest pain in 581
expansion/movements of during breathing 221
respiratory failure caused by disorders of 307
Chewing, facial pain associated with 979
Cheyne-Stokes respiration (periodic breathing) 221
in coma or stupor 1018
in heart failure 314
CHF See Congestive heart (cardiac) failure
Chi, in acupuncture 1722–1723
Chibroxin See Norfloxacin
Chickenpox See Varicella
Chiclero's ulcer 1485
Chiggers, skin lesions caused by 136
Chilblain (erythema pernio) 1591
Chilblain lupus erythematosus 1591
Child abuse
Munchausen by proxy and 1048
sexual 1052
intrafamilial (incest) 1052
prevention of 16–17
Child-Turcotte-Pugh classification for cirrhosis 673 674
surgery and 43
Chinese liver fluke, clonorchiasis caused by 1506
Chiropractic 1709
Chlamydia (chlamydial infections) 1440–1442 1554
epididymitis 943 1556
gonococcal coinfection and 1432 1441
pneumoniae 1440 1442 1554
atherosclerosis/heart disease and 446 1442
pneumonia 249 251 252 1556
psittaci 1440 1441–1442 1554
trachomatis 1440 1440–1441 1554
anorectal involvement and 645
epididymitis 943 1556
inclusion conjunctivitis 156
lymphogranuloma venereum 1440–1441
pelvic inflammatory disease 741 742 1441 1557
during pregnancy 780
rape/sexual assault in transmission of 759 1297
trachoma 156
urethritis and cervicitis 1441 1556
Chloasma (melasma) 143 1100
oral contraceptive use and 143 753 1100
Chloral hydrate 1045
adverse ocular effects of 178
Chlorambucil 1672
for chronic lymphocytic leukemia 511
Chloramphenicol 1572
adverse effects of 1572
ocular 179
breast feeding and 786
nutrients affected by 1260
for ophthalmic disorders 175
therapy adjustments in renal or hepatic failure and 1558
Chlordane, poisoning caused by 1622
Chlordiazepoxide 1045
Chlorguanide See Proguanil
Chloride 1259
laboratory reference range (normal values) for 866 1737
in metabolic alkalosis 891
replacement of 895
requirements for in nutritional support 1282
Chlorinated insecticides, poisoning caused by 1622
2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine See Cladribine
Chlorophenothane (DDT), poisoning caused by 1622
Chloroquine
adverse ocular effects of 179 1492
for amebiasis 1470 1471 1472
for lupus erythematosus 105
for malaria chemoprophylaxis/treatment 1489 1490 1492 1495–1496 1496 1497
emergency self-treatment and 1488
in pregnancy 767 1492 1496
with proguanil 1488 1495
resistance to 1489 1490 1491 1492 1496 1497
rabies vaccination affected by 1314 1371 1492
Chlorpheniramine 789
Chlorpromazine 1059 1060
overdose/toxicity of 1060 1063 1633
Chlorpropamide 1206 1207
adverse ocular effects of 179
intensive therapy with 1203–1205
Chlorthalidone 429 439
Chokes (pulmonary decompression sickness) 1603
Cholangiocarcinoma 681 692–693
in clonorchiasis/opisthorchiasis 692 1506
in primary sclerosing cholangitis 691 692
Cholangiography
endoscopic retrograde (ERCP) See Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
percutaneous transhepatic (PTC) See Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
Cholangiopancreatography
endoscopic retrograde (ERCP) See Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
magnetic resonance (MRCP) See Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography
Cholangitis
autoimmune 675
biliary stricture causing 690
cholecystitis and 687
choledocholithiasis and 688–690
drugs/toxins causing 666
liver abscess and 681
during pregnancy 782
primary sclerosing 690–692
in HIV infection/AIDS 691 1326
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) 1158
Cholecystectomy
for cholecystitis 687
for choledocholithiasis/cholangitis 689
for cholelithiasis/gallstones 685
pancreatitis and 696 697
for precholecystectomy syndrome 688
pregnancy and 685 782 783
symptom persistence after (postcholecystectomy syndrome) 685 688
Cholecystitis 685 686–687 1555
acalculous 686
in HIV infection/AIDS 1326
parenteral nutritional support and 1284
acute 685 686–687
chronic 685 687
in hereditary spherocytosis 491
during pregnancy 782–783
xanthogranulomatous 687
Cholecystostomy, during pregnancy 782
Choledocholithiasis 685 688–690
pancreatitis and 697
during pregnancy 782–783
Cholelithiasis (gallstones) 684–686 685
cholecystitis and 686 687
in hereditary spherocytosis 491
pancreatitis and 697
during pregnancy 685 782–783
in short bowel syndrome 606
in sickle cell syndromes 493
Cholera 1427–1428 1553
immunization against 1313 1428
pancreatic 1692
P.1773
Cholestasis 649
in biliary cirrhosis 674 675
drugs/toxins causing 666
hereditary/intrahepatic 649 650 651
of pregnancy 651 782–783
S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) for 1719
Cholestatic jaundice 649
Cholesteatoma 185–186
Cholesterol 1240
in atherogenesis/coronary heart disease 339 340 1240–1241 1241–1242
in diabetes mellitus 1201 1225
dietary 1247 1258
elevated levels of 1240
lowering 341 1242–1243
cholesterol screening and 1244–1247 1245–1246
in women and elderly 1246 1247
rosiglitazone therapy and 1210
screening for 1244–1247 1245–1246
estrogen replacement therapy and 1187
in gallstones 684 686
garlic affecting 1712 1714–1715
laboratory reference range (normal values) for 1737
Cholesterol emboli, arterial 461–462
Cholesterol-lowering diet 1247–1248 1278–1279
in diabetes 1205 1225
Cholesterolosis of gallbladder 685 687
Cholestyramine
for diarrhea 551
for lipid modification/heart disease prevention 1249–1250 1251
nutrients affected by 1260
Choline, dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for 1254
Choline magnesium salicylate 75
Cholinergic rebound 1071
Cholinergic syndrome, in poisoning/drug overdose 1614
Cholinergic urticaria 121 122
Cholinesterase inhibitors See Anticholinesterases
Chondritis See Polychondritis
Chondroblastoma 862
Chondrocalcinosis 814 1151
Chondrocyte transplantation, autologous, for osteoarthritis 810
Chondroitin plus glucosamine sulfate 810 1721–1722 1721
Chondromyxoid fibromas 862
Chondrosarcomas 862
CHOP regimen, for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 513
Chordae tendinae, rupture of (flail leaflet) 331
Chorea
differential diagnosis of 1011
drug-induced 1013
in Huntington's disease 1010 1011
Sydenham's, in rheumatic fever 405 1011
Choriocarcinoma 773–774 1665
hyperthyroidism and 774 1136
testicular 971
Choriomeningitis, lymphocytic 1372–1374
Chorionic gonadotropin See Human chorionic gonadotropin
Choroidal circulation, hypertension affecting (hypertensive retinochoroidopathy) 167–168
Choroidal hemorrhage, in blood dyscrasias 168
Choroiditis 162
Christmas disease (hemophilia B) 528
Chromium, dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for 1256
Chromoblastomycosis (chromomycosis) 1547
Chromogranin A, in pheochromocytomas 1175
Chromosomal abnormalities, in cancer 1641 1641–1642
screening/testing for 1643
Chronic angle-closure glaucoma 159
Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus 104–105
Chronic disease
anemia of 483–484
in histoplasmosis 1538
exercise/activity benefits and 12
Chronic fatigue syndrome 29–31 30 31
fibromyalgia and 30 820
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia 510–511 1663
genetic mutations in 1641
Chronic myelogenous leukemia 500 504–506 1663
BCR-ABL fusion protein defect in 504 505 1641
Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) 504 506 507
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 238–243
acidosis in 238 242 893
atrial flutter in 242 378
cough in 21 238
dyspnea in 23 23 218 238
histoplasmosis in 1538
postoperative pulmonary complications associated with 41 42
pulmonary function tests in 238 239
pulmonary heart disease and 242 412
respiratory failure in 242
smoking and 5 238 240
Chronic pain disorders 1049–1052 1051
acupuncture for 1724–1727 1725
Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) 941
Chronic prolymphocytic leukemia 510
Chronic renal failure See Renal failure
Chronic venous insufficiency See Venous insufficiency/stasis
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) 1375
Chrysotherapy See Gold therapy
Churg-Strauss syndrome (allergic angiitis and granulomatosis) 292
leukotriene modifiers for asthma and 234
renal involvement in 916 918
Chvostek's sign
in hypocalcemia/hypoparathyroidism 878 1147
malabsorption and 600
Chylomicronemia See Hyperchylomicronemia
Chylomicrons 1240
Chylous ascites 563
Chylous pleural effusion 300
malignant 1693
Chyluria 932
in filariasis 1522
CI See Cardiac index
Cialis See Tadalafil
Cicatricial baldness 144
Ciclopirox 89
Cidofovir 1587
for cytomegalovirus infection 168 1352 1361 1587
Cigarette/cigar smoking See Smoking
Ciguatera poisoning 1635 1635
Cilaxin See Ciprofloxacin
Ciliary body inflammation (cyclitis) 162
Cilostazol, for lower extremity occlusive disease 454
Cimetidine 588–589
antidepressant drug interactions and 1074
benzodiazepine interactions and 1046
Cimex lectularius bites 136
CIN See Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Cinacalcet (AMG 073), for hypercalcemia/hyperparathyroidism 880 1154
Cinchona alkaloids, for malaria chemoprophylaxis/treatment 1488
Cinchonism (quinine toxicity) 1494
Cingulotomy, for obsessive-compulsive disorders 1047
Cinoxacin 1579
Cipro See Ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin 1579 1580 1580 1581
for anaerobic intra-abdominal infections 1435
for anthrax prophylaxis/treatment 1412–1413 1412
cost of 1561 1562
for Crohn's disease 624 625
for ophthalmic disorders 175
resistance to 1579–1580
for tuberculosis 1575
for urinary tract infection 939
Circadian rhythm dysfunction, in seasonal affective disorder 1066
Circulating volume, effective 865
Circumcision, urinary tract infections and 937
Cirrhosis 668–674 674
alcoholic/alcoholic hepatitis and 664 668 669
biliary 670 674–676
cardiac 670
drugs/toxins causing 666
esophageal varices in 573 574 669 670
gastrointestinal bleeding in 574 670
hemochromatosis and 669–670 676 677
hepatic coagulopathy and 529 673
Laennec's 668
lipid abnormalities and 1244
liver cancer and 657 670 681–682 683
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and 668 669
postoperative complications and 43
S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) for 1719 1721
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and 560 671
viral hepatitis and 654 657 659–660 669
Cisapride
antidepressant drug interactions and 1070 1074
withdrawal of from market 1224
Cisplatin 1672
for bladder cancer 968
for lung cancer 271
for testicular cancer 972
toxicity of 1672 1683–1684 1685
Citalopram 1068 1070 1072
overdose toxicity of, seizures/serotonin syndrome caused by 1637
Citracal (calcium citrate) See Calcium, dietary/supplementary
Citrate, in hypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis 946
Citrus aurantium (bitter orange), in “Ephedra-free” weight loss products 1718
CJD See Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
CK See Creatine kinase
P.1774
CK-MB See Creatine kinase-MB
Cl- See Chloride
Cladophialophora
carrionii 1547
chromoblastomycosis caused by 1547
phaeohyphomycosis caused by 1550
Cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine) 1669 1675
for hairy cell leukemia 512 1669
Clarithromycin 1569 1570
for anthrax prophylaxis/treatment 1412
cost of 1562
for endocarditis prophylaxis 1418
for MAC treatment/prophylaxis in HIV infection/AIDS 1335 1347 1437
resistance to 1569
therapy adjustments in renal or hepatic failure and 1558
Claudication
arm, in arterial thoracic outlet syndrome 468
ginkgo for 454 1712 1715
jaw, in giant cell arteritis 846
in lower extremity occlusive disease 453 454 455 1103
in popliteal entrapment syndrome 455–456
in spinal stenosis 820
in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) 462
Clavulanic acid, with penicillins 1564
Clcr See Creatinine clearance
Clean-catch urine specimen 934
Cleaning agents, poisoning caused by See Caustic/corrosive agents
Clear cell carcinoma of vagina, DES exposure and 733
Clear lens extraction 153
Clear liquid diet 1277–1278
Clemastine 789
Cleocin See Clindamycin
Clicks 315
in mitral valve prolapse 331
in pulmonic regurgitation 338
Climacteric 1185
Climara See Estradiol transdermal systems
Clindamycin 1577
for acne 88 116
for anaerobic intra-abdominal infections 1435
for anthrax prophylaxis/treatment 1412
for bacterial vaginosis 732 1577
with benzoyl peroxide 88 116
cost of 1561 1562
for endocarditis prophylaxis 1418 1577
for malaria 1490 1495 1497
therapy adjustments in renal or hepatic failure and 1558
topical 88
Clinician-assisted suicide 69
Clinician–patient relationship See Doctor–patient relationship
Clinoril See Sulindac
Clitocybe (muscarinic) mushroom poisoning 1629 1630 1630
CLL See Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Clobetasol 88
Clock draw, in dementia screening 51 52–53
Clodronate 1671
Clofarabine 1673
Clofazimine
for leprosy 1440
for tuberculosis and MAC infections 1575
Clofibrate 1250
nutrients affected by 1260
Clomiphene
for male infertility 1107
for ovulation induction 749–750 1107
Clomipramine 1071 1072
Clonazepam 985 1045
for bipolar disease/mania 1075
for seizures 985
Clonic seizures 982
Clonidine
antidepressant drug interactions and 1074
for diarrhea 551
for hypertension 437 438
urgencies/emergencies 444 445
for irritable bowel syndrome 617
for migraine prophylaxis 976
for opioid withdrawal 1087
overdose/toxicity of 1622–1623
perioperative administration of 37–38 38
Clonorchis sinensis (clonorchiasis) 1506
cholangiocarcinoma and 692 1506
Clopidogrel
for acute coronary syndromes 349 353 353
in atherosclerosis/heart disease prevention 341
for myocardial infarction 353 357–358 365
Clorazepate 1044 1045
Clostridium (clostridial infections) 1408–1411 1553
bifermentans 1408
botulinum (botulism) 1035 1302 1410–1411
difficile, colitis/diarrhea caused by 545 546 618–620 1300 1302
histolyticum 1408
myonecrosis (gas gangrene) caused by 1408–1409
novyi 1408
perfringens 1408
food poisoning/gastroenteritis caused by 545 1300 1302
ramosum 1408
tetani 1409
Clotrimazole 89 1584
for vaginal candidiasis 732 1536 1584
Clotting factors See Coagulation factors
Cloxacillin 1564
Clozapine 1059 1060 1060
agranulocytosis caused by 1060 1063
neuroleptic malignant syndrome and 1063
overdose/toxicity of 1060 1063 1063 1633
Clozaril See Clozapine
Clubbed fingers (digital clubbing) 145 221–222
in bronchiectasis 244
in interstitial (diffuse parenchymal) lung disease 275
in lung cancer 267
Clue cells, in bacterial vaginosis 732
Cluster headache (migrainous neuralgia) 974 976–977
Clusters of differentiation (CD) See CD markers
CMF regimen, for breast cancer 719 1679
CML See Chronic myelogenous leukemia
CMML See Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
CMV infections See Cytomegalovirus infections
CMV syndrome 1360
Co-Q10 (coenzyme Q10) 1721 1722
CO2 laser therapy See Carbon dioxide laser therapy
CO2 narcosis See Carbon dioxide narcosis
Coagulase-negative staphylococci 1408
burn wound infection caused by 1408 1597
endocarditis caused by 1408 1415 1419
Coagulation
disorders of See Bleeding; Coagulopathy
disseminated intravascular See Disseminated intravascular coagulation
vitamin K in 529
deficiency and 529–530
liver disease and 528–529
Coagulation factors See also specific type under Factor
deficiency of 528
in liver disease 528–529
vitamin K-dependent 528–529 529
Coagulopathy See also specific type and Bleeding
cancer-related 1697
in disseminated intravascular coagulation 530
in gram-negative bacteremia and sepsis 1423
of liver disease 528–529
variceal hemorrhage and 574
in renal failure/uremia 526 910
Coal worker's pneumoconiosis 295–296 295
Coarctation of aorta 319–320
pregnancy and 417
Coartem See Riamet
Cobalamin See Vitamin B12
Cocaine See also Cocaine abuse
toxicity and 1089 1618
cardiac 347 355 400 1089
Cocaine abuse 1089 1618
acupuncture for cessation of 1729
myocardial ischemia/infarction/myocarditis and 347 355 400 1089
during pregnancy 765 1089
psychotic behavior associated with 1058 1089
pulmonary disorders and 298
Coccidioides immitis (coccidioidomycosis) 1539–1540
bone and joint infection in 859–860 1539
Coccidiosis, coccidial 1475–1478
Cochlea
hearing loss caused by disorders of 180 187–189
noise trauma affecting 188
recruitment/hyperacusis caused by disorders of 189–190
Cockcroft-Gault formula 898
Codeine 74 78
with aspirin or acetaminophen 74 78
for diarrhea 551
overdose/toxicity of 1631
in pain management 74 78
Coenzyme Q10 1721 1722
Coffee grounds emesis/aspirate
in erosive/hemorrhagic gastritis/gastropathy 582
in gastrointestinal anthrax 1412
in gastrointestinal bleeding 551 552 555
in peptic ulcer disease 592
Cogan's syndrome 189
Cogentin See Benztropine
Cognitive ability
assessment of
in elderly 51 52–53
mental status exam for 1038 1039
estrogen replacement therapy and 761 1187 1188
ginkgo affecting 1712 1715
impairment in See Cognitive disorders
P.1775
Cognitive behavior therapy See also Behavior modification
for chronic fatigue syndrome 30
Cognitive disorders 1090–1094 1091
assessment of 51 52–53 1038 1039
decision-making capacity and 53–54
in elderly 51 52–53
screening for 51 52–53
endocrine disorders causing 1091
treatment of 1092–1093
Cohen's syndrome 1098–1099
Coil embolization, for intracranial aneurysm 996 997
Coin lesion See Solitary pulmonary nodule
Colchicine
for gout 812 812–813
nutrients affected by 1260
Cold (common cold/viral rhinitis) 194–195 1387
cough in 219
echinacea for 1712 1716
over-the-counter remedies for, in elderly 65–66
Cold agglutinin disease 496–497
Waldenstr m's macroglobulinemia and 496
Cold exposure 1589–1592
acrocyanosis and 466
hypothermia caused by
of extremities 1591
rhabdomyolysis and 843
systemic 1589–1591
livedo reticularis and 466
Raynaud's syndrome and 464 465
Cold/fever sore (herpes simplex) 108–109
Cold therapy, for rheumatoid arthritis 829
Cold urticaria 121 1589
Colectomy
for colorectal cancer 639–640
in familial adenomatous polyposis 635
for gastrointestinal bleeding 556
for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer 637
Colesevelam, for lipid modification/heart disease prevention 1249–1250 1251
Colestid See Colestipol
Colestipol, for lipid modification/heart disease prevention 1249–1250 1251
Colic See Biliary colic; Renal colic; Ureteral pain/colic
Colistin 1574
Colitis See also Diarrhea
amebic (intestinal amebiasis) 545 546 549 550
dysenteric 1468 1470 1471
nondysenteric 1468 1470 1471
postdysenteric 1472
antibiotic-associated (Clostridium difficile) 545 546 618–620 1300 1302
collagenous 631
ischemic 459
gastrointestinal bleeding and 555
lymphocytic 631
microscopic 549 631
postdysenteric 1472
pseudomembranous 619
ulcerative See Ulcerative colitis
Collagen, type I, mutations in gene for in osteogenesis imperfecta 1155
Collagenomas, in multiple endocrine neoplasia 1150 1191
Collagenous colitis 631
Colloids, for fluid management/volume replacement
in burn injuries 1597
in shock 479
Colon
dilation of See also Megacolon
in acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie's syndrome) 608
disorders of 615–643
amebic ulcers 1468
constipation and See Constipation
diverticular 631–633
fecal impaction and 544
neoplastic See also Colorectal cancer
lower gastrointestinal bleeding and 555
polyps 633–637
Colon cutoff sign, in pancreatitis 695
Colon transit time 542
Colonic inertia (slow colonic transit), constipation and 542
Colonic pseudo-obstruction
acute (Ogilvie's syndrome) 608–609
chronic 609–610
Colonography, spiral CT (virtual colonoscopy) See Colonoscopy, virtual
Colonoscopy
in adenomatous polyp identification/removal 634
for colon decompression in acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie's syndrome) 609
in colorectal cancer evaluation/screening 15 16 634 638 642–643 1655–1656
in Crohn's disease 623
in diarrhea 550
in gastrointestinal bleeding
diagnostic 555–556
occult bleeding and 557–558
therapeutic 556
in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer 637
hyponatremia after 869
in intestinal amebiasis 1469
in ulcerative colitis 628 630
virtual
in adenomatous polyp identification 634
in colorectal cancer screening 16 643 1656
Color flow Doppler ultrasound 316
Color perception, loss of
intracranial mass lesions causing 1001
in optic neuritis 169
Colorado tick fever 1380–1381
Colorectal cancer 637–643 1664
adjuvant therapy for 640 1679
aspirin/NSAIDs in prevention of 638 1650
calcium supplements in prevention of 638 1279
chemoprevention and 638 1279 1650
chemotherapy for 640
Crohn's disease and 624
diet and 638 1647
estrogen replacement therapy affecting risk of 638
familial adenomatous polyposis and 635 637 638 1642
family history affecting risk of 637–638
gastrointestinal bleeding and 555 638
genetic mutations associated with 635 636 636–637 637 1641 1643
fecal DNA assay in identification of 642
hamartomatous polyposis syndromes and 636
hereditary nonpolyposis (HNPCC) 636–637 1643
incidence/risk/mortality of 637 1640
inflammatory bowel disease and 624 630 638
nonfamilial adenomatous polyps and 633
polyps/polyposis and 633 635–637 1643
radiation therapy for 640
screening for 15 16 638 641–643 641 1655–1656 1656
in elderly 55
genetic testing in 635 636 636–637 637 642 1643
staging of 638–639 639 639
ulcerative colitis and 630
Colorectal surgery 639–640
follow-up after 641
prevention of postoperative wound infection and, antibiotic prophylaxis for 47
Colostrum 784
Colposcopy 729
in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 735
in rape victim examination 759
CoLyte See Polyethylene glycol
Coma 1017–1019
cerebral infarction causing 993
diabetic/hyperglycemic 1198 1227–1233 1228
in diabetic ketoacidosis 1227–1231 1228
in hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state 1228 1231–1232
lactic acidosis and 1228 1233
emergency management of 1607–1608 1608
hypoglycemic 1103 1228
in poisoning/drug overdose 1608
hypothermia causing 1019
metabolic disturbances causing 1018–1019
myxedema 1132 1133
in poisoning/drug overdose 1019 1607–1608 1608
reversible, brain death differentiated from 1019
in stroke 991 993
structural lesions causing 1018
subarachnoid hemorrhage causing 995
Coma vigil (persistent vegetative state) 1019
Combination antiretroviral therapy 1336–1339 1342–1343 1343
Combination chemotherapy See also specific type of cancer
Combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) 1105
Combipatch See Estradiol transdermal systems
Combivir See Zidovudine (AZT), with lamivudine
Comedo extraction 116
Comedones, in acne 115 116
Commissurotomy
mitral 329
for pulmonary stenosis 319
Common cold See Cold (common cold/viral rhinitis)
Common duct stones See Choledocholithiasis
Common faint 384
Common peroneal nerve palsy 1029
Common variable immunodeficiency 796
Commotio cordis 418
Communicating artery, anterior, in stroke 991
P.1776
Community-acquired pneumonia 247–253 1403 1555
in HIV infection/AIDS 1323
Comparative genomic hybridization, cancer development studied with 1641
Compartment syndrome, abdominal, in burn patient 1597
Compatibility testing, for transfusion 533
Complement See also C3; C3b; C4; C5A
in autoimmune hemolytic anemia 495
in cold agglutinin disease 496
in familial Mediterranean fever 563
in IgA nephropathy 917
in immune complex disease 795
laboratory reference range for 1737
in lupus erythematosus 105 835
in membranoproliferative glomerulonephropathy 925
in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 491
in postinfectious glomerulonephritis 915
in urticaria 121
Complement fixation tests 800
Complementary/alternative medicine 1709–1732
acupuncture 1722–1729 1724 1725–1726
for cancer 1702
dietary supplements 1719–1722 1720
herbal medicines 1709 1710–1719 1711 1712–1713
homeopathy 1729–1732 1731
Complete abortion 768
Complete (third-degree) heart block 382 383
in myocardial infarction 362
Complex 15 90
Complex drug reactions 149
Complex partial seizures 981 981
schizophrenia differentiated from 1058
Complex partial status epilepticus 986
Complex regional pain syndrome (reflex sympathetic dystrophy) 466–467 822–823
Compliance/noncompliance, patient 1–2
anticonvulsant therapy and 983 986
antipsychotic drug administration and 1062
antiretroviral therapy and 1 1339
in elderly
hearing amplification and 52
medication regimen and 65
tuberculosis therapy and 259–260
Compound nevi 93
Compression chambers/centers See Hyperbaric oxygen therapy; Recompression
Compression fractures, back pain caused by 817
Compression neuropathy See Entrapment/compression neuropathy; Neuropathies
Compression sclerotherapy, for varicose veins 470
Compression stockings
for lymphedema 477
for varicose veins 469
for venous insufficiency/leg ulcers 142 474
for venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism prevention 284 286 471
Compromised host See Immunocompromised host
Compulsions 1044
Compulsive water drinking See Psychogenic polydipsia
Computed tomography (CT scans) See also specific disorder and Neuroimaging
in angina 346
in appendicitis 612–613
in colorectal cancer screening (CT colonography/virtual colonoscopy) 16 643 1656
in liver disease/jaundice 650–652
in lung cancer screening 265 1655 1657
in lung cancer staging 268 270
multislice (fast CT), in heart disease 317
in pheochromocytoma 1176
in pulmonary embolism 283
in renal disease 899
in solitary pulmonary nodule 265–266
in thyroid cancer 1125 1127
in tumor size evaluation 1686
in urinary stone evaluation 899 945
Computed tomography bone densitometry, in osteoporosis 1156
Computed tomography colonography (virtual colonoscopy)
in adenomatous polyp identification 634
in colorectal cancer screening 16 643 1656
Computer-assisted detection, in mammography 708
Computerized stereotactic guided core needle breast biopsy 712
COMT inhibitors See Catecholamine-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors
Concussion 1020
labyrinthine, vertigo caused by 191
Condoms 756
for contraception 756
female 756
for genital wart prevention 128 733
for gonorrhea prevention 1432
for HIV infection/AIDS prevention 4 1331
for syphilis prevention 1447
Conduction disturbances 367 382–385
antidepressants causing 1071
arrhythmias caused by 367
intraventricular 383
in myocardial infarction 362
in restrictive cardiomyopathy 404
Conduction velocity studies
in motor neuron diseases 1022
in neuropathies 1023
Conductive hearing loss 180
Condylomas (condylomata)
acuminata (venereal/genital warts) 127 128
anorectal involvement and 128 645–646
imiquimod for removal of 128 646
podophyllum resin for removal of 128 646 733
vaginal/vulvar 732 733
lata 1444 1449
anorectal involvement and 645
Conformal radiation therapy, three-dimensional 1659
for prostate cancer 965
Confrontation field testing 152
Confusion 1091–1092
Congestive heart (cardiac) failure (CHF) 385–398
acute 397–398
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for 365–366 391–392
angiotensin II receptor blockers for 392
antiarrhythmic therapy for 395
anticoagulation therapy for 395
in aortic regurgitation 334–335
in aortic stenosis 333
asthma caused by (cardiac asthma) 227
atrial fibrillation and 375 375
beta-blocker therapy in 392–393
biventricular pacing (resynchronization) for 396
bronchospasm caused by (cardiac asthma) 227
calcium channel blockers for 395
cardiac transplantation for 396
cardiomyopathy and 387 400–401 402
causes/prevention of 387
in Chagas' disease 1466
classification of 389
clinical findings in 388–390
in coarctation of aorta 320
coenzyme Q10 for 1721 1722
coronary revascularization for 395–396
cough in 388
COX-2 inhibitors and 74 587
in coxsackievirus myocarditis 1390
diastolic dysfunction and 386 386–387 390
diet in management of 395
digitalis glycosides for 393 394
diuretic therapy for 390–391
renal failure and 390 391 910
dyspnea in 23–24 312–313 388
epidemiology of 385
exercise/activity in management of 395
high-output 386
hypertension and 387 424–425 440
in hyperthyroidism 389 1137 1142
hypervolemic hypotonic hyponatremia in 870
in hypothyroidism/myxedema 389 1132
implantable cardioverter defibrillators for 395
in infectious myocarditis 399
liver in 389 680
management of
nonpharmacologic 395–396
pharmacologic 390–395
myocardial infarction and 357 362–363
palliative care in 396
in patent ductus arteriosus 324
pathophysiology of 385–387
pleural effusion in 300 390
in pneumococcal pneumonia 1404
positive inotropic agents for 394–395
in pregnancy/postpartum period (peripartum cardiomyopathy) 417 778
preoperative evaluation/management of patient with 39–40 415
prognosis for 388
pulmonary edema in 386 389 397–398
pulmonary hypertension and 390 411
refeeding for protein-energy malnutrition and 1266
renal failure and 908 910
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors for 391–392
reversible causes of, correction of 390
rheumatic fever and 405 406
spironolactone for 391 392
stages of 387 387 388
surgery in patient with 39–40 415
surgical interventions in 396
in systemic lupus erythematosus 834
trauma causing 414
in tricuspid regurgitation 337
in tricuspid stenosis 336
vasodilator therapy for 363 393–394
Congregate living, for elderly, tuberculosis/tuberculosis testing and 55 257
P.1777
Conization of cervix, for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia/cervical cancer 735 736
Conjunctiva
discharge from 150 151
foreign body of 150 171
lacerations of 172
Conjunctivitis 151 155–157
allergic 157
bacterial 156
chemical 172 1611 1617 1618
chlamydial 156
conjunctival discharge in 150 151
enterovirus 70 causing 1390
gonococcal 156 1432
herpes simplex 1351
inclusion 156
inflammation/redness in 151 153
viral 156
Connective tissue disorders
autoantibodies in 799 836
cognitive disorders/delirium caused by 1091
overlap (mixed) 842
autoantibodies in 799 842
Connexin-26 mutation, hearing loss and 188–189
Conn's syndrome 1172 1173
Constipation 541–544 541 543
anogenital pruritus and 133
in diabetic autonomic neuropathy 1224
fecal impaction and 544
in hypercalcemia 879
in irritable bowel syndrome 542 616
opioids causing 79 81
in terminally ill/dying patient 81
in typhoid fever 1425
in vincristine-induced neuropathy 1684
Constitutional epilepsy 980
Constrictive pericarditis 409–410
restrictive cardiomyopathy differentiated from 404 410
Consultations/referrals
for malaria risks/chemoprophylaxis/treatment 1488
ophthalmologic 153
psychiatric 1041
Contact dermatitis
allergic 91 113–115
impetigo differentiated from 113 114
urticarial lesions in 121–122
irritant 114
tinea pedis differentiated from 103
Contact lenses 154
cleaning solutions for, toxic and hypersensitivity reactions to 177
corneal ulcers/acanthamoeba keratitis and 154 158 159 1473
Contact photosensitivity 139–140
Contact ulcers, of arytenoid cartilage 210
Contact urticaria 121–122
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis 912
Continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis 912
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
nasal, for sleep apnea 306
for near drowning victim 1602
prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications and 42
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) 1216 1218
Contraception 750–758
antibiotic use affecting efficacy of 117
emergency/postcoital 757
IUD for 755 757
fertility awareness and 756–757
after gestational trophoblastic disease 774
sterilization for 758
Contraceptive foam/cream/film/sponge/jelly/suppository 756
Contraceptive injections/implants 754
Contraceptive-related hypertension 424
Contraceptive transdermal patch 754
Contraceptive vaginal ring 754
Contraction alkalosis 892
Contrast media
iodinated, for Graves' disease/hyperthyroidism 1139
reactions to 795
nephrotoxicity/renal failure caused by 903
Contrast nephropathy 903
Contrast venography, in deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism 283 471
Contusions
cerebral 1020
of eye 171
Conversion disorder (hysterical conversion) 1048 1049
pseudoseizures and 983 1048
Convulsions See Seizures
Cooling, for heat exposure syndromes 1594
Coombs test/micro-Coombs test
in autoimmune hemolytic anemia 495 496
in cold agglutinin disease 496
COP See Cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis
COPD See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Copepods
dracunculiasis (guinea worm infection) transmitted by 1520
gnathostomiasis transmitted by 1524
Copper
accumulation of in Wilson's disease 677 678
deficiency of, parenteral nutritional support and 1284
requirements for
dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for 1256
in nutritional support 1282
Copper TCu380A intrauterine device 755
Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase gene mutation, in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1022
Coprine (Coprinus) mushroom poisoning 1629 1630
Coproantigen testing, in tapeworm infections 1509
Coprolalia, in Tourette's syndrome 1013
Coproporphyrins, in porphyria cutanea tarda 112
Cor pulmonale 412
in COPD 242 412
in pulmonary hypertension 292
Coral snake envenomation 1635–1636
Cord blood, stem cells in, for transplantation 802
Cord cavitation (syringomyelia) 1021
Cordran See Flurandrenolide
Core needle (large-needle) biopsy, for breast lump evaluation 711–712 711 712
Core rewarming, for systemic hypothermia 1591
Core temperature
in burn injury, maintaining 1598
in heat exhaustion 1593
in heat stroke 1594
in hypothermia 1590
normal 26
Coreg See Carvedilol
Corgard See Nadolol
Corlopam See Fenoldopam
Cornea
exposure of, in dysthyroid eye disease 170 1137
foreign body of 150
infection of See Keratitis; Keratoconjunctivitis
trauma to
abrasions 171
inflammation/redness in 151 153
lacerations 172
ulcers of 158–159
contact lens wear and 154 158 159
ultraviolet burns of (ultraviolet keratitis) 172
Corns, of feet or toes 129
in diabetes/vascular disorders 1223
Coronary angiography 317–318 346–347
postinfarction 365
Coronary angioplasty, percutaneous transluminal See Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Coronary arteries
disorders of 339–366
in Kawasaki syndrome 1399
in tetralogy of Fallot 323
traumatic injury to 414
Coronary artery aneurysm, in Kawasaki syndrome 1399
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) 350
for angina 350
PTCA compared with 351
prophylactic/preoperative 38 39 415
Coronary artery disease (CAD) See Coronary heart disease
Coronary artery revascularization procedures See Revascularization procedures
Coronary heart disease 339–366
aortic stenosis and 333
atrial fibrillation and 375
cardiac failure and 387 389 395–396
Chlamydia pneumoniae in 446 1442
cholesterol/lipoproteins in 339 340 1240–1241 1241–1242
screening tests for levels of 1244–1247 1245–1246
in diabetes mellitus 1225
diagnostic testing in 316
estrogen replacement therapy and 341 761 1187 1188
homocysteine/hyperhomocysteinemia in 10–11 341 1706–1707
hypertension and 440
hypertriglyceridemia and 1252
metabolic syndrome (syndrome X/CHAOS) and 339 347
multislice CT in evaluation of 317
myocardial hibernation and stunning and 342–343
pathophysiology of
atherosclerosis and 340
myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes and 342
in pregnancy 417
preoperative evaluation/management of patient with 36 36 37 37–39 37 38 39 415
prevention of 5–12 340–342
antihypertensive therapy and 11–12
aspirin in 341
exercise/activity in 12 341
P.1778
hyperhomocysteinemia prevention and 10–11 341 1707
lipid disorder prevention/management and 8–10 339–340 341
cholesterol screening and 1244–1247 1245–1246
in women and elderly 1246 1247
smoking cessation and 5–8 6–7 8 9 10 11 339
revascularization procedures for 349–352
risk factors for 339–340
lipoproteins/lipid fractions and 339 1240–1241 1241–1242
smoking and 5 339
sudden death and 356 380
in athletes 418
Coronary stents See Stents/stent grafts (“covered stents”), intracoronary
Coronary vasospasm 347
Coronaviruses
diarrhea caused by 1299
SARS caused by 1385
Corpus luteum cysts 744
in pregnancy 783
Corrigan's pulse 335
Corrosive agents See Caustic/corrosive agents
Corti, organ of, hearing loss caused by disorders of 180
Cortical blindness, occipital lobe lesions causing 1001
Corticosteroids 1192–1193
acne/folliculitis caused by 115 118
adverse effects of 1193
ocular 178
for alcoholic liver disease 665
for allergic disorders 789–790 789
contact dermatitis 114–115
rhinitis 197–198 789–790 789
for anaphylaxis 792
for asthma 231 232 235 236 237
exacerbation management and 235 236 237
for Bell's palsy 1030
in cancer chemotherapy 1674
clinical use of 1192–1193 1193
for COPD 241 242
Cushing's syndrome caused by 1167
in erythema multiforme major 123
for fetal lung maturity 772 775 784
for gout 812
for gram-negative bacteremia and sepsis 1424
in HIV infection/AIDS 1334
for hypopituitarism 1106
immunosuppressive action of 803
infection in patient taking 1289
for inflammatory bowel disease 621
Crohn's disease 625
ulcerative colitis 629
intra-articular, for osteoarthritis 810
lipid abnormalities associated with use of 1244
management of patient receiving 1193 1193
for multiple sclerosis 1015
for myasthenia gravis 1034
for nausea and vomiting 540 540
ophthalmic 174–175
for ophthalmic disorders, precautions for use of 177
osteoporosis/osteoporosis prevention and 625 1193
in pain management 80
perioperative administration of 46
for polyarteritis nodosa 845
for polymyositis/dermatomyositis 841
for psoriasis 98–99
relative potencies of 1192 1193
for rheumatic fever 406
for rheumatoid arthritis 832
rosacea exacerbated by 91 118
for spinal trauma 1021
surgery in patient receiving, glucocorticoid replacement and 46
for systemic lupus erythematosus 836 837 924
topical 86 87–88
intranasal 197–198 789–790
ophthalmic 174–175
overuse of 91
systemic absorption of 86
Cortinarius orellanus mushroom poisoning 1629 1630 1630
Cortisol 1163 1192
excess of 1167–1170
insufficiency of 1105
acute (adrenal crisis) 1163–1164
chronic 1164–1167
in HIV infection/AIDS 1327
salivary 1168
serum levels of
in acute adrenal insufficiency 1163
in Addison's disease 1166
in Cushing's syndrome 1168
laboratory reference range for 1737
urine free
in Cushing's syndrome 1168
in hyperaldosteronism 1173
laboratory reference range for 1737
Cortisone 1192
Corynebacterium
diphtheriae 1413 1553
jeikeium 1553
Cosopt See Dorzolamide/timolol
Cosyntropin test
in adrenal insufficiency/Addison's disease 1105 1163 1166
in hirsutism/virilization 1171
Cotton wool spots
in HIV infection/AIDS 1325
in retinal artery occlusion 166
in retinal vein occlusion 165
Cough 20–22 219–220
ACE inhibitors causing 219 433
in anaerobic pneumonia/lung abscess 255
in asthma 22 219 227
in Bordetella pertussis infection (whooping cough) 1420
in cardiac failure 388
in COPD 21 238
drugs causing 219 298
in gastroesophageal reflux disease 21 22 219 566
headache associated with 974 977
in lung cancer 21 267
postnasal drip causing 21 22 219
in pulmonary embolism 282
in tuberculosis 257
Counterpulsation
extracorporeal, for angina 349
intra-aortic See Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation
Counting fingers (visual acuity) 151
Courvoisier's law/sign 649 693 700
Covera See Verapamil
Cowden's syndrome/disease 636 1123
COX-1/COX-2, aspirin/NSAIDs affecting 74 587 830
cancer prevention and 1650 1700
COX-2 inhibitors 74 587 830
in cancer prevention 1650 1700
cardiovascular complications associated with 74 587 591 830–831
in elderly 65
for familial adenomatous polyposis 635
for gout 812
lithium interactions and 1077
in pain management 74
peptic ulcers/peptic ulcer prevention and 587 591 830
for rheumatoid arthritis 830
Coxiella burnetii 1392 1397–1398
Coxsackievirus infections 1389–1390
herpetic stomatitis differentiated from 204
myocarditis 398 1390
pericarditis 407 1390
Cozaar See Losartan
CPAP See Continuous positive airway pressure
CPHD See Combined pituitary hormone deficiency
CPPD See Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease
CPPS See Chronic pelvic pain syndrome
CPR See Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Cr See Creatinine
“Crab yaws” 1453
Crabs (pubic lice) 135
Crack cocaine See also Cocaine abuse
pulmonary disorders associated with use of 298
Crackles (rales) 221
in heart disease 314–315
myocardial infarction 356
in pulmonary embolism 282 397
CRAG test, in cryptococcal meningitis 1324
Cramps See Dysmenorrhea; Muscle cramps
Cranial arteritis See Giant cell (temporal/cranial) arteritis
Cranial nerve VIII (acoustic nerve) See Eighth nerve lesions
Cranial nerve palsies See also specific type
in head injury 1020
intracranial mass lesions causing 1001
in malignant external otitis 182
ocular motor palsies and 170
in Paget's disease of bone 1162
in sarcoidosis 1026
stroke causing 993
Craniopharyngioma 999 1000 1106
“Crank” 1618
Crawford classification, of thoracoabdominal aneurysms 449
Creatine kinase
in electrical burns 1597
laboratory reference range for 1737
in muscular dystrophy 1035
in polymyositis/dermatomyositis 841
in rhabdomyolysis 903
hypophosphatemia and 882
Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB)
in infectious myocarditis 399
laboratory reference range for 1737
in myocardial infarction 356
Creatinine
serum levels of
in acute renal failure 900
P.1779
in chronic renal failure 908 909
conditions affecting 898
in hepatorenal syndrome 671
laboratory reference range for 1737
urinary
in hyperaldosteronism 1173
in pheochromocytoma 1175
ratio of to urinary protein 897
Creatinine:blood urea nitrogen ratio 898–899
in acute renal failure 901 902
Creatinine clearance 898
glomerular filtration rate measurement and 898 898
in hepatorenal syndrome 671
laboratory reference range (normal values) for 1737
Creeping eruption (cutaneous larva migrans) 1519
CREST syndrome 838 839
autoantibodies in 799 836 839
Crestor See Rosuvastatin
Cretinism 1103
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 1092 1374–1375
myoclonus in 1012 1374
parkinsonism in 1008
Cricothyrotomy 213
foreign body and 214
Crigler-Najjar syndrome 649
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever 1376
Critical illness
neuropathy associated with 1026
psychosis associated with 1095
stress gastritis associated with 583
Crixivan See Indinavir
CroFab, for snake bites 1636
Crohn's disease 622–627
arthritis in 855
cholelithiasis/gallstones and 684
colorectal cancer and 624 638
diarrhea in 549 622 625
drug therapy for 625–626
small intestinal carcinoma and 610
social support for patient with 622
Crolom See Cromolyn
Cromolyn
for allergic disorders 789 790
ophthalmic 175
for asthma 231 232
Cross-dressing 1052
Cross-matching, for transfusions 533
Crossed straight leg sign 818
Crotalid antivenin (CroFab) 1636
CRP See C-reactive protein
CRT See Conformal radiation therapy
Crush injuries
complex regional pain syndrome (reflex sympathetic dystrophy) and 466–467
fasciotomy in 1597
rhabdomyolysis/renal failure and 843 903
Cryoglobulins/cryoglobulinemia 850 919
cold urticaria and 1589
glomerulonephritis and 850 916 919
in hepatitis C 655 850 924
laboratory reference range for 1737
neuropathy associated with 1025
vasculitis caused by 850
Cryoprecipitate 535
Cryotherapy/cryosurgery See also Liquid nitrogen
for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia/cervical cancer 735
for condylomata acuminata 128 733
hypopigmentation and 143
for prostate cancer 965 1658
for wart removal 128
Cryptococcomas 1543
Cryptococcus neoformans (cryptococcosis) 1542–1544
in HIV infection/AIDS 1003 1324 1335 1543
prophylaxis of 1347 1543
meningitis caused by 1003 1324 1335 1543
Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (idiopathic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia) 276–278 277–278
Cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis (COP/idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia/BOOP) 246–247 276–278 278
Cryptorchism 1101–1102
testicular cancer and 971 1102
Cryptosporidium hominis/parvum (cryptosporidiosis) 545 546 550 1299 1300 1326–1327 1475 1476 1476–1477 1478
Crystal deposition arthritis 810–814
“Crystal meth” 1618
Crystalloids, for fluid management/volume replacement
in burn injuries 1597
hypotension in poisoning/drug overdose and 1609
in shock 479
Crystals, in urine 935
CSF-VDRL test 1446
in HIV infection/AIDS 1332
CSII See Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
CT scans See Computed tomography
CTCL See Cutaneous T cell lymphoma
CTLA4-Ig, for rheumatoid arthritis 832
Cubicin See Daptomycin
Cubital tunnel, ulnar nerve lesions and 1028–1029
Cuirass (negative-pressure) ventilation, intermittent, for COPD 242
Culdocentesis
in ectopic pregnancy 770
in pelvic inflammatory disease 742
Culex mosquitoes See Mosquitoes
Cultural issues, in end-of-life care 71
autopsy and organ donation and 85
Cunninghamella infection (mucormycosis) 1545
rhinocerebral 197
Cup-disk ratio, in chronic glaucoma 160
Cupping, optic disk, in chronic glaucoma 160
Cupulolithiasis, vertigo associated with 191
Curettage See D&C; Endocervical curettage; Endometrial biopsy
Curettage and electrodesiccation, for basal cell carcinoma 130
Curvularia, phaeohyphomycosis caused by 1550
Cushing's disease 1167 1168 1191
Cushing's syndrome 1167–1170
amenorrhea in 1183 1185
cancer-related 1696
hypertension and 423 1169 1171
lipid abnormalities associated with 1244
mental status changes in 1103 1168 1169
obesity in 1099 1167 1268
Cutaneous anthrax 1411 1412 1413
Cutaneous larva migrans (creeping eruption) 1519
Cutaneous leishmaniasis 1480 1481 1484–1485
diffuse 1481 1484
New World 1480 1484–1485
Old World 1480 1484
post-kala azar 1483
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus, chronic 104–105
Cutaneous strongyloidiasis 1530
Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides) 105–106 1663
exfoliative dermatitis/erythroderma and 106 107
Cutaneous tests See specific type and Skin tests c-v wave, 314
CVP See Central venous pressure
CVP regimen, for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 513
CWD See Chronic wasting disease
CXCR4, in HIV infection/AIDS 1320
Cyanide antidote package 1623 1623
Cyanide poisoning 1611 1623
dyspnea in 22 23
smoke inhalation and 293
Cyanocobalamin See Vitamin B12
Cyanosis
digital, in acrocyanosis 466
in heart disease 314
in pulmonary disorders 222
in pulmonary embolism 282
Cyberknife radiosurgery 1659
Cycling, in bipolar disease See Rapid cyclers
Cyclitis 162
Cyclocort See Amcinonide
Cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 (COX-1/COX-2), aspirin/NSAIDs affecting 74 587 830
cancer prevention and 1650 1700
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors See COX-2 inhibitors
Cyclophosphamide 1672
for aplastic anemia 498
for breast cancer 723
CYP polymorphisms affecting 1661
breast feeding and 786
hemorrhagic cystitis caused by 1683
mesna for amelioration of 1677 1683
immunosuppressive action of 803
for microscopic polyangiitis 849–850
secondary malignancies and 1645
for Wegener's granulomatosis 848–849
Cycloserine
nutrients affected by 1260
for tuberculosis 1575
Cyclospora cayetanensis (cyclosporiasis) 545 546 549 550 1300 1475 1476 1477 1478
Cyclosporine
breast feeding and 786
hyperkalemia caused by 876
immunosuppressive action of 804
monitoring concentrations of 1733
nephrotoxicity/renal failure caused by 903
for rheumatoid arthritis, with methotrexate 832
St. John's wort interactions and 1714
for ulcerative colitis 629
Cyclothymic disorders 1067
Cycrin See Progestins
Cymbalta See Duloxetine
CYP polymorphisms, cyclophosphamide resistance and 1661
P.1780
Cyproheptadine, for migraine prophylaxis 976
Cyproterone, for hirsutism/virilization 1171–1172
Cystadenocarcinoma
ovarian 744
peritoneal, after prophylactic oophorectomy 1656
Cystadenoma
ovarian 744
pancreatic 700
Cystathionine b-synthase deficiency, in homocystinuria 1706
Cystectomy, for bladder cancer 968
Cysteine, supplementary, for homocystinuria 1706
Cystic fibrosis 244–246
bronchiectasis and 243 245
COPD differentiated from 240
genetic/prenatal testing for 245 764
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein 245
in chronic pancreatitis 697–698
genetic/prenatal testing for mutations of 245 764
Cystic (unilocular) hydatid disease 1513 1513–1515
Cysticercus (cysticercosis) 1510–1512
bovis 1508 1510
cellulosae 1508 1510
prevention/treatment of tapeworm infection and 1510
Cystine crystals, in urine 935
Cystine urinary stones 943 944
Cystinuria 935 944
Cystitis 937–938 939 1556
antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis for 937
ascending infection and 937
dysuria caused by 33
in female 33 938
hemorrhagic See Hemorrhagic cystitis
host susceptibility factors and 937
interstitial 949–950
Cystocele 741
Cystography, in urinary incontinence 948
Cystometry, in urinary incontinence 948
Cystoscopy
in benign prostatic hyperplasia 957
in bladder cancer 967
in hematuria evaluation 936
in interstitial cystitis 950
Cystourethroscopy, in bladder cancer 967
Cytadren See Aminoglutethimide
Cytarabine 1673
Cytochrome P450 See P450 system
Cytokines
in ARDS 309
in fever 26
immunomodulating action of 805
Cytolytic snake venom 1635
Cytomegalovirus inclusion disease 1360
Cytomegalovirus infections 1360–1362
esophageal 570–571 1360
gastritis 585
in HIV infection/AIDS 168 546 570–571 1323 1325 1335 1360–1361
prophylaxis of 1347
prevention of 1290 1347 1361
retinitis 168 1325 1360 1361
Cytomel, RAI therapy for thyroid cancer and 1126 1127
Cytopenia
methotrexate causing 831
in myelodysplasia 506 507
Cytotoxic drugs See also specific agent
for cancer
antibodies linked to 1667–1668
new development and 1662–1666
immunosuppressive action of 803
Cytotoxic (killer) T cells See also CD8 T cells
in autoimmunity 798
IL-2 activated, cellular adoptive therapy with 805
Cytovene See Ganciclovir
d4T See Stavudine
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