D
D antigen, in compatibility testing 533
D&C 729
for abnormal premenopausal bleeding 729
D cells, pancreatic 1178
D-dimer fibrin
in deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism 281 471
in disseminated intravascular coagulation 530
laboratory reference range for 1738
D state sleep 1078
D-xylose test, in bacterial overgrowth 605
Dacarbazine 1672
Daclizumab 805
Dacryocystitis 155
Dactinomycin 1674
Dairy intolerance See Lactose (milk) intolerance
Dalfopristin/quinupristin See Quinupristin/dalfopristin
“Dallas” criteria, in infectious myocarditis 399–400
Dalmane See Flurazepam
Dalteparin, for venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism
in prevention 287
in treatment 288
Danaparoid, for venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism prevention 287
Danazol, for endometriosis 740
Dander, animal, avoidance therapy for allergies caused by 788
Dandruff 100
Dantrolene
for neuroleptic malignant syndrome 1063 1633
for spasticity 1016
Dapsone 1576
for leprosy 1440 1576
for malaria chemoprophylaxis/treatment
with proguanil (Lapdap) 1488
with pyrimethamine (Maloprim) 1488
for Pneumocystis jiroveci infection chemoprophylaxis/treatment 1346 1347 1542 1576
prophylactic 1290 1576
resistance to 1440 1576
Daptomycin 1579
cost of 1561
therapy adjustments in renal or hepatic failure and 1558
Darbopoetin, for chemotherapy-induced toxicity 1678 1681
Darier's disease, vaccinia and 111
Darkfield microscopic examination
in leptospirosis 1456
in syphilis 1445
DASH diet, in hypertension/hypertension prevention 421 426
“Date-rape” drug (gamma-hydroxybutyrate/GHB) 1625
Datril See Acetaminophen
Datura stramonium, toxicity of 1620
Daunorubicin/daunomycin 1675
liposomal 1666 1675
toxicity of 1675 1685
Daunosome See Daunorubicin/daunomycin, liposomal
DaunoXome See Daunorubicin/daunomycin, liposomal
Dawn phenomenon 1219 1219
DAX-1 gene mutation, in congenital adrenal hypoplasia/hypogonadism/azoospermia 1104 1181
Daypro See Oxaprozin
Daytime somnolence See Somnolence
DBE See Deep breathing exercises
DC cardioversion See Cardioversion, electrical
DCCT (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial) 1202 1226
DCIS See Ductal carcinoma in situ
DDAVP See Desmopressin
ddC See Zalcitabine
ddI See Didanosine
DDT (chlorophenothane), poisoning caused by 1622
De-efferented state (locked-in syndrome) 1019
De Quervain's (subacute) thyroiditis 1131 1135 1141 1144–1145 1146
“Deadly quartet.” See Syndrome X
Deafness See Hearing loss
Dean Ornish Diet 1247
Death See also End of life
hypothermia simulating 1590 1608
K bler-Ross' stages of 82–83
patient expectations about 67–68
preventable causes of 2
pronouncement of 84–85
sudden See Sudden death
tasks after 84–85
Death certificate 84–85
Decerebrate posturing 1017
Decision making, medical
advance directives and 70
assessment of older patient's capacity for 53–54
Decompression sickness 1603–1604
Decontamination
eye 172 1611 1617 1618
gastrointestinal 1607 1611–1613
for radiation accident victims 1601
skin 1610–1611 1617 1618 1632
nerve agents in chemical warfare and 1611 1622
Decorticate posturing 1017
Decubitus ulcers (bed/pressure sores) 140–141 141
bed rest/immobility and 60 140–141
De-efferented state (locked-in syndrome) 1019
Deep breathing exercises, prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications and 42
Deep neck infections 207
Deep sulcus sign, in pneumothorax 303
Deep venous thrombosis 470–472
Baker's cyst differentiated from 471 823
in burn injury 1598
cellulitis differentiated from 125
detection of 281–284 282 285 471
hypercoagulability and 281 470 531 532
lower extremity edema and 24–26 25
oral contraceptive use and 470 752–753
prevention of 284 286 287 471–472
pulmonary embolism and 280–281 283
treatment of 284–289 288
venous insufficiency/stasis and 24–26 25 281 470 471 473
P.1781
in Wegener's granulomatosis 848
Deer ticks See Ticks
DEET (N,M-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) mosquito repellent 1488
Deferipone, for transfusional hemosiderosis 486
Deferoxamine
for hemochromatosis/iron toxicity 677 1625–1626
for transfusional hemosiderosis 486
Defibrillator cardioverter, implantable See Implantable cardioverter defibrillator
Deflazacort 1192 1193
Degenerative joint disease/arthritis 807–810
Dehydration
calculating water deficit in 872
in cholera 1428
in diabetes insipidus 1109
in diabetic ketoacidosis 1229 1230
hypercalcemia/hyperparathyroidism and 879 880
hypernatremia and 871 872
enteral nutritional support and 1283
hyperosmolality and 872
in hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state 1231 1232
hyperosmolar nonketotic, parenteral nutritional support and 1284
management of See Fluid management/hydration
vomiting and 538–539
Dehydroemetine
adverse effects of 1472
for amebiasis 1470 1471 1472
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) 1163 1721 1721
for Addison's disease 1166 1721 1721
for hypopituitarism 1106–1107
serum levels of, in Addison's disease 1166
for systemic lupus erythematosus 835 1721 1721
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) 1163 1170 1721 1721
hirsutism/virilization and 1170 1171 1721
D j vu
seizures and 981
temporal lobe lesions causing 1001
Dejerine-Sottas disease 1024
Delavirdine 1338 1342 1343
resistance to 1345
Delayed hypersensitivity reactions See also Hypersensitivity reactions
in nutritional assessment 1263
in schistosomiasis 1502
Delayed puberty See Puberty
Delirium 59 1090–1094 1091
alcohol use/abuse and 1084 1093
clinical findings in 1091–1092
in elderly 59
postoperative 44 44
urinary incontinence and 62
hospitalization and medical-surgical disorders and 1095 1096
lithium-induced 1076
postoperative 44
in terminally ill/dying patient 81
treatment of 59 1092–1093
Delirium tremens 1084
Delivery See Labor and delivery
Delta agent (hepatitis D virus) 654
Delta F508 mutation, in cystic fibrosis 245
Delta sleep 1078
Delta wave, in preexcitation syndromes 374
Delusional disorders/delusions 1057 1057–1058
Demadex See Torsemide
Demeclocycline
adverse effects of 1571
for hyponatremia 870
Dementia 55–58 1014 1090–1094
caregiver issues and 57
clinical findings in 56 1092
cortical 1092
in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 1092 1374
depression and (pseudodementia) 1092
in elderly 1094
in Down's syndrome 1704–1705
in elderly 55–58 1092 1094
assessment of/screening for 51 52–53
decision-making capacity and 53–54
estrogen replacement therapy and 761 1187 1188
frontotemporal 56
ginkgo for 57 1712 1715
in HIV infection/AIDS 1092 1324
in Huntington's disease 1010 1011 1092
hypertension and 425
with Lewy bodies 56
medication use and 56–57
motor findings and 56
multi-infarct (vascular) 425 1092
in niacin deficiency/pellagra 1103 1274
subcortical 56 1092
treatment of 57–58 1092–1093
Demerol See Meperidine
Demyelinating neuropathies/polyneuropathies 1023
in HIV infection/AIDS 1026 1325
optic neuritis and 169
in paraproteinemia/myeloma 517 1025
Demyelination See also Demyelinating neuropathies/polyneuropathies
in Guillain-Barr syndrome 1027
hyponatremia treatment and 870
in multiple sclerosis 1014
in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy 1375
Dendritic cell tumor vaccines 1700
Dengue 1371 1377–1378
Denileukin diftitox (ONTAK) 1668 1676
Dental disorders
actinomycosis and 1436
anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections and 255 1434
deep neck infections and 207
earache and 187
facial pain caused by 979
hepatic abscess and 681
sinusitis and 195
Dental pain, acupuncture for 1726 1728
Dentatorubral-pallidolysian atrophy 1011
Dentures, foreign body aspiration and 214
Dependence (drug) See also specific drug and
Substance use disorders
in opioid therapy 73 1087
Dependent personality disorder 1055
Depersonalization 1044
in schizophrenia/psychotic disorders 1058
temporal lobe lesions causing 1001
Depigmentation disorders 143
Depression 58–59 1065–1078
adjustment disorder with 1066
alcohol dependency and 1067 1075 1083
with atypical features 1066 1068
bipolar disorder and 1066–1067
chronic pain and 1050
complications of 1067–1068
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) for 1721 1721
dementia in (pseudodementia) 1092
in elderly 1094
differential diagnosis of 1067
dispensing medications and 1068 1068–1069
drug-induced 1067
drug therapy for 1068–1073 1069 1071 1072 1074
dysthymia 1066
in elderly 58–59 1094
caregiver issues and 54
screening for 51 53 53
stimulants for 1068 1095
urinary incontinence and 62
electroconvulsive therapy for 1068 1073–1074
at end-of-life 83
experimental treatments for 1074
headache associated with 975
hospitalization and medical-surgical disorders and 1095 1096 1097
illness/drugs causing 1067
lithium for 1068 1073
major depressive disorder 1066
obsessive-compulsive disorder and 1044
oral contraceptive use and 753 1067
panic disorder and 1043
phototherapy for 1074
postmenopausal (involutional melancholia) 760 1187
with postpartum onset 1066 1103
premenstrual 1066 1103
S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) for 1719 1721
schizophrenia/psychotic disorders/ideation and 1057 1058 1067 1068
screening for 3 1040
in elderly 51 53 53
with seasonal onset 1066 1068 1074
sleep disorders and 1079
somatization disorder and 1048
St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) for 1711–1714 1713
suicide and 1067–1068
in terminally ill/dying patient 83
treatment of 1068–1075 1069
Dermabrasion, for acne scars 117
Dermacentor ticks See Ticks
Dermatitis
atopic See Atopic dermatitis
cercarial, in schistosomiasis 1502
contact
allergic 113–115
impetigo differentiated from 113 114
urticarial lesions in 121–122
irritant 114
tinea pedis differentiated from 103
contagious pustular (orf) 1388
drugs causing 146–149 147–149
exfoliative (exfoliative erythroderma) 106–107
drugs causing 106 147
psoriatic 97 107
hand, vesiculobullous (pompholyx/dyshidrosis/dyshidrotic eczema) 111–112
herpetiformis 112–113
P.1782
celiac disease and 113 602
HLA in 112–113 801
in hookworm disease (ground itch) 1525
medicamentosa (drug eruption) 146–149 147–149
in niacin deficiency/pellagra 1274
perioral 115 118
seborrheic See Seborrheic dermatitis
stasis 474
leg ulcers and 141 474
Dermatologic therapy 86–91 87–90
adverse ocular effects of 179
complications of 91
Dermatomes, herpes zoster following 109 1356
Dermatomyositis 840–842
autoantibodies in 836 841
cancer-related 840 841 862 1005 1696 1698
sine myositis 840
Dermatop See Prednicarbate
Dermatopathic lymphadenitis/lymphadenopathy 106
Dermatophytosis 103–104
tinea corporis/circinata and 101–102
Dermoid cysts, ovarian 744
Dermopathy
in Graves' disease (pretibial myxedema) 1135 1137 1142
kava use and 1717
DES See Diethylstilbestrol
Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin, in hepatocellular carcinoma 682
Desensitization techniques
for depression 1075
for phobic disorders 1047
for surgery- or illness-related anxiety 1097
Desensitization therapy See also Immunotherapy
for asthma 234 790–791
for drug allergies 794 1315–1316
to penicillin 1315–1316 1564
Designer drugs 1090
Desipramine 1068 1071 1072
monitoring concentrations of 1071 1733
for neuropathic pain/painful diabetic neuropathy 79 1223
Desloratadine 789
Desmogleins, in pemphigus 125 126
Desmopressin (DDAVP)
for bleeding in uremia/chronic renal failure 526 910
in diabetes insipidus diagnosis 1109
in diabetes insipidus treatment 1109
for hemophilia A 527
for von Willebrand's disease 524
Desmosomal proteins, in pemphigus 125–126
Desogestrel, in combination oral contraceptives 751–752
thromboembolism and 753
Desonide 87
Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) 276–278
Desynchronization sleep disorder 1078
Desyrel See Trazodone
Detergent worker's lung 296
Detrusor muscle disorders, urinary incontinence and 62–63 63 64 948 949
DEV (duck embryo) rabies vaccine 1370 1371
DeVega annuloplasty 337
DEXA See Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
Dexamethasone 1192 1193
for acute mountain sickness 1604
in cancer chemotherapy 1674
for nausea and vomiting 540 1682
for ophthalmic disorders 174
in pain management 80
for spinal tumors/cord compression 1003 1689–1690
Dexamethasone suppression test, in Cushing's syndrome diagnosis 1168
Dexfenfluramine, withdrawal of from market 1269
Dexrazoxane, for chemotherapy-induced toxicity 1677 1685
Dextroamphetamine
for depression 1068
for narcolepsy 1080
Dextromethorphan
monoamine oxidase inhibitor interaction and 1074
overdose/toxicity of 1631
Dextrose
for coma 1017 1608
in fluid management 894 895
for hypernatremia 872
DHEA See Dehydroepiandrosterone
DHEAS See Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
DHT See Dihydrotachysterol; Dihydrotestosterone
Diabeta See Glyburide
Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) 1202 1226
Diabetes insipidus 1108–1110
craniopharyngioma and 1106
nephrogenic 874 1108 1109–1110
demeclocycline causing 1571
hypercalcemia/hyperparathyroidism and 879 880 1150
hypernatremia in 871 1109 1110
lithium causing 1076
in Wolfram syndrome 1108
Diabetes mellitus 1194–1227
Diabetic
antipsychotic drug use and 1062 1063
atrial fibrillation and 375 375
beta-blocker use in 433
blood glucose self-monitoring in 1200 1217
chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction/gastroparesis in 609 1224
cirrhosis and 669
classification and pathogenesis of 1194–1197 1195
clinical findings in 1198–1201 1198
complications of 1221–1226
clinical studies of glycemic control and 1202 1203–1205
insulin therapy causing 1220–1221
ocular 167 1198 1198 1221
transient refractive errors 154
continuous glucose monitoring systems in 1200–1201
differential diagnosis of 1201–1202
epidemiologic considerations in 1194 1195
erectile dysfunction in 1101 1224 1224–1225
exercise in prevention/management of 12 1203 1216–1217
external otitis/osteomyelitis of skull base and 182–183
foot disorders/foot care in 1223 1225
gestational 776–777 777
glaucoma in 1221
glucose tolerance test in 1199 1199
glucosuria in 1198 1199
glycemic control in
acceptable levels of 1219–1220
clinical studies in evaluation of 1202
glycated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1) measurements in evaluation of 1199–1200 1202 1203 1204 1205 1218 1220
intensive insulin therapy for See Insulin therapy, intensive
pregnancy and 776 777 1226
surgery and 45–46 45
glycosuria in 1198
HLA in 801 1195 1195
hypernatremia and 871
hypertension in 423 425 439–440 1222
ACE inhibitors for 425 433 440 440 923 1203–1205 1205 1222
antihypertensive therapy regimens for 439 439–440 440 1203–1205 1205 1222 1225
benefits of control of 423 425 439–440 923 1204–1205 1222
hypertriglyceridemia in 1201 1243 1244
insulin resistance and 1196–1197 1197–1198
ketonuria in 1199
laboratory findings in 1199–1201 1199
latent autoimmune of adulthood (LADA) 1195
lipid/lipoprotein abnormalities in 1201 1243 1244
maturity-onset of young (MODY) 1195 1197
mitochondrial DNA mutations and 1197
mucormycosis in 197
mutant insulin/mutant insulin receptors causing 1197
neurogenic arthropathy (Charcot joint) in 862 1223
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and 667 668
occult (late hypoglycemia) 1234 1238
ocular examinations in 161 167
in pancreatic and periampullary carcinoma 700
patient education (self-management training) in 1217
prebreakfast hyperglycemia in 1218–1219 1219
during pregnancy 776–777 777 1226
screening for 765 777
prognosis for 1226
renal failure and 911 923 1222
dialysis for 912 1222
self-monitoring of blood glucose and 1200 1217
serum fructosamine levels in 1200
surgery in patients with 44–46 44
treatment of
aspirin in 1205 1225
clinical trials in evaluation of 1202–1205
diet in 1205–1206 1216–1217
general considerations in 1216–1217
goals of 1202
insulin in 1212–1216
oral drugs in 1206–1212 1207 1208
regimens for 1205–1216
steps in 1217–1219
transplantation in 1216
type 1 1194–1196 1195
P.1783
clinical findings in 1198 1198
clinical trials in 1202
coxsackievirus infection and 1390
HLA in 801 1195 1195
idiopathic (type 1B) 1195 1195
immune-mediated (type 1A) 1194 1195 1195 1196
insulin therapy for 1212–1216 1213 1214 1218–1219 1219
type 2 1196–1197
antipsychotic use and 1062 1063
clinical findings in 1198–1199 1198
clinical trials in 1202–1205
coenzyme Q10 for 1722
hepatitis C and 655
insulin therapy for 1203 1218
in nonobese patients 1196–1197 1218
in obese patients 1098 1196 1198 1217
oral drugs for management of 1206–1212 1207 1208
polycystic ovary syndrome and 746–747
urinalysis findings in 1199
weight loss (unintended) in 1099 1198 1198
in Wolfram syndrome 1197
Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) 1203
Diabetes Prevention Trial-1 (DPT-1) 1202
Diabetic amyotrophy 1025 1223
Diabetic cataracts 1221
Diabetic coma 1198 1227–1233 1228
in diabetic ketoacidosis 1227–1231 1228
in hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state 1228 1231–1232
lactic acidosis and 1228 1233
Diabetic diarrhea 1224
Diabetic dyslipidemia 1201 1243 1244
Diabetic ketoacidosis 887–888 1198 1227–1231 1228
hyperchloremic normal anion gap acidosis and 887–888 1231
hyperkalemia and 875 1230
insulin infusion pump use and 1216 1229
Diabetic maculopathy/macular edema 1221
Diabetic nephropathy 923 1221–1223
glycemic control and 923 1202 1204 1222
hypertension/hypertension control and 423 425 439–440 923 1222
Diabetic neuropathic cachexia 1223–1224
Diabetic neuropathy 1025 1198 1222–1225
clinical studies of glycemic control and 1202
foot ulcers/gangrene and 1223 1225
Diabetic retinopathy 167 1221
glycemic control and 167 1202 1204
Diabetic shin spots 1100 1225
DiabetiSweet See Acesulfame potassium
Diabinese See Chlorpropamide
Diagnostic/laboratory tests See also specific disorder
in poisoning/drug overdose 1614–1615 1614 1615
in prenatal care 764
for screening See also Screening tests
specimen collection for
tubes for 1743
for urinalysis 896 934
Dialectical behavioral therapy, for personality disorders 1055
Dialysis 912–913
for acute tubular necrosis 904
“gut” (repeat-dose charcoal) 1613
hypercalcemia/hyperphosphatemia associated with 880 883
for hyperkalemia 876 877
for hyperphosphatemia 883
in older adult 930
for poisoning/drug overdose 1613 1613
with lithium 1077 1613
with methanol or ethylene glycol 1613 1628
with salicylates 1613 1634
with theophylline 1613 1637
with valproic acid 1613
preoperative 46
for renal failure 912–913
coagulopathy and 910
in diabetic 912 1222
for rewarming in hypothermia 1591
skin lesions and (porphyria cutanea tarda-like) 112
for uremic pericarditis 408 910
Diaminopyrimidines, for malaria chemoprophylaxis/treatment 1488
Diaphragm 221
Diaphragm (contraceptive) 756
Diarrhea 545–551
Colitis; Gastroenteritis
acute 545–548 546 547 547 1299–1300 1302–1303
antibiotic-associated (Clostridium difficile) 545 546 618–620 1300 1302
antibiotics for 548
in bacterial overgrowth 605
in balantidiasis 1475
bloody 546 555
campylobacter causing 545 1299 1300 1301 1302 1428–1429
Guillain-Barr syndrome and 1027
in carcinoid syndrome 611 1692
in celiac disease 602 603
in cholera 1299 1300 1428
chronic 548–551 548 550
clostridial 545 546
coccidial and microsporidial 1475–1478
in Crohn's disease 549 622 625
in diabetic autonomic neuropathy 1224
diet in management of 546
drugs in management of 546–548
enteral nutritional support and 1283
Escherichia coli causing 545 546 1299 1300 1301 1302 1427
factitious 548 549
fecal impaction and 544
fluid management in 546
in giardiasis 545 546 549 550 1299 1479
in hyperoxaluric calcium nephrolithiasis 946
hypokalemia caused by 873
in immunocompromised host/HIV infection/AIDS 545 546 549 1326–1327 1475–1478
infectious
acute 545–548 546 547 547 1299–1300 1302–1303
chronic 548 549
inflammatory 545–546 546 548 549 1299
in intestinal amebiasis 545 546 549 550 1468
in irritable bowel syndrome 616
in lactase deficiency 549 606
in malabsorption 548 549 600
in measles 1363
in microscopic colitis 631
motility disorders and 548 549
in niacin deficiency/pellagra 1274
noninflammatory 545 546 1299
Norwalk/Norwalk-like agents causing 1299 1389
osmotic 548 549
radiation causing 1683
rotaviruses causing 1299 1389
in schistosomiasis 1502
secretory 548 549
in short bowel syndrome 606
traveler's 545 1300–1301
coccidial and microsporidial 1475
in typhoid fever 1425
in ulcerative colitis 549 627 627
in vibrio infection 546 1299 1300 1302 1428
viral 545 1299 1389
in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma) 595 1178
Diastolic blood pressure, in hypertension 419
urgencies/emergencies 442
Diastolic dysfunction/heart failure 386 386–387 390
in restrictive cardiomyopathy 404
Diastolic murmurs 315
Diatrizoate meglumine (Hypaque) enema, in acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie's syndrome) 608
Diazepam 1044 1045
adverse ocular effects of 178
for alcohol withdrawal 1086
for anxiety 1044 1045
breast feeding and 786
for nausea and vomiting 540
for status epilepticus 986
Diazoxide
for hypertensive urgencies/emergencies 443 445
for insulinoma 1237
Dibenzodiazepines 1059 1060
Dibenzothiazepine 1059 1060
Dibenzoxazepines 1059 1059 1060
DIC See Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Dichuchwa (endemic syphilis) 1454
Diclofenac 75
for ophthalmic disorders 174
Dicloxacillin 1564
Dicyclomine, for irritable bowel syndrome 617
Didanosine (ddI) 1337 1339 1342 1343 1343
neuropathy and 1325 1339
resistance to 1344
DIDMOAD (Wolfram syndrome) 1108 1197
Diet See also Nutrition
acne and 116
breast cancer risk and 706 1647
in cancer prevention 1647 1648
in cardiac failure management 395
cholesterol-lowering 1247–1248 1278–1279
in cirrhosis 670
colorectal cancer and 638 1647
consistency alterations and 1277–1278
constipation and 541–542 542–543
coronary heart disease and 339–340
in Crohn's disease 624
in diabetes mellitus 1205–1206 1216–1217
complications rates and 1205
for nonobese type 2 diabetic 1218
for obese type 2 diabetic 1217
pregnancy and 777
prevention and 1203
P.1784
in diarrhea control 546
in gastroesophageal reflux management 568
gluten-free, for celiac disease/dermatitis herpetiformis 113 601 603
in gout 812
health maintenance recommendations/guidelines for 3 1259–1263 1261–1262
in hemochromatosis 677
in hypertension/hypertension prevention 421 426
in hypertriglyceridemia 1252
for insulinoma 1237
in irritable bowel syndrome 617
lipid-lowering 1247–1249 1278–1279
Mediterranean, for lipid modification 1247–1248
nutrient-restricting 1278–1279
nutrient-supplementing 1279
obesity management/prevention and 14 1099 1268–1269
in osteoporosis prevention/management 1158
in pancreatitis 696 698
during pregnancy 764 766–767
diabetes mellitus and 777
in renal failure 911–912
therapeutic 1277–1280
in ulcerative colitis 628
urinary stone formation and 943–944
Diet recalls, twenty-four-hour 1263
Diet record, 3- to 5-day 1263
Diet therapy 1277–1280
Dietary Guidelines for Americans 1259 1261–1262
Dietary history 1263
Dietary reference intakes (DRIs) 1253 1254–1255 1256 1257
Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act (DSHEA) 1710 1719
Dietary supplements 1719–1722 1720
hepatic failure and 658
regulation/quality assurance and 1710 1719
Diethylcarbamazine
for filariasis diagnosis/treatment 1523
for loiasis 1527
Diethylpropion, for obesity 1269
Diethylstilbestrol
for breast cancer 721
in male 727
in utero exposure to, effects of 734
Dieulafoy's lesion 552
Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis 1481 1484
Diffuse esophageal spasm 581
dysphagia in 564 581
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) 853
Diffuse parenchymal lung disease 275–280 275
Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) 222–223
in interstitial (diffuse parenchymal) lung disease 222–223 275
in pneumocystis pneumonia 223 1323 1541
in primary pulmonary hypertension 411
ratio of to alveolar volume (DLCO/VA) 223
Diflorasone 87
Diflucan See Fluconazole
Diflunisal 75
Digestion
disorders of See Malabsorption
normal/phases of 600–601
Digibind See Digoxin-specific Fab antibody
DigiFab See Digoxin-specific Fab antibody
Digital clubbing 145 221–222
in bronchiectasis 244
in interstitial (diffuse parenchymal) lung disease 275
in lung cancer 267
Digital cyanosis, in acrocyanosis 466
Digital mammography 708 1655
Digital rectal examination See Rectal examination
Digitalis/digitalis glycosides See also Digoxin
adverse ocular effects of 178
antidepressant drug interactions and 1074
for cardiac failure 393 394
overdose/toxicity of 1611 1623–1624
hypokalemia and 873
Digitoxin, overdose/toxicity of 1624
Digoxin 393
for arrhythmias 371
atrial fibrillation 375
in hyperthyroidism 1141
paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia 373
benzodiazepine interactions and 1046
for cardiac failure 393
infarct-associated 363
monitoring concentrations of 1733
overdose/toxicity of 393 1615 1624
Digoxin-specific Fab antibody, for digitalis toxicity 393 1611 1624
Dihydrofolate reductase, sulfonamides affecting 1575
Dihydroindolones 1059 1059 1060
Dihydrotachysterol, for hypoparathyroidism/tetany 1148 1149
Dihydrotestosterone 1170
benign prostatic hyperplasia and 955
in hirsutism/virilization 1170
prostate cancer and 966
1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol See Calcitriol
Diiodohydroxyquin See Iodoquinol
Dilacor See Diltiazem
Dilated cardiomyopathy See Cardiomyopathy
Dilation and curettage See D&C
Dilaudid See Hydromorphone
Diloxanide, for amebiasis 1470 1471 1472
Diltiazem See also Calcium channel blocking drugs
for arrhythmias 370
atrial fibrillation 376
for hypertension 435 436
overdose/toxicity of 1621
Dilutional acidosis 889
Dimercaprol (BAL)
for arsenic poisoning 1620
for lead poisoning 1627
for mercury poisoning 1627
Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) See Succimer
1,1-Dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride See Metformin
Dimethyltryptamine 1087
Diovan See Valsartan
DIP See Desquamative interstitial pneumonia
Diphenhydramine 789
overdose/toxicity of 1620
Diphenoxylate with atropine 551
overdose/toxicity of 1620
Diphtheria 1413–1414
immunization against 1304 1305–1306 1307–1309 1414
myocarditis in 398–399 1413
neuropathy in 1026 1413
pharyngitis in 205 1413
Diphtheria antitoxin 1414
Diphtheria-tetanus toxoid See Tetanus-diphtheria toxoid
Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DTP/DTaP vaccine) 1304 1305–1306 1409 1410 1414 1420
Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm) 1508 1509
vitamin B12 deficiency and 487 1509
Dipiperazines 1059 1060
Dipivefrin, for glaucoma/intraocular hypertension 161 173
Diplopia 151 152
in Graves' disease 1137
in ocular motor palsies 170
stroke causing 993
vertigo and 190
Diprolene See Betamethasone
Dipstick urinalysis 896 934–935
in dysuria evaluation 34
in hematuria evaluation 897 935
in proteinuria evaluation 897 934
Dipylidium caninum (dog tapeworm) 1508 1508–1509 1509
Dipyridamole See also Antiplatelet therapy for transient ischemic attacks, 990
Dipyridamole-thallium scintigraphy See Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy
Direct ophthalmoscopy See Ophthalmoscopy
Directed bleeding history, preoperative 35 36 43–44
Directly observed therapy (DOT), for tuberculosis 260 261 262
Dirofilaria immitis (dirofilariasis) 1522
Dirythromycin 1570
Disaccharidase deficiency See also Lactase deficiency
diarrhea and 549
Discoid lupus erythematosus 104–105
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) 831–832
Disease presentation, in elderly 49
Disease prevention See Health maintenance/disease prevention
Disequilibrium (imbalance)
falls/immobility in elderly and 60 61
in vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma) 193
DISH See Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis
Disipal See Orphenadrine
Disk disease
cervical 1030–1031
arthritic/degenerative 816 1031
chest pain in 344
herniation/protrusion 815–816 1030–1031 1032–1033
vertigo and 192
lumbar/sacral, herniation 817 818 818 819
thoracic, chest pain in 344 581
Disopyramide 369
overdose/toxicity of 369 1634
Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia 1056–1057
Dissection See Aortic dissection; Carotid artery, dissection of
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 530–531
in cancer, encephalopathy caused by 1005
P.1785
in malaria (severe P falciparum infection) 1487 1497
in meningococcal meningitis 1421
Dissociated sensory loss 988
in spinal cord infarction 999
Dissociative disorder 1044
Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder) 1044
Distal muscular dystrophy 1036
Distal renal tubular acidosis 889 889 890
genetic defects associated with 874
urinary stone formation and 889 944
Distributive shock 477–478 478 479–480
Disulfiram
for alcohol use/abuse 1085
antidepressant drug interactions and 1074
benzodiazepine interactions and 1046
Disulfiram-like reactions, Coprinus mushroom poisoning causing 1629 1630 1630
Diulo See Metolazone
Diuresis, forced, for poisoning/drug overdose 1613
Diuretics See also specific agent
abuse of in bulimia nervosa 1271 1272
for acute tubular necrosis 904
adverse ocular effects of 178
for cardiac failure 390–391
infarct-associated 362–363
in renal failure 390 391 910
for cirrhotic ascites 670
for hypercalciuria 945
for hyperkalemia 877
for hypernatremia 872
for hypertension 428 429–430
in blacks 440
in combination products 424 425 430 439
during pregnancy 416 779
regimen for use of 437–439 440
urgencies/emergencies 445
hyperuricemia and 812
for hyponatremia 870
hyponatremia caused by idiosyncratic reaction to 869
lipid abnormalities associated with use of 1244
lithium interactions and 1077 1077
for nephrotic syndrome 921
nutrients affected by 1260
potassium supplementation and 1279
for pulmonary edema 398
Divalproex See Valproic acid/valproate
Diverticula
colonic 631–633
esophageal 573
Zenker's 573
Diverticular bleeding 554 555 556 633
Diverticulitis 632–633
Diverticulosis 631–632
gastrointestinal bleeding in 554 555 556 633
infection and (diverticulitis) 632–633
Diving (underwater) See Scuba/deep sea diving
Dizziness See also Disequilibrium (imbalance); Vertigo; Vestibular disorders
falls/immobility in elderly and 60 61
in heart disease 313
DLCO (diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide) 222–223
in interstitial (diffuse parenchymal) lung disease 222–223 275
in pneumocystis pneumonia 223 1323 1541
in primary pulmonary hypertension 411
ratio of to alveolar volume (DLCO/VA) 223
DLE See Discoid lupus erythematosus
DMARDs See Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
DML 90
DMPA See Medroxyprogesterone
DMSA See Succimer
DNA
double-stranded, antibodies to See Anti-double-stranded (anti-ds)-DNA
hepatitis B virus 653 654 659
native, antibodies to 836
DNA amplification tests, in tuberculosis 258
DNA analysis/DNA diagnosis (molecular genetics) See also Genetic testing
in cancer 1641
for colorectal cancer screening 642
DNA fingerprinting, in tuberculosis 257 258
DNA microarray studies, cancer development studied with 1641
DNA probes, for muscular dystrophy 1036
DNAR orders (“do not attempt resuscitation”) 70 71
Dobrava virus 1378
Dobutamine
for cardiac failure 394–395
infarct-associated 363
for shock 479
Dobutamine stress echocardiography 316–317
in cardiac failure 390
Docetaxel 723 1662–1665 1674
neuropathy caused by 1683–1684
with trastuzumab 1667
Doctor–patient relationship
chronic pain disorders and 1050
complementary/alternative medicine and 1709
compliance and 2
end-of-life care and 68 68
grieving after death and 85
irritable bowel disease management 616–617
psychiatric problems associated with hospitalization and medical/surgical disorders and 1096–1097
smoking cessation and 7 8
somatoform disorders and 1048–1049
weight reduction and 1268
Docusate sodium 543 543
Dofetilide 370
Dog bites 1296
rabies and 1297 1369 1370
Dog feces
cutaneous larva migrans transmitted by 1519
hydatid disease transmitted by 1513 1515
toxocariasis (visceral larva migrans) transmitted by 1534
Dog fleas See Fleas
Dog heartworm infection (dirofilariasis) 1522
Dog hookworm
cutaneous larva migrans caused by 1519
eosinophilic enteritis caused by 1526
Dog tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum) 1508 1508–1509 1509
Dog ticks See Ticks
Dolasetron 540 540 1682
Doll's-head eye response, in coma or stupor 1018
Dolobid See Diflunisal
Dolophine See Methadone
Domestic violence 1081 1082
elder abuse and 17 51 54 54 1094
prevention of 16–17
Donation of organs 85
Donepezil, for dementia 57 1093
Donovan bodies, in granuloma inguinale 1433
Dopamine
in Huntington's disease 1011
for hypotension/shock 363 479
in parkinsonism 1007
prolactin secretion affected by 1113
Dopamine agonists
for acromegaly/gigantism 1111
for cocaine withdrawal 1089
for hyperprolactinemia 1114–1115
for neuroleptic malignant syndrome 1063
for parkinsonism 1009
Dopamine antagonists See also Antipsychotic drugs
for Huntington's disease 1011
for nausea and vomiting 540 540
for Tourette's syndrome 1014
Dopamine receptors, antipsychotic agents affecting 1060 1061
Doppler ultrasound 316
in valvular heart disease 328
Doral See Quazepam
Dorsalis pedis pulse, in lower extremity occlusive disease 453
Dorzolamide, for glaucoma/intraocular hypertension 161 173
Dorzolamide/timolol, for glaucoma/intraocular hypertension 161 174
Dose-dense/dose-intense chemotherapy 1661 1662
DOT See Directly observed therapy
Double effect 69
Double-stranded DNA antibodies 799 836
in hyperthyroidism 1138
in lupus erythematosus 105 799 835 836
Double vision See Diplopia
Down's syndrome (trisomy 21) 1704–1705
prenatal screening for 765 1705
Doxazosin
for benign prostatic hyperplasia 958 959
for hypertension 437 438
Doxepin 1072
breast feeding and 785
topical 89
Doxercalciferol, for hyperparathyroidism 1154
Doxil See Doxorubicin, liposomal
Doxorubicin 1675
for breast cancer 723
breast feeding and 786
liposomal 1666 1675
for Kaposi sarcoma 1328
secondary malignancies and 1644–1645
toxicity of 1675 1685
with trastuzumab 1667
Doxycycline 1571
for acne 116–117
for anthrax prophylaxis/treatment 1412–1413 1412
cost of 1562
for Lyme disease 1461 1461
for malaria chemoprophylaxis/treatment 1489 1490 1495 1496 1497
with atovaquone 1490 1496 1497
for pleurodesis 302
for pneumonia 252
for rosacea 118
for syphilis 1446 1448
therapy adjustments in renal or hepatic failure and 1558
for urinary tract infection 939
P.1786
for wolbachia eradication
in filariasis 1523
in onchocerciasis 1528
DPOA-HC See Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care
DPP (Diabetes Prevention Program) 1203
DPT-1 (Diabetes Prevention Trial-1) 1202
Dracunculus medinensis (dracunculiasis/dracunculosis/dracontiasis) 1520–1521
DRE (digital rectal examination) See Rectal examination
Dream sleep 1078
Dressler's syndrome (postmyocardial infarction/postcardiotomy pericarditis) 364 408
Drinking See Alcohol use/dependency/abuse
DRIs (dietary reference intakes) 1253 1254–1255 1256 1257
Driving (automobile), by patients with syncope/ventricular tachycardia/aborted sudden death 385
Dronabinol (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol), for nausea and vomiting 540
in AIDS wasting 1322
chemotherapy-induced 1682
Drooling, in esophageal foreign body 214
“Drop arm” signs 824
Drop attacks
epileptic (atonic seizures) 982
transient ischemia and 989
Droperidol, torsade de pointes caused by 540
Drospirenone, in combination oral contraceptives 751
Drotrecogin alfa (recombinant protein C), for bacteremia/sepsis/shock 480 1424
Drowning 1601–1603
Drug abuse/drug addiction See Poisoning/drug overdose; Substance use disorders
Drug allergy 792–794
dermatitis caused by 146–149 147–149
desensitization therapy for 794 1315–1316
testing for 793–794 1315–1316
in topical dermatologic therapy 91
Drug dependence 1082
Substance use disorders
in opioid therapy 73 1087
Drug eruptions 146–149 147–149
fixed 148
Drug-induced disorders/side effects
abnormal movements 1013 1063–1064
acute tubular necrosis 903
agranulocytosis 498–499 499
allergic reactions See Drug allergy
alopecia 145 148
asthma 227 298
cholelithiasis/gallstones 684
cognitive disorders 1091
constipation 542
cough 219 298
delirium 59 1091
depression 58 1067
dermatitis (dermatitis medicamentosa) 146–149 147–149
dyspepsia 536
in elderly 49 64–66
cognitive functioning and 56–57 59
depression and 58
falls and 61
iatrogenic drug reactions 64–66
renal function and 930
urinary incontinence and 62
eosinophilic pulmonary syndromes 280
erectile dysfunction/impotence 950 951 1101 1102
erythema multiforme 122 123
exfoliative dermatitis/erythroderma 106 147
fatty liver disease (hepatic steatosis) 666
fetotoxicity 764
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency 492
gout 812
gynecomastia 1100 1101 1101
hallucinosis 1092
Hashimoto's thyroiditis 1144
hepatic failure 658
hepatitis 666
hirsutism 1171
hyperglycemia 1201
hyperkalemia 876
hyperpigmentation 143 148 1100
nail 145 149 1100
hypogonadism 1106
hyponatremia 869
infertility 952 954
interstitial lung disease 275 298
interstitial nephritis 905
lichenoid/lichen planus-like 131 148
liver disease 665–666
long QT syndrome 381
lung disease 298 298
lupus erythematosus 105 147 298 793 834 834
microscopic polyangiitis 849
myocarditis 400
nail hyperpigmentation 145 149 1100
nausea and vomiting 539
neuropathy, in HIV infection/AIDS 1325
neutropenia 498–499 499
nipple discharge 704
olfactory dysfunction 198
overdoses See Poisoning/drug overdose
parkinsonism 1007 1013 1064
pemphigus 126
photosensitivity/photodermatitis 140 147
pigmentary changes 143 148–149
porphyria 1703 1704
cutanea tarda 112
pseudotumor cerebri 1005–1006
psychotic behavior 1058
pulmonary disorders 298 298
pure red cell aplasia 489
rhabdomyolysis/myopathy/myositis 841 843
sick sinus syndrome 382
syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion 868
systemic absorption of topical medications and 91 177–178
teratogenicity 764
urticaria 121 122 148
weight gain 1099 1099
Drug monitoring (therapeutic) See also specific agent
Drug-nutrient interactions 1259 1260
Drug resistance 1551
in anaerobic infections 1434
in antiretroviral therapy 1336 1339 1343 1343–1345 1344 1345
in chemotherapy 1660–1661
in chlamydial infections 1442
in enterococcal infections 1403
in gonococcal infection 1432
in HIV infection/AIDS 1334 1336 1339 1343 1343–1345 1344 1345
in leprosy 1440 1576
in malaria 1489 1490–1491 1491–1492 1496 1497
in meningococcal meningitis 1422
to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 1341
in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease 264
nosocomial infections and 1292
pharyngitis treatment and 204–205
in pneumococcal infections 252 1404 1405
in staphylococcal infections 1328 1406 1407 1419
susceptibility testing and 1551
in HIV infection/AIDS 1344–1345 1344 1345
in tuberculosis 257 261 262 263 1323
Drug susceptibility testing 1551
in HIV infection/AIDS 1344–1345 1344 1345
Drug tolerance 1082
in opioid therapy 73 74
Drusen
in age-related macular degeneration 164
optic disk 169
Dry drowning 1602
Dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) 156–157
in Sj gren's syndrome 842
Dry mouth See Xerostomia
Dry skin
atopic dermatitis and 95
emollients for 86–91 90
in HIV infection/AIDS 1328
Drying agents, for weepy dermatoses 91
DSHEA (Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act) 1710
DTaP/DTP vaccines 1304 1305–1306 1409 1414
Dual-chamber pacing 383–384
for cardiomyopathy 403
for sick sinus syndrome 382
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, in osteoporosis 1156
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (familial chronic idiopathic jaundice) 649 651
Duchenne muscular dystrophy 1035–1036 1036
cardiomyopathy in 413
genetic/prenatal screening for 1036
Duck embryo (DEV) rabies vaccine 1370 1371
Ductal carcinoma in situ 705 713 716 716
Paget's carcinoma and 713
Ductal lavage, in breast mass evaluation 713
Ductography, in breast cancer 713
Ductopenia, idiopathic adulthood 691
Ductoscopy
in breast cancer 713
in nipple discharge 704 713
Ductus arteriosus, patent 324–325
Duffy factor surface antigen, malaria and 1486
Duke criteria, for endocarditis 1416
Duke Treadmill Score 349 349
Dukes classification, for colorectal cancer 639 639
Duloxetine 1070 1071 1072 1223
Duncan's disease 1359
Dunnigan-Kobberling syndrome 1098
Duodenal neuroendocrine tumors 1178–1179
Duodenal string test, in strongyloidiasis 1530
Duodenal ulcers 586 587
Duodenum See also Small intestine
disorders of 582–600
Duplex ultrasonography See Ultrasonography
P.1787
Dupuytren's contracture 822
in cirrhosis 669
Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care (DPOA-HC) 70
Duroziez's sign 335
Dust mites
atopic dermatitis (eczema) caused by 95
avoidance therapy for allergies caused by 788–789
DVT See Deep venous thrombosis
Dwarf tapeworm (Hymenolepis nana) 1508 1509
Dyazide See Triamterene, with hydrochlorothiazide
Dying patient, care of See End of life, provision of care during
Dymelor See Acetohexamide
DynaCirc See Isradipine
Dysarthria, in motor neuron disease 1022
Dysautonomia (autonomic dysfunction) 986–987
in Guillain-Barr syndrome 987 1027
Dysbaric illness 1603–1604
Dysbetalipoproteinemia 1241
Dysenteric colitis 1468 1470 1471
Dysentery 545 546
amebic 1468 1470 1471
colitis after (postdysenteric colitis) 1472
bacillary (shigellosis) 545 1299 1300 1303 1426–1427
in balantidiasis 1475
enteroinvasive E coli causing 1427
reactive arthritis/Reiter's syndrome and 854
trichuris 1533
Dysesthesias 988
Dysfibrinogenemia 532
hepatic coagulopathy and 529
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding 728 729 1185
estrogen replacement therapy and 729 1187
Dysgerminoma, ovarian 745 1171
Dysgeusia 203–204
Dyshidrosis/dyshidrotic eczema (pompholyx/vesiculobullous hand eczema) 111–112
Dyskinesia
in Huntington's disease 1010–1011
levodopa-induced 1008 1009
tardive 1013 1064
Dyslipidemia See also Hyperlipidemia
in diabetes mellitus 1201 1243 1244
coenzyme Q10 for 1722
protease inhibitors causing 1340
Dysmenorrhea 731
in endometriosis 740
IUD use and 755
Dysmotility See Motility disorders
Dysnomia, intracranial mass lesions causing 1001
Dysorgasmia See Orgasm, loss of
Dyspareunia (painful intercourse) 747–748
Bartholin's duct cyst/abscess causing 733
endometriosis and 740 747 748
vaginal atrophy/dryness causing 748
Dyspepsia 536–538
differential diagnosis of 588
functional (nonulcer) 536 537–538
in gastric cancer 536 597
in peptic ulcer disease 536 587
Dysphagia 564 564
in achalasia 564 579
in Barrett's esophagus 567
in esophageal cancer 564 577 578
in esophageal stricture 564 567
in esophageal webs and rings 572
in gastroesophageal reflux disease 566
in infectious esophagitis 570
in motility disorders 564 564 580 581
in pill-induced esophagitis 571
in polymyositis/dermatomyositis 840
in scleroderma 564 838 839
in Zenker's diverticulum 573
Dysphasia, in stroke 991
Dysphonia 209
Dysphoric disorder, premenstrual 1066 1103
Dysplastic (atypical) nevus/mole 93
Dyspnea 22–24 23 218–219
in ARDS 309
in cardiac failure 23–24 312–313 388
in cardiomyopathy 403
in COPD 23 23 218 238
cough and 20–21 21
in heart disease 23–24 312–313
in interstitial (diffuse parenchymal) lung disease 275
in malignant pleural effusion 302
nocturnal 218
in heart disease 313
in pneumothorax 303
in pulmonary embolism 23 281 282
in terminally ill/dying patient 80 219
Dysrhythmias See Arrhythmias
Dyssomnias 1079–1080
Dysthymia 1066 1068
Dysthyroid eye disease (Graves' ophthalmopathy) 170 1135 1137 1140 1141
Dystonia
drug-induced 1013 1064 1633
oromandibular 1012
torsion
focal 1012
idiopathic 1011–1012
Dystrophin, in muscular dystrophy 1036
Dysuria (painful voiding) 33–34 932
DYT1 gene, in idiopathic torsion dystonia 1011
DYT6/DYT7 genes, in focal torsion dystonia 1012