Content-Length: The Entity s Size

15.2 Content-Length: The Entity's Size

The Content-Length header indicates the size of the entity body in the message, in bytes. The size includes any content encodings (the Content-Length of a gzip-compressed text file will be the compressed size, not the original size).

The Content-Length header is mandatory for messages with entity bodies, unless the message is transported using chunked encoding. Content-Length is needed to detect premature message truncation when servers crash and to properly segment messages that share a persistent connection.

15.2.1 Detecting Truncation

Older versions of HTTP used connection close to delimit the end of a message. But, without Content-Length, clients cannot distinguish between successful connection close at the end of a message and connection close due to a server crash in the middle of a message. Clients need Content-Length to detect message truncation.

Message truncation is especially severe for caching proxy servers. If a cache receives a truncated message and doesn't recognize the truncation, it may store the defective content and serve it many times. Caching proxy servers generally do not cache HTTP bodies that don't have an explicit Content-Length header, to reduce the risk of caching truncated messages.

15.2.2 Incorrect Content-Length

An incorrect Content-Length can cause even more damage than a missing Content-Length. Because some early clients and servers had well-known bugs with respect to Content-Length calculations, some clients, servers, and proxies contain algorithms to try to detect and correct interactions with broken servers. HTTP/1.1 user agents officially are supposed to notify the user when an invalid length is received and detected .

15.2.3 Content-Length and Persistent Connections

Content-Length is essential for persistent connections. If the response comes across a persistent connection, another HTTP response can immediately follow the current response. The Content-Length header lets the client know where one message ends and the next begins. Because the connection is persistent, the client cannot use connection close to identify the message's end. Without a Content-Length header, HTTP applications won't know where one entity body ends and the next message begins.

As we will see in Section 15.6 , there is one situation where you can use persistent connections without having a Content-Length header: when you use chunked encoding . Chunked encoding sends the data in a series of chunks , each with a specified size. Even if the server does not know the size of the entire entity at the time the headers are generated (often because the entity is being generated dynamically), the server can use chunked encoding to transmit pieces of well-defined size.

15.2.4 Content Encoding

HTTP lets you encode the contents of an entity body, perhaps to make it more secure or to compress it to take up less space (we explain compression in detail later in this chapter). If the body has been content-encoded, the Content-Length header specifies the length, in bytes, of the encoded body, not the length of the original, unencoded body.

Some HTTP applications have been known to get this wrong and to send the size of the data before the encoding, which causes serious errors, especially with persistent connections. Unfortunately, none of the headers described in the HTTP/1.1 specification can be used to send the length of the original, unencoded body, which makes it difficult for clients to verify the integrity of their unencoding processes. ^[3]

^[3] Even the Content-MD5 header, which can be used to send the 128-bit MD5 of the document, contains the MD5 of the encoded document. The Content-MD5 header is described later in this chapter.

15.2.5 Rules for Determining Entity Body Length

The following rules describe how to correctly determine the length and end of an entity body in several different circumstances. The rules should be applied in order; the first match applies.

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1. If a particular HTTP message type is not allowed to have a body, ignore the Content-Length header for body calculations. The Content-Length headers are informational in this case and do not describe the actual body length. (Nave HTTP applications can get in trouble if they assume Content-Length always means there is a body).

The most important example is the HEAD response. The HEAD method requests that a server send the headers that would have been returned by an equivalent GET request, but no body. Because a GET response would send back a Content-Length header, so will the HEAD responsebut unlike the GET response, the HEAD response will not have a body. 1XX, 204, and 304 responses also can have informational Content-Length headers but no entity body. Messages that forbid entity bodies must terminate at the first empty line after the headers, regardless of which entity header fields are present.

2. If a message contains a Transfer-Encoding header (other than the default HTTP "identity" encoding), the entity will be terminated by a special pattern called a "zero-byte chunk ," unless the message is terminated first by closing the connection. We'll discuss transfer encodings and chunked encodings later in this chapter.

3. If a message has a Content-Length header (and the message type allows entity bodies), the Content-Length value contains the body length, unless there is a non-identity Transfer-Encoding header. If a message is received with both a Content-Length header field and a non-identity Transfer-Encoding header field, you must ignore the Content-Length, because the transfer encoding will change the way entity bodies are represented and transferred (and probably the number of bytes transmitted).

4. If the message uses the "multipart/byteranges" media type and the entity length is not otherwise specified (in the Content-Length header), each part of the multipart message will specify its own size. This multipart type is the only entity body type that self-delimits its own size, so this media type must not be sent unless the sender knows the recipient can parse it. ^[4]

^[4] Because a Range header might be forwarded by a more primitive proxy that does not understand multipart/byteranges, the sender must delimit the message using methods 1, 3, or 5 in this section if it isn't sure the receiver understands the self- delimiting format.

5. If none of the above rules match, the entity ends when the connection closes . In practice, only servers can use connection close to indicate the end of a message. Clients can't close the connection to signal the end of client messages, because that would leave no way for the server to send back a response. ^[5]

^[5] The client could do a half close of just its output connection, but many server applications aren't designed to handle this situation and will interpret a half close as the client disconnecting from the server. Connection management was never well specified in HTTP. See Chapter 4 for more details.

6. To be compatible with HTTP/1.0 applications, any HTTP/1.1 request that has an entity body also must include a valid Content-Length header field (unless the server is known to be HTTP/1.1-compliant). The HTTP/1.1 specification counsels that if a request contains a body and no Content-Length, the server should send a 400 Bad Request response if it cannot determine the length of the message, or a 411 Length Required response if it wants to insist on receiving a valid Content-Length.

For compatibility with HTTP/1.0 applications, HTTP/1.1 requests containing an entity body must include a valid Content-Length header field, unless the server is known to be HTTP/1.1-compliant. If a request contains a body without a Content-Length, the server should respond with 400 Bad Request if it cannot determine the length of the message, or with 411 Length Required if it wants to insist on receiving a valid Content-Length.

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