Syntax: STANDARD Procedure

Tip: Supports the Output Delivery System. See Output Delivery System on page 32 for details.

ODS Table Name : Standard

Reminder: You can use the ATTRIB, FORMAT, LABEL, and WHERE statements. See Chapter 3, Statements with the Same Function in Multiple Procedures, on page 57 for details. You can also use any global statements. See Global Statements on page 18 for a list.

PROC STANDARD < option(s) >;

• BY <DESCENDING> variable-1 < <DESCENDING> variable-n >
  <NOTSORTED>;

• FREQ variable ;

• VAR variable(s) ;

• WEIGHT variable ;

To do this	Use this statement
Calculate separate standardized values for each BY group	BY
Identify a variable whose values represent the frequency of each observation	FREQ
Select the variables to standardize and determine the order in which they appear in the printed output	VAR
Identify a variable whose values weight each observation in the statistical calculations	WEIGHT

PROC STANDARD Statement

PROC STANDARD < option(s) >;

To do this		Use this option
Specify the input data set		DATA=
Specify the output data set		OUT=
Computational options
Exclude observations with nonpositive weights		EXCLNPWGT
	Specify the mean value	MEAN=
	Replace missing values with a variable mean or MEAN= value	REPLACE
	Specify the standard deviation value	STD=
	Specify the divisor for variance calculations	VARDEF=
Control printed output
	Print statistics for each variable to standardize	PRINT

Without Options

If you do not specify MEAN=, REPLACE, or STD=, the output data set is an identical copy of the input data set.

Options

DATA= SAS-data-set

• identifies the input SAS data set.

• Main discussion: Input Data Sets on page 19

• Restriction: You cannot use PROC STANDARD with an engine that supports concurrent access if another user is updating the data set at the same time.

EXCLNPWGT

• excludes observations with nonpositive weight values (zero or negative). The procedure does not use the observation to calculate the mean and standard deviation, but the observation is still standardized. By default, the procedure treats observations with negative weights like those with zero weights and counts them in the total number of observations.

MEAN= mean-value

• standardizes variables to a mean of mean-value .

• Alias: M=

• Default: mean of the input values

• Featured in: Example 1 on page 1185

OUT= SAS-data-set

• identifies the output data set. If SAS-data-set does not exist, PROC STANDARD creates it. If you omit OUT=, the data set is named DATA n , where n is the smallest integer that makes the name unique.

• Default: DATA n

• Featured in: Example 1 on page 1185

PRINT

• prints the original frequency, mean, and standard deviation for each variable to standardize.

• Featured in: Example 2 on page 1187

REPLACE

• replaces missing values with the variable mean.

• Interaction: If you use MEAN=, PROC STANDARD replaces missing values with the given mean.

• Featured in: Example 2 on page 1187

STD= std-value

• standardizes variables to a standard deviation of std-value .

• Alias: S=

• Default: standard deviation of the input values

• Featured in: Example 1 on page 1185

VARDEF= divisor

• specifies the divisor to use in the calculation of variances and standard deviation. Table 46.1 on page 1181 shows the possible values for divisor and the associated divisors.

Table 46.1: Possible Values for VARDEF=

Value	Divisor	Formula for Divisor
DF	degrees of freedom	n ˆ’ 1
N	number of observations	n
WDF	sum of weights minus one	( & pound ; i w i ) ˆ’ 1
WEIGHT WGT	sum of weights	i w i

The procedure computes the variance as CSS/divisor , where CSS is the corrected sums of squares and equals . When you weight the analysis variables, CSS equals where x _w is the weighted mean.

• Default: DF

• Tip: When you use the WEIGHT statement and VARDEF=DF, the variance is an estimate of ƒ ² , where the variance of the i th observation is ( x _i ) = ƒ ² /w _i and w _i is the weight for the i th observation. This yields an estimate of the variance of an observation with unit weight.

• Tip: When you use the WEIGHT statement and VARDEF=WGT, the computed variance is asymptotically (for large n ) an estimate of ƒ ² / w , where w is the average weight. This yields an asymptotic estimate of the variance of an observation with average weight.

• See also: WEIGHT on page 63

• Main discussion: Keywords and Formulas on page 1354

BY Statement

Calculates standardized values separately for each BY group.

Main discussion: BY on page 58

Featured in: Example 2 on page 1187

BY <DESCENDING> variable-1 < <DESCENDING> variable-n ><NOTSORTED>; Required Arguments

variable

• specifies the variable that the procedure uses to form BY groups. You can specify more than one variable. If you do not use the NOTSORTED option in the BY statement, the observations in the data set must either be sorted by all the variables that you specify, or they must be indexed appropriately. These variables are called BY variables .

Options

DESCENDING

• specifies that the data set is sorted in descending order by the variable that immediately follows the word DESCENDING in the BY statement.

NOTSORTED

• specifies that observations are not necessarily sorted in alphabetic or numeric order. The data are grouped in another way, such as chronological order.

• The requirement for ordering or indexing observations according to the values of BY variables is suspended for BY-group processing when you use the NOTSORTED option. In fact, the procedure does not use an index if you specify NOTSORTED. The procedure defines a BY group as a set of contiguous observations that have the same values for all BY variables. If observations with the same values for the BY variables are not contiguous, the procedure treats each contiguous set as a separate BY group.

FREQ Statement

Specifies a numeric variable whose values represent the frequency of the observation.

Tip: The effects of the FREQ and WEIGHT statements are similar except when calculating degrees of freedom.

See also: For an example that uses the FREQ statement, see FREQ on page 61

FREQ variable ;

Required Arguments

variable

• specifies a numeric variable whose value represents the frequency of the observation. If you use the FREQ statement, the procedure assumes that each observation represents n observations, where n is the value of variable . If n is not an integer, the SAS System truncates it. If n is less than 1 or is missing, the procedure does not use that observation to calculate statistics but the observation is still standardized.

  The sum of the frequency variable represents the total number of observations.

VAR Statement

Specifies the variables to standardize and their order in the printed output.

Default: If you omit the VAR statement, PROC STANDARD standardizes all numeric variables not listed in the other statements.

Featured in: Example 1 on page 1185

VAR variable(s) ;

Required Arguments

variable(s)

• identifies one or more variables to standardize.

WEIGHT Statement

Specifies weights for analysis variables in the statistical calculations.

See also: For information about calculating weighted statistics and for an example that uses the WEIGHT statement, see WEIGHT on page 63

WEIGHT variable ;

Required Arguments

variable

• specifies a numeric variable whose values weight the values of the analysis variables. The values of the variable do not have to be integers. If the value of the weight variable is

  Weight value	PROC STANDARD
  	counts the observation in the total number of observations
  less than 0	converts the weight value to zero and counts the observation in the total number of observations
  missing	excludes the observation from the calculation of mean and standard deviation

• To exclude observations that contain negative and zero weights from the calculation of mean and standard deviation, use EXCLNPWGT. Note that most SAS/STAT procedures, such as PROC GLM, exclude negative and zero weights by default.

• Tip: When you use the WEIGHT statement, consider which value of the VARDEF= option is appropriate. See VARDEF= on page 1181 and the calculation of weighted statistics in Keywords and Formulas on page 1354 for more information.

• Note: Prior to Version 7 of the SAS System, the procedure did not exclude the observations with missing weights from the count of observations.