Editors: Susla, Gregory M.; Suffredini, Anthony F.; McAreavey, Dorothea; Solomon, Michael A.; Hoffman, William D.; Nyquist, Paul; Ognibene, Frederick P.; Shelhamer, James H.; Masur, Henry
Title: Handbook of Critical Care Drug Therapy, 3rd Edition
Copyright 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
> Table of Contents > Chapter 4 - Pulmonary Therapies
Chapter 4
Pulmonary Therapies
TABLE 4.1. Asthma Therapeutic Options |
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Agents | Dosage | Inhaled Agonists | Albuterol | 2.5 mg (0.5 ml) diluted in 2 3 ml 0.9% NaCl q2 6h 10 15 mg/h (2 3 ml) diluted to a minimum of 4 ml at gas flow of 6 8 L/min (see Table 4.4) | Levalbuterol | 0.63 1.25 mg q2 6h | Subcutaneous Agonists | Epinephrine | 0.3 mg (0.3 ml) | Terbutaline | 0.25 mg (0.25 ml) | Anticholinergic Agents | See Tables 4.2 and 4.3 | Theophylline | See Table 4.5 | Corticosteroids | Methylprednisolone or | 60 125 mg q6 8h | Hydrocortisone or | 2 mg/kg q4h | Hydrocortisone | 2 mg/kg then 0.5 mg/kg/h | Inhaled Corticosteroids | Beclomethasone | 40 160 g twice daily | Budesonide | 200 800 g twice daily | Flunisolide | 500 1,000 g twice daily | Fluticasone | MDI: 88 220 g twice daily PWD: 100 1,000 g twice daily | Triamcinolone | 200 g 3 to 4 times daily or 400 g twice daily | IV, intravenous; MDI, metered dose inhaler; PO, by mouth; PWD, powder | |
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Route | Formulation | Comment |
Nebulized Continuous nebulization | 0.5% solution 0.5% solution | The frequency of intermittent agonist administration will vary with the severity of illness of the patient; in severely ill patients, the initial interval may be hourly |
Nebulized | 0.63 mg/3 ml 1.25 mg/3 ml | No greater benefit over albuterol in acutely ill, critically ill, or mechanically ventilated patients; clinical effects similar to albuterol |
Subcutaneous | 1:1000 solution | May be considered in patients who do not respond to inhaled agonists; may repeat dose every 15 min as needed up to 3 doses |
Subcutaneous | 1 mg/ml | A second dose may be given after 20 min if necessary |
IV/PO | | |
IV | 40, 62.5 mg/ml | |
IV | 50 mg/ml | |
IV Continuous infusion | | |
MDI | MDI: 40, 80 g/puff | May be considered as an adjunct to systemic steroid therapy initially; initial dose may be higher |
MDI | MDI: 200 g/puff | |
MDI | MDI: 250 g/puff | |
MDI, Rotadisk Diskus | MDI: 44, 110, 220 g/puff PWD: 50, 100, 250 g/puff | |
MDI | MDI: 100 g/puff | |
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TABLE 4.2. Antibronchospastic Agents Metered Dose Inhalers |
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Agent | 2/ 1 Potency | Dose Per Actuation | Recommended Dosage/Interval | Inhaled -Adrenergic Agents | Albuterol | ++++/ | 90 g* | 1 2 puffs q2 6h | Salmeterola | See note | | | Anticholinergic Agents | Ipratropium bromide | | 18 g | 2 4 puffs q2 6h | Albuterol and ipratropium | ++++/ | 90 g* 18 g | 2 puffs, 4 daily | Tiotropium | | 18 g | One capsule, inhaled once daily Individual capsules used for each dose | The dosing interval may vary depending on the severity of illness of the patient. The dose may need to be higher for patients on mechanical ventilation (i.e., 4 8 puffs q2 6h). aSalmeterol is indicated for prophylactic use in chronic stable asthma and is not recommended for the treatment of acute bronchospasm. For maintenance of bronchodilatation and prevention of the symptoms of asthma, the usual dose is 2 puffs (42 g) twice (in the morning and evening) daily. *Dose delivered in terms of 90 g of albuterol base. | |
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TABLE 4.3. Antibronchospastic Agents Nebulized Drugs |
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Agent | 2/ 1 Potency | Formulations | Dosage | -Adrenergic Agentsa | Albuterol | ++++/ | 0.5% solution | 2.5 5 mg diluted in 2 3 ml 0.9% NaCl q2 6h | | | | Continuous nebulization; see Table 4.4 | Levalbuterol | ++++/ | 0.63 mg/3 ml 1.25 mg/3 ml | 0.63 1.25 mg q2 6h | Anticholinergic Agents | Ipratropium bromide | | 0.02% solution | 500 g diluted in 2 5 ml 0.9% NaCl q6 8h | Albuterol and Ipratropium | ++++/ | Ipratropium 0.5 mg and albuterol 3 mg/3 ml | 3 ml q6h | Atropine Sulfate | | 1 mg/ml injectable preparation | 2.5 5 mg diluted in 2 3 ml 0.9% NaCl q3 5h | Glycopyrrolate | | 0.2 mg/ml injectable preparation | 2 mg diluted in 2 3 ml 0.9% NaCl q6h | aDosing interval depends on the status of the patient, but in severe asthma it may be as frequent as q1 2h under medical supervision. | |
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TABLE 4.4. Antibronchospastic Agents Continuous Nebulization |
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Use the guidelines below ( 20%) for 1 hour of nebulization. For prescribed dose of 10 mg/h at 15 L/min flow, add 2 mL albuterol (5 mg/mL) to 48 mL saline for 50 mL/h output. For multiple hours of operation, multiply by the number of hours desired. | Continuous Nebulizer HEART | | High Flow | Desired dose (mg/h) | 5 | 10 | 15 | 5 | 10 | 15 | Albuterol 5 mg/mL (mL) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | Saline (mL) | 29 | 28 | 27 | 49 | 48 | 47 | Flow rate = Output | 10 L/min = 30 mL/h | 15 L/min = 50 mL/h | Continuous Nebulizer UniHEART IV | | Low Flow | Desired dose (mg/h) | 5 | 10 | 15 | 5 | 10 | 15 | Albuterol 5 mg/mL (mL) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | Saline (mL) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 7 | 6 | Flow rate = Output | 2 L/min = 4 mL/h | 4 L/min = 9 mL/h | Continuous Nebulizer MiniHEART | | Very Low Flow | Desired dose (mg/h) | 2.5 | 5 | 7.5 | 10 | 12.5 | 15 | Albuterol 5 mg/mL (mL) | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 2.5 | 3 | Saline (mL) | 7.5 | 7 | 6.5 | 6 | 5.5 | 5 | Flow rate = Output | 2 L/min = 8 mL/h | |
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TABLE 4.5. Theophylline/Aminophylline Dosing |
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| Theophylline | Aminophylline | Comments | Loading Doses | No prior theophylline or aminophylline | 5 mg/kg IV over 30 min | 6 mg/kg IV over 30 min | Theophylline = 80% aminophylline Loading dose administered over 30 min | Prior theophylline or aminophylline | Estimate | Estimate | Theophylline 1 mg/kg IV/PO increases the serum concentration 2 mg/L; aminophylline 1.2 mg/kg IV/PO increases the serum concentration 2 mg/L; therapeutic range 10 20 mg/L | Maintenance Infusion | Adults (smokers) | 0.72 mg/kg/h | 0.9 mg/kg/h | Maximum doses: theophylline 900 mg/d, aminophylline 1,080 mg/d | Adults (nonsmokers) | 0.48 mg/kg/h | 0.6 mg/kg/h | | Adults (heart failure, liver disease, cor pulmonale) | 0.24 mg/kg/h | 0.3 mg/kg/h | Maximum doses: theophylline 400 mg/d, aminophylline 480 mg/d | IV, intravenous; PO, by mouth | |
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TABLE 4.6. Theophylline/Aminophylline Drug Interactions |
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Drugs that Decrease Theophylline/Aminophylline Clearance/Metabolism (Serum Levels Rise) | Drugs that Increase Theophylline/Aminophylline Clearance/Metabolism (Serum Levels Fall) | Drugs whose Activity is Decreased by Theophylline/Aminophylline | Amiodarone | Carbamazepine | Adenosine | Cimetidine | Pentobarbital | Benzodiazepines | Ciprofloxacin | Phenobarbital | Hydantoins | Clarithromycin Disulfiram Enoxacin | Phenytoin Rifampin Rifabutin | Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents | Erythromycin | Ritonavir | | Fluvoxamine | Ticlopidine | | Interferon | | | Ketoconazole | | | Mexiletine | | | Norfloxacin | | | Oral contraceptives | | | Propranolol | | | Troleandomycin | | | Verapamil | | | |
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TABLE 4.7. Upper Airway Obstruction Nonspecific Therapies |
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Therapy | Indication | Dosage/Route | Comments | Helium 80% oxygen 20% mixture | Partially obstructed airway | Inhalation | Limits FiO2 to maximum O2 concentration in mixture Decreases turbulence of airflow Helium/oxygen also available in helium 70% oxygen 30% mixture | Dexamethasone | Decreases airway edema | 4 10 mg IV q6h | Antitumor effect on certain anterior mediastinal tumors Prophylactic for postextubation trauma, surgical trauma; efficacy controversial | Radiation | Shrinks tumor | | Anterior mediastinal tumors; tissue diagnosis may be required | Racemic epinephrine | Decreases swelling of airway mucosa | 0.5 ml of 2.25% solution in 2 5 ml 0.9% NaCl inhaled q1 4h prn | Vasoconstrictor; may precipitate angina | Endotracheal intubation | Fully obstructed airway Partially obstructed airway and respiratory failure Prohibitively increased work of breathing | Oral or nasal endotracheal intubation Surgical access: cricothyroidot- omy (for rapid access) or tracheostomy | Technique of choice depends on experience of operator, although surgical access may be required Caution: sedatives, anesthetics, or neuromuscular blockade may convert a partially obstructed airway to a totally obstructed airway | |
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TABLE 4.8. Mucolytic Agents |
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Agent | Formulations | Dosage/Interval/Comments | N-acetylcysteine | 10%, 20% solutions | Nebulization: 3 5 ml of 20% solution or 6 10 ml of 10% solution tid or qid Instillation: 1 2 ml of 10% or 20% solution tid or qid Administer after aerosolized agonist to prevent bronchospasm 20% solution of N-acetylcysteine should be diluted 1:1 with normal saline | Dornase recombinant | 2.5 ml ampule containing 1 mg/ml | Nebulization: 2.5 ml qd using a recommended nebulizer. (Hudson T Up-draft II and disposable jet nebulizer, Marquest Acorn II in conjunction with Pulmo-Aide compressor, Pari LC Jet+ nebulizer in conjunction with the Pari PRONEB compressor) The effects of dornase on respiratory tract infections in cystic fibrosis patients >21 years old may be smaller than younger patients, and twice daily dosing may be required in these patients Dornase may be continued or initiated during acute respiratory exacerbations, although the benefit of dornase during acute respiratory exacerbations is unknown | Saturated solution of potassium iodide (SSKI) | 1 g/ml | 0.3 0.6 ml (300 600 mg) PO tid or qid | Guaifenesin | 100 mg/5 ml, 200 mg/5 ml solutions | 100 400 mg PO qid | PO, by mouth | |
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TABLE 4.9. Sclerosing Agents for Pleurodesis |
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Agent | Dosage | Dilution | Comments/Side Effects | Doxycycline | 500 1,000 mg | 0.9% NaCl 25 100 ml | Fever, chest pain | Talc insufflation | 2 10 g | | Pain, fever, hypotension; talc insufflation may be done in conjunction with thoracoscopy | Antineoplastic Agents | Bleomycin | 60 U | 0.9% NaCl 50 100 ml | Do not exceed 40 U/m2 in elderly patients, significant systemic absorption, GI side effects, pain, fever | Cisplatin and cytarabine | Cisplatin 100 mg/m2 and cytarabine 1,200 mg (mixed together) | 0.9% NaCl 250 ml | Use depends on antineoplastic activity rather than on irritative properties; myelosup- pression; GI side effects | Doxorubicin | 10 100 mg | 0.9% NaCl 10 100 ml | Increased toxicity compared with tetracyclines, pain, fever, nausea, vomiting | Fluorouracil | 2 3 g | 0.9% NaCl 50 100 ml | Leukopenia 7 10 d after instillation | Mechlorethamine | 10 30 mg | 0.9% NaCl 10 100 ml | Increased toxicity compared with tetracyclines, nausea, vomiting, pain, fever, leukopenia | Thiotepa | 0.6 0.8 mg/kg | 0.9% NaCl 50 100 ml | Less irritating than other agents | GI, gastrointestinal Local anesthetics such as 1% lidocaine may be added to the sclerosing solution to reduce pain (up to a total dose of 400 mg). | |
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TABLE 4.10. Loculated Pleural Effusion Thrombolytic Therapy |
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Agent | Dosage | Comments | Alteplase, recombinant | 2 50 mg in 50 120 ml 0.9% NaCl | Pleuritic chest pain may be treated with analgesics Risk of bleeding complications, avoid concurrent anticoagulation Most common adult dose is 50 mg | Directions for use: - The optimal dosage of thrombolytic agent, duration of therapy, and effectiveness remain to be determined.
- The volume of agent administered should be adjusted based on the size of the effusion.
- After the agent is instilled into the pleural space, the chest tube should be clamped and the patient rotated in several positions to permit adequate drug distribution throughout the pleural space.
- The chest tube should remain clamped for 0.5 to 4 hours.
- After the chest tube is unclamped, the chest tube should be put on suction and the contents of the pleural space evacuated.
- The volume of the fluid returned should be determined. (Note: the volume of the dose instilled must be subtracted from the volume returned.)
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TABLE 4.11. Pulmonary Embolism Therapy |
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Agent | Loading Dosage | Maintenance Dosage | Comments | Anticoagulants | Heparin sulfate | 80 U/kg IV bolus | 18 U/kg/h for at least 7 d | Check aPTT 6 h after therapy initiated; maintain aPTT 1.5 2.5 baseline Heparin clearance is increased in pulmonary embolism compared with deep venous thrombosis Contraindicated in patients with active bleeding or heparin- induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis See Table 8.7 for weight-based dosing. | Warfarin | 5 10 mg/d | 2 7.5 mg/d | Therapy may start on the 2nd day of heparinization Dosage should be adjusted to maintain PT 1.5 2 baseline PT (INR 2 3) Use for 3 6 m to prevent recurrent pulmonary emboli unless there are persisting risk factors for hemorrhage Contraindicated in patients with active bleeding and in pregnancy Decrease loading and maintenance in presence of liver disease. See Table 8.6 | Enoxaparin | | 1 mg/kg q12h | Warfarin therapy started on day 1 of therapy No need to monitor aPTT Equally effective with less risk of bleeding compared with unfractionated heparin | Tinzaparin | | 175 anti-Xa U/kg daily | Treatment for at least 5 d until anticoagulated with warfarin | Thrombolyticsa | | | Indications include severe hypoxemia or hemodynamic instability See Table 8.7 | Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) | 100 mg IV over 2 h | | Contraindicated in patients with active bleeding, severe hypertension, trauma, recent stroke or surgery, or any hemorrhagic disease | aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; INR, international normalization ratio; IV, intravenous; PT, prothrombin time aThe conventional indication for thrombolytic therapy is massive pulmonary embolism, characterized by one or more of the following abnormalities: (a) angiographic evidence of pulmonary artery occlusion of at least 40%; (b) hypotension with systolic arterial pressure <90 100 mm Hg; (c) syncope; (d) echocardiographic evidence of right ventricular dysfunction. | |