Index_B
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B
Bacteriorhodopsin
associative memories (see holographic associative memories; 3D [optical] memories)
comparison of size with present semiconductor elements, 193-194
energy storage use in Halobacterium salinarium, 191, 201
holographic associative memories, 203-204 (see also 3D [optical] memories)
data searches, 203
entering images, 203
holographic properties, 201
photonic properties, 201-203
stability of different states of, 202-203
Behavior, complexity of. See Complexity, behavioral
Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction (system)
color changes in, 115-116
history of discovery, 108
how a Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction works, 68-69, 109
pictures of temporal evolution in
basic periodic process in, 110
black-and-white image processing in, 114
changes depending on different starting conditions, 111
enhancement of picture fragments in, 119
extraction of original image from low-quality data, example of, 121
half-tone pictures in, 117, 118
image processing mechanism in, 115, 116
labyrinths, 123, 127, 128, 129, 132
neural networks, similarity to processing in, 98
restoration of individual components in, 120
trigger waves in, 97, 108
trigger waves vs. circular waves, 97
wave-based logical circuit in, 74-75
as system of parallel processors, 66
Binding (vs. recognition), in catalytic cycles, 45
Biocomputers, definition of, 243
Bioelectronics. See also Molecular devices
comparison with semiconductor electronics, advantages of, 192-193
control and power supply for bioelectronics, 101
Biomolecular systems and biomolecular computing
basic principles of, 100-101
genetic engineering, used to improve materials, 212, 217
input of information into, 12-13, 100
output of results, 101
definition of, 92
Biosensors
acetylcholine sensor, 234
alcohol sensor, 230-231
based on microbial yeast, 241
amino acid sensor, 231
ATP sensor, 234
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) sensor, 241
chemiluminescence-based, 234-235
enzyme-based, 229-235
fish-freshness sensor, 232-233
glucose sensor
commercialization of, 227, 229
enzyme based, 229, 234
general structure of, 224-225
lifetime of, 255
reaction response, 225-226
history of, 226
immunosensor, 236-239
steric hindrance in, 237
QCM based, 236-237
using a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) device, 239
ISFET-based, 233-234
microbial sensors, 239-241
respiration-type, 240
alcohol sensor based on microbial yeast, 241
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) sensor, 241
microfabrication of, 227, 229, 233-234
molecular recognition material in biosensor membrane, techniques of immobilization, 226-228
nucleic acid sensors, 231-232
adenosine, 231
guanine, 231
inosine, 231
xanthine, 231
saccharide sensors, 229-230
structure of, 226-227
thermistor-using sensor, 234
transducer
definition of, 225
examples of, 226
tributylene sensor, 234
urea sensor, 232, 234
Bit of information storage vs. area required, trend in years, 195
Blocked cellular automata, 171-172
BOD sensor. See Biosensors, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) sensor, 241
Boolean circuit, embedded, 73-76
Borromean rings, 172
Brain, organization of, 92
Branched photocycle memory architecture. See 3D (optical) memories, sequential one-photon
Branching points, 129-130, 132
Breathers. See Collision-based computing, breathers in DNA molecules as example of
Brownian motion. See Brownian search
Brownian search, 7
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