| 1. | The answer is D. These are known as the "triple constraints" within a project. |
| 2. | The answer is D. It was during this time that quality became important as a discipline. |
| 3. | The answer is A. Ensure that Quality Assurance steps were followed. |
| 4. | The answer is B because the measurements, when fed back properly, are key in instituting continuous quality improvement. |
| 5. | The answer is A. The ISO is the international organization that controls the standards for quality. |
| 6. | The answer is B. Quality cannot be inspected in because inspection takes place after the production of the service or product. |
| 7. | The answer is C. This process was in place before the idea of Quality Assurance became important. |
| 8. | The answer is C. Quality on a project means that you are conforming to a standard that is set before you begin the project. |
| 9. | The answer is D, grade. Both restaurants set standards and meet them, so they have good quality food. The difference between the two is in the grade of food they offer. |
| 10. | The answer is B because quality in that time period was focused on finding and identifying problems through inspection. However, it became apparent in the ensuing years that quality could not be "inspected in" after the fact and that some sort of control had to be established earlier in the process before the product was complete. |
| 11. | The answer is B. In his book Quality is Free, Crosby talks about the possibility of using zero defects as a goal. |
| 12. | The answer is D. Pareto suggested that 80% of the wealth was controlled by 20% of the population. This ratio is often used in business to describe the ratio of income to customers. Often, 80% of the income to the organization is controlled by only 20% of the customers. This is a common ratio. |
| 13. | The answer is C, Quality Control, which included the development of most of the charting and mathematical procedures for measuring quality. Most of these techniques are still being used today. |
| 14. | The answer is C, Quality Assurance. Quality Assurance moved more into the realm of avoiding problems rather than correcting them. This movement commenced in the 1950s and, led by the aforementioned "quality gurus," continued for more than 20 years. Among the most recognized names was that of Dr. W. Edwards Deming, who was largely ignored when he first spoke out with his ideas on quality. Other notable names were Crosby, Juran, Ishikawa, and Baldridge. |
| 15. | The answer is A, Dr. W. Edwards Deming, although he had to offer his services to a foreign country in the throes of reconstruction. |
| 16. | The answer is C. The main idea is that preventive actions are better than corrective ones. |
| 17. | The answer is A. This is the main visual form for Pareto Charts. |
| 18. | The answer is A. Continuous improvement is also the keystone of the Kaizen philosophy of many Japanese companies. |
| 19. | The answer is D, Japan, because that is where Deming's thinking on quality was first recognized, accepted, and applied, to the great advantage of the post-war reconstruction effort in that country. After Deming came a series of recognized names, each with his own take on quality. Each had his own slant on quality, but each enjoyed a wide following. |
| 20. | The answer is B, quality is free. In fact, that was the title of a book Crosby wrote in which he held that the cost of quality is always less that what defects will cost you when everything is taken into account. |
| 21. | The answer is B, the Fishbone Diagram, which is used to graph the sources of quality problems. It is called this because of its structure, which resembles the skeleton of a fish. As a matter of interest, Deming was the one who asserted that 85% of quality problems required management involvement whereas only 15% were solvable by workers, whereas Crosby believed management was the entire key to quality. |
| 22. | The answer is D. This is now the common process used in companies and projects throughout the world. |
| 23. | The answer is D. |
| 24. | The answer is B, Plan, Do, Check, Act, which is sometimes simply called the PDCA cycle, by which continuous improvement is achieved. |
| 25. | The answer is B, the 1980s, some thirty years after Deming's work in Japan. However, when the U.S. did wake up, it began to catch up to the rest of the world. In fact, the U.S. now offers a very prestigious national award for quality. |
| 26. | The answer is A, the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award, named for a former Secretary of Commerce. Some of the winners include Corning, Inc., GTE, AT&T, and Eastman Chemical. The award has seven areas, which are graded and have a total of 1,000 possible points; the largest area is Business Results, which accounts for 450 points. |
| 27. | The answer is D, Crosby, who maintained that the key to quality was getting a measurable definition of quality in the requirements at the outset and making sure the final product conformed to that definition. The PMBOK from PMI has its own definition of Project Quality Management. The PMBOK definition of Project Quality Management has elements of Deming, Crosby, Juran, and Total Quality Management (TQM). |
| 28. | The answer is D. |
| 29. | The answer is C. This has become well known as a quality practice used by the Motorola Corporation. |
| 30. | The answer is D, the customer. Companies are discovering that managing quality assists them in doing the things that differentiate them from their competitors in the eyes of consumers. Thus, project management quality means that not only must projects be managed in a quality environment, but also their products or outcomes must reflect that quality in their final form. The ISO 9000 definition of quality says that it is "the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bears on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs." |
| 31. | The answer is B, the project team for each project. The project team, led by the project manager, puts together the quality policy for each project using what is known about the customer's desires in terms of quality in order to conform to the quality policy of the company, which comes from top management. |
| 32. | The answer is A. All the other processes can have an influence on Project Quality Planning, which is an indication of how interdependent every process in the PMBOK is on the other eight processes during the planning phase. Therefore, it should be no surprise that the PMBOK lists the project plan as a major input to Project Quality Planning. |
| 33. | The answer is A. |
| 34. | The answer is B. This will become the guiding document for most of the work done on the project. |
| 35. | The answer is C, tools and techniques, which include Cost/Benefit Analyses, Benchmarking, Design of Experiments, Calculation of the Cost of Quality, and what the PMBOK refers to as "additional quality tools." Such tools may be brainstorming techniques like the Crawford Slip, flowcharting, affinity diagramming, and various matrix constructs. The PMBOK says that the outputs of all these processes are the Quality Management Plan, Quality Metrics, Quality Checklists, Process Improvement Plan, the Quality Baseline and Updates to the Project Management Plan. |
| 36. | The answer is B, operational definition, because these definitions are used to measure the degree to which quality is obtained. |
| 37. | The answer is A, measuring your level of quality against a standard. |
| 38. | The answer is D. When taking the examination, make sure you note when a question is asked in the negative. |
| 39. | The answer is A. The planning done in quality will influence all aspects of Project Quality Management. |
| 40. | The answer is D, all of the above. Actually, all three were very clear on the importance of continual improvement of quality by any organization. |
| 41. | The answer is A, to determine the level of performance against standards. Although one could argue that elements of B and C have some value, A is the best answer. We inspect to see where we are in terms of quality. Inspection can take many forms including visual examination, precise measurements with instruments, tasting, and testing. In some instances, the testing can include destructive testing, which renders the tested item useless. An example of this might be the collision testing of prototype automobiles to determine their resistance to damage or ability to protect occupants. |
| 42. | The answer is A, Pareto Charts, which allow you to look at not only the causes of failure but their frequency so you can target which ones offer the most improvement if corrected. |
| 43. | The answer is B. The benchmarks give a guide for the project manager. They come from previous projects and can be used to construct plans for a new project. In addition, they can be used as measuring devices. |
| 44. | The answer is D. |
| 45. | The answer is A. This was the first attempt in quality management to get better quality. However, inspection means that you wait until the product or service is complete to check it, so other ways of managing quality have been added to inspection. |
| 46. | The answer is B. As the discipline of statistics became more rigid, statistics became a major help in controlling and producing quality products and services. |
| 47. | The answer is D. |
