Notes

1. This is from a book review in IEEE Software about the book Software Engineering Principles and Practice by Hans van Vliet, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 1993.

2. Pitterman, Bill, "Telcordia Technologies: The Journey to High Maturity," IEEE Software, July 2000.

3. Gibbs, W. Wayt, "Command and Control: Inside a Hollowed-Out Mountain, Software Fiascoes and a Signal Success," Scientific American, August 1997, pp. 33 34. Tackett, Buford D., III, and Buddy Van Doren, "Process Control for Error Free Software: A Software Success Story," IEEE Software, May 1999.

4. Private communication with the author.

5. Herbsleb, James, et al., Benefits of CMM Based Software Process Improvement: Initial Results, Pittsburgh: Software Engineering Institute, Document CMU/SEI-94-TR-13, August 1994.

6. Anthes, Gary H., "IRS Project Failures Cost Taxpayers $50B Annually," Computerworld, October 14, 1996.

7. Britcher, Robert N., "Why (Some) Large Computer Projects Fail," in Glass, Robert L., Software Runaways, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998. Gibbs, W. Wayt, "Software's Chronic Crisis," Scientific American, September 1994, pp. 86 95.

8. Glass, Robert L., Software Runaways, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998. Gibbs, W. Wayt, "Software's Chronic Crisis," Scientific American, September 1994, pp. 86 95.

9. Nuseibeh, Bashar, "Ariane 5: Who Dunnit?" IEEE Software, May/June 1997, pp. 15 16.

10. Fishman, Charles, "They Write the Right Stuff," Fast Company, December 1996.

11. Neumann, Peter G., Computer Related Risks, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1995.

12. The Standish Group, "Charting the Seas of Information Technology," Dennis, MA: The Standish Group, 1994. Jones, Capers, Patterns of Software Systems Failure and Success, Boston, MA: International Thomson Computer Press, 1996.

13. The Standish Group, "Charting the Seas of Information Technology," Dennis, MA: The Standish Group, 1994.

14. This rough calculation is based on the employment figures presented in Table 7-2, "Job breakdown for software workers," on the job titles of computer and information scientists, research; computer programmers; computer software engineers, applications; computer software engineers, systems software; and computer systems analysts. Other job titles were not considered in this analysis. Total U.S. economic expenditure on software development was computed by multiplying an average fully burdened labor cost of $95,000 times 1,741,000 personnel in the job titles listed. Of the total amount of roughly $160 billion, 25% is the amount that is spent on cancelled projects. This analysis may understate the impact of cancelled projects due to the fact that the risk of cancellation increases with the size of the project, so that cancelled projects may be more costly than average projects.

15. Wiener, Lauren Ruth, Digital Woes: Why We Should Not Depend on Software, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1993.

16. McConnell, Steve, After the Gold Rush, Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press, 1999.

17. Mills, Harlan D., Software Productivity, Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1983.

18. Yourdon, Edward, Rise and Resurrection of the American Programmer, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996.