Notes


  1. See, for example, Johansen, Saveri, and Schmid 1995.

  2. See, for example, DiMaggio and Powell 1983; Galbraith 1991; Huber and McDaniel 1986; Markus 1983; Schein 1985; Scott 1992; Thompson 1967.

  3. Our model is particularly intriguing in this regard because, unlike previous models (for example, Gurbaxani and Whang 1991), ours shows how a simple model can explain changes in both directions while nevertheless predicting a broad change in one direction in the long run.

  4. Leavitt and Whisler 1958.

  5. For summaries of previous research, see, for example, Attewell and Rule 1984; George and King 1991.

  6. For a previous paper that makes this distinction, see Anand and Mendelson 1995.

  7. See, for example, Chandler 1977.

  8. Stevenson 1994; see also Anand and Mendelson 1995.

  9. Fox 1994.

  10. Walton and Huey 1993.

  11. Dvorak, Dean, and Singer 1994.

  12. Keenan 1994.

  13. Ibid.

  14. Denend 1994.

  15. J. Kalb, quoted in Saxenian 1994, x.

  16. See, for example, Malone, Yates, and Benjamin 1987.

  17. von Hippel 1994.

  18. For useful discussions of these issues, see, for example, Jensen and Meckling 1973; Gurbaxani and Whang 1991.

  19. Richman 1987.

  20. Stoddard 1986; see also Bruns and McFarlan 1987.

  21. Keenan 1994.

  22. For a description of how electronic and other communications media are used in different ways, see Daft and Lengel 1986.

  23. See, for example, Hackman and Oldham 1980.

  24. The mathematical proof of this result is given in Wyner and Malone 1996.

  25. Sullivan 1995.

  26. See, for example, Handy 1992.

  27. Interestingly, even military organizations are now moving away from this extreme form of centralization. See, for example, Smith 1994.

  28. See, for example, Breuner 1995; Nocera 1994.




Inventing the Organizations of the 21st Century
Inventing the Organizations of the 21st Century
ISBN: 026263273X
EAN: 2147483647
Year: 2005
Pages: 214

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