I once thought that software development was unique in its being a cooperative game of invention and communication. As I gave talks on the subject, however, business executives started telling me that their own professional lives fit that description. Business, it turns out, is very much a cooperative (and competitive!) game of invention and communication. So are law, journalism, conference organization, entertainment, and running governments. More surprising to me, personally, was discovering that engineering is also largely a cooperative game of invention and communication. Researching the topic of engineering, I found that, possibly due to the success of applied physics in World War II, it lost its original association with craft and experiment only quite recently. Reconsidering engineering in its more historical interpretation, as a combination of applied science, craft, experiment, and case lore, gives it a new and richer meaning. This view of engineering shows us how to reconstruct "software engineering" in a way that both provides a good educational base and is practical on live projects. A Cooperative Game of Invention and Communication: Evolution
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