Index_M

M

machine

C union on a big endian, 148

C union on a little endian, 148

code, 274

instruction decoding, 217

organization, 3

von Neumann, 134

microinstructions, 228

magnetic tape, 298

maintaining files, 377

major ordering

column, 175, 178

row, 175

malloc function, 164, 325

managers

file, 374

operating system file, 374

manipulation

of bits, 48

of Boolean expressions, 198

mantissa, 66

map method for Boolean function simplification, 204

mapped input/output

I/O, 334, 335

memory, 334

maps, truth, 204

masking, 48

in bits, 48

out bits, 48

MASM, 15

binary literal constants, 15

hexadecimal representation, 16

mass storage device, 374

writing software to manipulate

data on, 385

master-slave connections, 391

maximum addressable memory, 135

maxterms

canonical form, 203

representation, 199

mechanisms

interrupt, 345

I/O, 334

medium-speed I/O devices, 337

megahertz (MHz), 150

membership in a chracter set, 119

memory

access, 133, 151, 157

big endian organization, 144

canonical format, 146

capacity, 152

cells , 220

CISC versus RISC access, 157

CPU and, 157

deallocation operator (C++), 321

deallocation operator (Pascal), 321

declaring arrays in, 169

direct addressing mode, 157

direct-mapped cache, 303

double words, 138, 142

DSM (distributed shared), 297

dynamic memory allocation, 321

even banks, 140

four-way set associative

caches, 304

free function, 325

garbage collection, 322, 324

heap overhead, 326

heap section in, 321

improving performance

by aligning data, 142, 143

with memory hierarchy, 314

indexed addressing mode, 157

indirect addressing mode, 157, 158

instruction caches, 247

little endian organization, 144

locations, 137

main-memory subsystem, 297

malloc function, 325

maximum addressable, 135

mixing little and big endian data, 145

multilevel page tables, 310

NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access), 297

n -way set associative caches, 304

odd banks, 140

one-way set associative cache, 303

operation, 138, 153

overhead, heap, 326

PC cards (flash), 364

physical organization, 137

pointer variables , 159

protected, 309

protection, 309

read operations, 151

reading from, 138

scaled indexed addressing modes, 160

secondary cache, 156

smallest unit of, 140

spatial locality of reference, 153, 298, 300

speed rating, 152

stack section in, 320

starting address, 139

storage

records, 183

unions, 187

words, 138

subsystem performance, 300

subsystems, 298, 300

synchronization with system

clock, 151

and system clock, 151

temporal locality, 153-54, 298

temporality, 300

third-level cache, 157

thrashing, 308, 312

time and, 151

transparency, 299

two-level caching systems, 156

two-way set associative caches, 304

virtual, 297, 309

wait states, 152

word access

in byte-addressable, 138

at odd addresses, 143

words, 140-41

write

cycle, 151

operation, 138, 151

writing data to, 307

writing to, 137, 307

memory addressing, 135

modes, 4, 157-58

words and dwords, 138

memory allocation, 164, 166, 321

best-fit, 323

dynamic, 164, 321

first-fit, 323

granularity, 326

heap, 164

with malloc , 165

operator (C++ or Pascal), 321

pointers and dynamic, 164

memory array, 137, 173

memory banks, 140

memory block, 322, 324

memory byte

addressable, 137

enable lines, 142

gender, 145-46

sex, 145

memory cache, 153

architecture, 302

hits, 154-55

interface, 154

line, 155, 301, 302, 306

miss , 154

memory cycle, 151

memory decoding delays, 152

memory fragmentation, 323-24, 327

memory hierarchy, 295, 296, 298

file storage, 297

hard copy storage, 298

network storage, 297

registers, 296

memory interface, 32-bit processor, 142

memory latency, 301

memory leaks, 117

memory management, 324

memory management unit (MMU), 311

memory modules, 217

memory organization, 133, 137, 316

memory paging, 309

memory subsystem, 366

memoryless logic, 220

memory-mapped

files, 312, 334, 389

I/O, 334

MHz (megahertz), 150

mice, 396

microcode , 228-29

microcontroller chip, 8042, 349

microengines, 229

microinstructions, 228

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface), 402

files, 401-2

MIMD (Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data), 256

miniport drivers, 371, 374

minterms, 199

from binary numbers , generating, 199

representation, sum of, 199

sum of canonical form, 200

miserly approach to comparing floating-point numbers, 71

mixing big endian and little endian data, 145

MMU (memory management unit), 311

mod field encodings, 282

mode

addressing, 4, 157

direct addressing, 270-71

direct memory addressing, 158

indexed addressing, 159, 166, 270-71

indexed versus scaled indexed addressing, 160

indirect addressing, 158, 270-71

I/O and protected, 345

PCI bus burst, 340

scaled indexed addressing, 160, 284-86

short displacements for indexed addressing, 159

modifiers, keyboard, 349

mod-reg-r/m byte, 281

mod-reg-r/m bytes (80 —86), 281

mod-r/m encodings, 283

Modula-2 programming language, 5

modules

flash storage, 363

outboard synthesizer, 403

USB/flash, 364

modulo-n counters, 51

in C/C++, Pascal, and Visual Basic, 51

using and creating, 51

mov instruction (Y86), 230, 268, 276

multidimensional arrays, 174, 179

multilevel page tables, 310

multiple command processing under SCSI, 371

multiple instructions (pipelining), 243

multiple paths to memory, 247

multiple platter hard disk assembly, 355

multiplication, floating-point, 92-93

multiplying binary values, 42

multiprocessing, 257

Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI), 402

musical instruments, synthesizing, 400