Managing Built-in Groups and User Rights

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Windows 2000 creates four types of built-in groups: local, domain local, global, and system. Each type of built-in group has a predetermined set of user rights. Everyone assigned to the group automatically possesses those rights.

Built-in Local Groups

Member servers, stand-alone servers, and computers running Windows 2000 Professional have built-in local groups that give rights to perform tasks on a single computer. Table 9-1 shows the built-in local groups.

Table 9-1. Built-in local groups

Local Group	Description
Administrators	Members can perform all administrative tasks on the computer. The built-in Administrator account that's created when the operating system is installed is a member of the group. When a stand-alone server or a computer running Windows 2000 Professional joins a domain, the Domain Admins group is made part of this group.
Backup Operators	Members can log on to the computer, back up and restore the computer's data, and shut down the computer. Members cannot change security settings. There are no default members in the group.
Guests	Members can perform only tasks for which an administrator has granted rights. Members can use only those resources for which an administrator has specifically granted permission.
Power Users	Members can create and modify user accounts and install programs on the local computer but cannot view other users' files.
Replicator	Do not add user accounts of actual users to this group. If necessary, you can add a "dummy" user account to this group to permit you to log on to Replicator services on a domain controller to manage replication of files and directories.
Users	Members of this group can log on to the computer, access the network, save documents, and shut down the computer. Members cannot install programs or make system changes. When a member server or Windows 2000 Professional machine joins a domain, the Domain Users group is added to this group.

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If you don't want members of the Domain Users group to have access to a particular workstation or member server, remove Domain Users from that computer's local Users group. Similarly, if you don't want the members of Domain Admins to administer a particular workstation or member server, remove Domain Admins from the local Administrators group.

Built-in Domain Local Groups

The Windows 2000 built-in domain local groups provide users with rights and permissions to perform tasks on domain controllers and in Active Directory. The domain local groups have predefined rights and permissions that are granted to users and global groups that you add as members. Table 9-2 shows the most commonly used of the built-in domain local groups.

Table 9-2. Commonly used built-in domain local groups

Domain Local Group	Description
Account Operators	Members can create, delete, and manage user accounts and groups. Members cannot modify the Administrators group or any of the Operators groups.
Administrators	Members are automatically granted every right and permission on all domain controllers and the domain itself. The Administrator account, Enterprise Admins group, and Domain Admins group are members.
Backup Operators	Members can back up and restore data on all domain controllers using Windows 2000 Backup.
Guests	Members can perform only tasks for which an administrator has granted rights. Members can use only those resources for which an administrator has specifically granted permission. The Guest User and Domain Guests groups are members by default.
Print Operators	Members can manage all aspects of printer operation and configuration in the domain.
Server Operators	Members can perform most administrative tasks on domain controllers, except the manipulation of security options.
Users	Members can log on to the computer, access the network, save documents, and shut down the computer. Members cannot install programs or make system changes. The Domain Users group is a member by default.

REAL WORLD  Just Who Is Everyone?

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In Windows NT, all domain users are members of the Everyone group. This group is controlled by the operating system and appears on any network with Windows NT servers. In Windows 2000, the equivalent group is called Authenticated Users. Unlike Everyone, Authenticated Users contains no anonymous users or guests. The Everyone group survives as a special identity. You don't see it when you administer groups, and it cannot be placed in a group. When a user logs on to the network, the user is automatically added to Everyone. You can't see or change the membership of the special identities, which also include the Network and Interactive groups.

Built-in Global Groups

Built-in global groups are created to encompass common types of accounts. By default, these groups do not have inherent rights; an administrator must assign all rights to the group. However, some members are added to these groups automatically, and you can add more members based on the rights and permissions you assign to the groups. Rights can be assigned directly to the groups or by adding the built-in global groups to domain local groups. Table 9-3 describes the built-in global groups that are commonly used.

Table 9-3. Commonly used built-in global groups

Global Group	Description
Domain Admins	This group is automatically a member of the domain local Administrators group, so members of Domain Admins can perform administrative tasks on any computer in the domain. The Administrator account is a member of this group by default.
Domain Computers	All controllers and workstations in the domain are members.
Domain Controllers	All domain controllers in the domain are members.
Domain Guests	The Guest account is a member by default. This group is automatically a member of the domain local Guests group.
Domain Users	All domain users and the Administrator account are members. The Domain Users group is automatically a member of the domain local Users group.
Enterprise Admins	This group is for users who are to have administrative rights for the entire network. Enterprise Admins is automatically a member of the domain local Administrators group in the domain in which it is created. You will need to add it to the domain local Administrators group for other domains.
Group Policy Admins	Members can create and modify group policy for the domain.

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If you have users who should have fewer rights and/or permissions than the typical user, add these users to Domain Guests and remove them from Domain Users.

Defining User Rights

What users can and cannot do depends on the rights and permissions that have been granted to them. Rights generally apply to the system as a whole. The ability to back up files or to log on to a server, for example, is a right that the administrator giveth or taketh away. Rights can be assigned individually, but most often they are characteristics of groups, and a user is assigned to a particular group on the basis of the rights that the user needs.

Permissions indicate the access that a user (or group) has to specific objects such as files, directories, and printers. For example, the question of whether a user can read a particular directory or access a network printer is a permission. Permissions are discussed at length later in this chapter.

Rights, in turn, are divided into two types: privileges and logon rights. Privileges include such things as the ability to run security audits or force shutdown from a remote system—obviously not things that are done by most users. Logon rights are self-explanatory; they involve the ability to connect to a computer in specific ways. Rights are automatically assigned to the built-in groups in Windows 2000, although they can be assigned to individual users as well as groups. Assignment by group is preferred, so whenever possible, you should assign rights by group membership to keep administration simple. When membership in groups defines rights, rights can be removed from a user by simply removing the user from the group. Tables 9-4 and 9-5 list the logon rights and privileges and the groups to which they are assigned by default.

Table 9-4. Logon rights assigned to groups by default

Name	Description	Groups Assigned the Right by Default
Access this computer from the network	Permits connection to the computer through the network.	Administrators, Power Users, Everyone
Logon as a batch job	Allows logging on using a batch-queue.	Administrators
Logon as a service	Allows logging on as a service using a specific user account and security context.	None
Logon locally	Permits logon at the computer's keyboard.	Administrators, Account Operators, Backup Operators, Print Operators, Server Operators

Table 9-5. Privileges assigned to groups by default

Privilege	Description	Groups Assigned the Privilege by Default
Act as part of the operating system	Allows a process to authenticate as any user. A process that requires this privilege should use the LocalSystem account, which already includes this privilege.	None
Add workstations to domain	Allows a user to add new workstations to an existing domain.	Administrators
Backup files and directories	Allows backing up the system; overrides specific file and folder permissions.	Administrators, Backup Operators
Bypass traverse checking	Allows a user to go through directory trees (folder structures) even if the user doesn't have permission to access the directories being passed through.	Everyone
Change the system time	Allows the setting of the computer's internal clock	Administrators, Power Users
Create a pagefile	Allows the creation and modification of a pagefile.	Administrators
Create a token object	Allows a process to create a token that can be used to access any local resource. A process that requires this privilege should use the LocalSystem account, which already includes this privilege.	None
Create permanent shared objects	Allows a process to create a directory object. Used by kernel-mode components to extend the Windows 2000 object namespace. Components running in kernel mode already have this privilege.	None
Debug programs	Allows the user to attach a debugger to a process.	Administrators
Enable computer and user accounts to be trusted for delegation	Permits user to set the Trusted for Delegation setting on an object.	Administrators
Force shutdown from a remote system	Allows the shutdown of a computer from a remote location on the network.	Administrators
Generate security audits	Allows a process to make entries in a security log.	None
Increase quotas	Allows a process with write property access to another process to increase the processor quota assigned to that process.	None
Increase scheduling	Allows the use of Task Manager to change the priority scheduling priority of a process.	Administrators, Power Users
Load and unload device drivers	Install and remove device drivers.	Administrators
Lock pages in memory	Allows a process to keep data in physical memory. This is an obsolete privilege that can have a seriously negative effect on system performance. Do not use it.	None
Manage auditing and security log	Allows a user to specify auditing options and to view and clear the security log in Event Viewer. Audit Directory Service Access must be turned on for object access auditing to be performed. (See Chapter 10.) Administrators can always view and clear the security log.	Administrators
Modify firmware environment variables	Allows the configuration of nonvolatile RAM on computers that support such function.	Administrators
Profile a single process	Allows performance sampling on a process.	Administrators, Power Users
Profile system performance	Allows performance sampling of the system.	Administrators
Remove computer from docking station	Allows the removal of a laptop from a docking station using the Windows 2000 interface.	Administrators, Users
Replace a process level token	Allows the replacement of the default token associated with a subprocess.	None
Restore files and directories	Allows restoring files and folders to a system; overrules specific file and folder permissions.	Administrators, Backup Operators
Shut down the system	Shuts down Windows 2000.	Administrators, Backup Operators, Everyone, Power Users, Users
Synchronize directory service data	Allows a user to initiate a synchronization of Active Directory.	Administrators
Take ownership of files or other objects	Allows a user to take ownership of any security object including files and folders, printers, registry keys, and processes. Overrules specified permissions.	Administrators

Assigning User Rights to a Group

Rights are assigned and removed most easily at a domain level using group policy. Suppose you have a group of users whom you want to allow to log on locally to Windows 2000 Servers, but you don't want them to be members of any of the groups that have this logon right by default. One way to approach this situation would be to create a group called Logon Rights, add the users to the group, and assign the right to logon locally to the Logon Rights group. To assign a right to a particular group, follow these steps:

1. Open Active Directory Users and Computers from the Administrative Tools menu. Right-click the domain name and select Properties.
2. Click the Group Policy tab and then click the Edit button. Open Computer Configuration, and then open Windows Settings. Under Security Settings, click Local and then User Rights Assignment (Figure 9-4).
3. In the details pane, double-click Log On Locally.
4. Place a check mark next to Define These Policy Settings and then click Add.
5. Enter the name of the group to be granted this right (or click Browse to search for the group). Click OK twice and close Domain Security Policy.

Figure 9-4. User rights listed under group policy.

The same process can remove rights, except that you'd click Remove in step 4. Rights can also be assigned to an individual user using this method.

Assigning Rights Locally

Rights can be assigned or removed locally, though you must bear in mind that a defined domain-level policy will override a local policy setting. To assign a policy locally, follow these steps:

1. Open Local Security Policy from the Administrative Tools menu.
2. Under Security Settings, click Local Settings and then User Rights Assignment (Figure 9-5). As you can see, the local setting is shown in addition to the effective setting. (Effective policy is the policy in effect after domain policy settings are applied.)



Figure 9-5. Local policy settings.

3. In the detail pane, double-click the policy you want to assign to open the Local Security Policy Setting dialog box.
4. Click Add to select a group (or individual) in the Select Users Or Groups dialog box. Highlight the group, click Add, and then click OK.

As you can see in Figure 9-6, the policy setting Deny Logon Locally has been assigned to the Graphic Artists group. The policy is shown as local only—that is, there is no domain policy in effect. The net result is that members of the Graphic Artists group will not be able to log on to this local computer. Their ability to log on or not log on to other computers in the domain is neither specified nor affected.

Figure 9-6. Defining the local policy that denies local logon.

Figure 9-7 shows another local policy window. In this case, the right to Enable Computer And User Accounts To Be Trusted For Delegation is assigned to Domain Admins through a domain-level policy. A domain-level policy applies whether the local policy is defined or not. Group Policy is covered in more detail later in this chapter.

Figure 9-7. Domain-level policy as the effective policy.